Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. II. Can we get away from pulmonary hypeplasia?;Hernie diaphragmatique congenitale II. L'hypoplasie pulmonaire, obstacle incontournable?

Archives de Pediatrie

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 186-198

  Thebaud B ^a,b,c   Saizou, C ^a   Farnoux, C ^a   Hartman, J F ^a   Mercier, J C ^a   Beaufils, F ^a  

^a HÔPITAL ROBERT DEBRÉ   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^c HÔPITAL ANTOINE BÉCLÈRE   (France)

Author keywords

Abnormalities; Hernia, diaphragmatic; Infant; Lung diseases; Newborn, diseases; Persistent fetal circulation syndrome

Indexed keywords

COMORBIDITY; CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; LUNG HYPOPLASIA; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; ANIMAL; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; FEMALE; HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE; INDUCED ABORTION; LUNG; MALE; NEWBORN; PERSISTENT FETUS CIRCULATION; PREGNANCY; RABBIT; RAT; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

ABORTION, INDUCED; ANIMALS; FEMALE; HERNIA, DIAPHRAGMATIC; HUMANS; HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE; INFANT, NEWBORN; LUNG; MALE; PERSISTENT FETAL CIRCULATION SYNDROME; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; PROGNOSIS; RABBITS; RATS; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL; RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 0033070234     PISSN: 0929693X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0929-693X(99)80208-5     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. 1 Thébaud B, de Lagausie P, Forgues D, Mercier JC. La hermie diaphragmatique congénitale I. Simple défect du diaphragme ou pathologie du mésenchyme pulmonaire? Arch Pédiatr 1998; 5 : 1009-19.
2. 2 Morin L, Crombleholme TM, D'Alton ME. Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal thoracic lesions. Semin Perinatol 1994; 18 : 228-53.
3. 3 Adzick S, Harrison MR, Glick PL, Nakayama DK, Manning FA, DeLorimier AA. Diaphragmatic hernia in the fetus: prenatal diagnosis and outcome in 94 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1985; 20 : 357-61.
4. 4 Sharland GK, Lockhart SM, Heward AJ. Prognosis in fetal diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 162 : 9-13.
5. 5 Thébaud B, Azancot A, De Lagausie P, Vuillard E, Ferkadji L, Benali K, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: antenatal prognostic factors. Does ventricular disproportion in utero predict outcome and pulmonary hypoplasia? Intensive Care Med 1997; 23 : 1062-9.
6. 6 Adzick NS, Vacanti JP, Lillehei CW, O'Rourke, Crone RK, Wilson JM. Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: ultrasound diagnosis and clinical outcome in 38 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24 : 654-8.
7. 7 Crawford DC, Wright VM, Drake DP, Allan LD. Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: the value of fetal echocardiography in the prediction of postnatal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 96 : 705-10.
8. 8 Thorpe-Beeston JG, Gosden CM, Nicolaides KH. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: associated malformations and chromosomal defect. Fetal Ther 1989; 4 : 21-8.
9. 9 Manni M, Heydanus R, Den Hollander NS, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a retrospective analysis of 28 cases. Prenatal Diagn 1994; 14 : 187-90.
10. 10 Harrison MR, Adzick S, Estes J, Howell LJ. A prospective study of the outcome for fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. JAMA 1994; 271 : 382-4.
11. 11 Goodfellow T, Hyde I, Burge DM, Freeman NV. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the prognostic significiance of the site of the stomach. Br J Radiol 1987; 60 : 993-5.
12. 12 Burge DM, Atwell JD, Freeman NV. Could the stomach site help predict outcome in babies with left sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed antenatally? J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24 : 567-9.
13. 13 Thorpe-Beeston JG, Gosden CM, Nicolaides KH. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: associated malformations and chromosomal defect. Fetal Ther 1989; 4 : 21-8.
14. 14 Cunniff C, Jones KL, Jones MC. Patterns of malformation in children with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr 1990; 116 : 258-61.
15. 15 Puri P, Gorman F. Lethal nonpulmonary anomalies associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: implications for early intrauterine surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19 : 29-32.
16. 16 Sweed Y, Puri P. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: influence of associated malformations on survival. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69 : 68-70.
17. 17 Siebert JR, Haas JE, Beckwith JB. Left ventricular hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19 : 567-71.
18. 18 Crawford DC, Drake DP, Kwaitkowski D. Prenatal diagnosis of reversible cardiac hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: implications for postnatal management. J Clin Ultrasound 1986, 14 : 718-21.
19. 19 Nimrod C, Nicholson S, Davies D. Pulmonary hypoplasia testing in clinical obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158 : 277-80.
20. 20 Johnson A, Callan NA, Bhutani VK. Ultrasonic ratio of fetal thoracic to abdominal circumference: an association with pulmonary hypoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157 : 764-9.
21. 21 Kamata S, Hasegawa T, Ishikawa S. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and perinatal care: assessment of lung hypoplasia. Early Hum Dev 1992; 29 : 375-9.
22. 22 Metkus AP, Filly RA, Stringer MD. Sonographic predictors of survival in fetal diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 148-52.
23. 23 Lipshutz GS, Albanese CT, Feldstein VA. Prospective analysis of lung-to-head ratio predicts survival for patients with prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 1634-6.
24. 24 Harrison MR, Langer JC, Adzick S, Golbus MS, Filly RA, Anderson RL, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero, V. Initial clinical experience. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25 : 47-57.
25. 25 Harrison MR, Adzick S, Flake AW, Jennings RW, Estes JM. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero, VI. Hard earned lessons. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28 : 1411-8.
26. 26 Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Bullard KM. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero VII: a prospective trial. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 1637-42.
27. 27 Strang LB. Fetal lung liquid: secretion and reabsorption. Physiol Rev 1991; 71 : 991-1016.
28. 28 Alcorn D, Adamson TM, Lambert TF. Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. J Anat 1976; 22 : 649-60.
29. 29 Moessinger AC, Harding R, Adamson TM, Singh M, Kim G. Role of lung liquid volume in growth and maturation of the fetal sheep lung. J Clin Invest 1990; 86 : 1270-7.
30. 30 Richards DS, Yancey MK, Duff P, Stieg FH. The perinatal management of severe laryngeal stenosis. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80 : 537-40.
31. 31 Hashim E, Laberge JM, Chen MF, Quillen EW Jr. Reversible tracheal obstruction in the fetal sheep: effects on tracheal fluid pressure and lung growth. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 1172-7
32. 32 Curtis AS, Seehar GM. The control of cell division by tension or fusion. Nature 1978; 274 : 52-3.
33. 33 Papadakis K, Luks FI, De Paepe ME, Piasecki GJ, Wesselhoeft CW. Fetal lung growth after tracheal ligation is not solely a pressure phenomenon. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 347-51.
34. 34 Di Fiore JW, Fauza DO, Slavin R, Peters CA, Fackler JC, Wilson JM: Experimental tracheal ligation reverses the structural and physiological efects of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 248-57.
35. 35 Hedrick MH, Estes JM, Sullivan KM, Bealer JF, Kitterman JA, Flake AW, et al. Plug the lung until it growth (PLUG): a new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 612-7.
36. 36 Ford WDA, Cool JC, Parsons D, Martin EJ, Kennedy JD, Lipsett J, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: lung compliance after antenatal tracheal obstruction or surgical correction of the defect. Pediatr Surg Int 1996; 11 : 524-7.
37. 37 O'Toole S, Sharma A, Karamanoukian H, Holm B, Azizkhan R, Glick PL. Tracheal ligation does not correct the surfactant deficiency associated with CDH. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 1-16.
38. 38 Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, VanderWall KJ, Bealer JF, Howell LJ, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero, VIII. Response of the hypoplastic Lung to tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 1339-48.
39. 39 Skarsgard ED, Meuli M, VanderWall KJ, Bealer JF, Adzick SN, Harrison MR. Fetal endoscopie tracheal occlusion (Fetendo-PLUG) for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 1335-8.
40. 40 VanderWall KJ, Skarsgard ED, Filly RA, Eckert J, Harrison MR. Fetendo-clip: a fetal tracheal clip procedure in a human fetus. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 970-2.
41. 41 Glick P, Stannard VA, Leach CL. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: II. The fetal lamb model is surfactant deficient. J Pediatr 1992; 27 : 382-8.
42. 42 Sluiter W, Bos AP, Silveri F. Nitrofen induced diaphragmatic hernia in rats: pulmonary antioxidant enzyme activities. Pediatr Res 1992; 32 : 394-8.
43. 43 Ballard RA, Ballard PL, Creasy RK, Padbury J, Polk DH, Bracken M, et al. Respiratory disease in very-low-birthweight infants after prenatal thyrotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoïd. Lancet 1992; 339 : 510-5.
44. 44 Suen HC, Bloch KD, Donahoe PK. Antenatal glucocorticoid corrects pulmonary immaturity in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Pediatr Res 1994; 35 : 523-9.
45. 45 Suen HC, Losty P, Donahoe PK, Schnitzer JJ. Combined antenatal thyrotropin-releasing hormone and low-dose glucocorticoid therapy improves the pulmonary biochemical immaturity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 359-63.
46. 46 Ijsselstijn H, Pacheco BA, Albert A, Sluiter W, Donahoe P, De Jongste J, et al. Prenatal hormones alter anti-oxydant enzymes and lung histology in rats with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Physiol 1997; 272 : L1059-L65.
47. 47 Haiyan Zhou, Yuansheng Gao, J Usha Raj. Antenatal betamethasone therapy augments NO-mediated relaxation of preterm ovine pulmonary veins. Am J Physiol 1996; 80 : L390-6.
48. 48 Nambi P, Pullen M, Wu HL, Nuthulaganti P, Elshourbagy N, Kumar C. Dexamethasone down regulates the expression of endothelin receptors in vascular smooth muscle. J Biol Biochem 1992; 267 : 19555-9.
49. 49 Okoye BO, Losty PD, Lloyd DA, Gosney JR. Effect of prenatal glucocorticoids on pulmonar vascular muscularisation in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33 : 76-80.
50. 50 Tannuri U, Maksoud Filho JG, Diniz EMA, Santos MM, Tanuri AC, Rodriguez CJ, et al. Prenatal intraamniotic administration of surfactant substance improves lung compliance and morphometric parameters in an animal model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res 1996; 2094 : 352A.
51. 51 Sakai H, Tamura M, Bryan AC. The effect of surgical repair on repiratory mechanics in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 1987; 11 : 432-8.
52. 52 Cartlidge PHT, Mann NP, Kapila L. Preoperative stabilization in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61 : 1226-8.
53. 53 Hazebroek F, Tibboel D, Bos A, Pattenier AW, Madern GC, Bergmeijer JH, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: impact of preoperative stabilization. A prospective pilot study in 13 patients. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23 : 1139-46.
54. 54 Casadevall I, Mercier JC, Daoud P. Hernies diaphragmatiques congénitales. Prise en charge préopératoire. Étude de 72 cas. In: Séminaires Robert-Debré, Défauts congénitaux de la paroi abdominale. Paris: Arnette; 1990. p. 125-41.
55. 55 Sigalet DR, Tierney A, Adolph V, Perrault T, Finer N, Hallgren R, et al. Timing of repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygénation support. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 1183-7.
56. 56 Moffitt ST, Schulze KF, Sahni R, Wung J, Myers MM, Stolar CJH. Preoperative cardiorespiratory trends in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 604-11.
57. 57 Langer JC, Filler RM, Bohn D. Timing of surgery in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is emergency operation necessary? J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23 : 731-4.
58. 58 Wilson JM, Lund DP, Lillehei. Delayed repair and preoperative EMCO does not improve survival in high risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27 : 368-75.
59. 59 Jobe AH. Pulmonary surfactant therapy. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 : 861-8.
60. 60 Wilcox DT, Click PL, Karamanoukian HLI. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: V. Effect of exogenous surfactant therapy on gas exchange and lung mechanics in the lamb congenital diaphragmatic hernia model. J Pediatr 1994; 124 : 289-93.
61. 61 O'Toole SJ, Karamanoukian HL, Morin FC. Surfactant decreases pulmonary vascular resistance and increases pulmonary blood flow in the fetal lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 507-11.
62. 62 Glick PL, Leach CL, Besner GE. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia III: exogenous surfactant therapy for the high-risk neonate with CDH. J Pediatr Surg 1992 : 27 : 866-9.
63. 63 Bos AP, Tibboel D, Hazebroek FW. Surfactant replacement therapy in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia [Letter]. Lancet 1991; 338 : 1279.
64. 64 Scheffers EC, Ijsseltijn H, Tenbrinck R, Lachman B, de Jongste JC, Molenaar JC, et al. Evaluation of lung function changes before and after surfactant application during artificial ventilation in newborn rats with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 820-4.
65. 65 Revillon Y, Sidi D, Chourrout Y. High frequency ventilation in the newborn lambs after intra-uterine creation of diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1993; 3 : 132-8.
66. 66 Tamura M, Tsuchida Y, Kawano TI. Piston-pump-type high frequency oscillatory ventilation for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A new protocol. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23 : 478-82.
67. 67 Miguet D, Claris O, Lapillone A, Bakr A, Chappuis JP, Salle BL. Preoperative stabilization using high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Crit Care Med 1994; 22 : S77-S82.
68. 68 Azarow K, Messieno A, Pearl R, Filler RM, Barker G, Bohn D. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a tale of two cities: the Toronto experience. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 395-400.
69. 69 Germain JF, Farnoux C, Pinquier D, Cortez A, Hartmann JF, Sibony O, et al. Can blood gas values predict pulmonary hypoplasia in antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia? J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 1634-9.
70. 70 Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Ivy DD, Shaffer E, Abman SH. Clinical responses to prolonged treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with low doses of inhaled nitric oxide. J Pediatr 1993; 123 : 103-8.
71. 71 Henneberg SW, Jepsen S, Andersen PK, Pedersen SA. Inhalation of nitric oxide as a treatment of pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 853-5.
72. 72 Mercier JC, Dehan M, the French Pediatrie Study group of inhaled nitric oxide. Disease related response to inhalational nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the new-born. Eur J Pediatr 1999 (in press).
73. 73 Kinsella JP, Truog WE, Walsh WFl. Randomized multicenter trial of inhaled nitric oxide and high frequency oscillatory ventilation in severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the new-born. J Pediatr 1997; 131 : 55-62.
74. 74 The Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group (NINOS). Inhaled nitric oxide and hypoxic respiratory failure in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 1997; 99 : 838-45.
75. 75 Thibeault DW, Haney B. Lung volume, pulmonary vasculature and factors affecting survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 1998; 101 : 289-95.
76. 76 Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Tomasian J, Corwin AC, Roloff D, Rucker R. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (EMCO) in neonatal respiratory failure. Ann Surg 1986; 204 : 236-45.
77. 77 Metkus AP, Esserman L, Sola A, Harrsion MR, Adzick NS. Cost per anomaly: what does a diaphragmatic hernia cost? J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 226-30.
78. 78 Bohn P, Tamura M, Perrin D, Barker G, Rabinovitch M. Ventilatory predictors of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia confirmed by morphologic assessment. J Pediatr 1987; 111 : 423-31.
79. 79 O'Rourke PP, Vacanti JP, Crone RK. Use of the postductal PaO2 a predictor of pulmonary vascular hypoplasia in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23 : 904-7.
80. 80 Wilson JM, Lund DP, Lillehei CW. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: predictors of severity in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-era. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26 : 1028-34.
81. 81 Newman KD, Anderson KD, Van Meurs. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Should any infant be excluded? J Pediatr Surg 1990; 26 : 1048-53.
82. 82 Bailey PV, Connors RH, Tracy FT. A critical analysis of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Surgery 1989; 106 : 611-6.
83. 83 Redmond C, Heaton J, Calix J. A correlation of pulmonary hypoplasia, mean airway pressure and survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1987; 22 : 1143-9.
84. 84 Johnston PW, Bashner B, Liberman R. Clinical use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension following surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23 : 908-12.
85. 85 Heiss K, Manning P, Oldham KT. Reversal of mortality for congenital diaphragmatic hernia with EMCO. Ann Surg 1989; 209 : 225-30.
86. 86 Van Meurs KP, Newman KD, Anderson KD. Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic. J Pediatr 1990; 117 : 954-60.
87. 87 Atkinson JB, Ford EG, Humphries B. The impact of extracorporeal membrane support in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26 : 791-3.
88. 88 Breaux CWJ, Rouse TM, Cain WS, Georgeson KE. Improvement of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia utilising a strategy of delayed repair after medical and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation stabilization. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26 : 333-8.
89. 89 Steimle CN, Meric F, Hirschl RB. Effect of extracorporeal life support on survival when applied to all patients with congenital diaphragmatic. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 997-1001.
90. 90 Van Meurs KP, Newman KD, Anderson KD. Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic. J Pediatr 1990; 117 : 954-60.
91. 91 Charlton AJ, Bruce J, Davenport M. Timing of surgery in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Low mortality after preoperative stabilisation. Anaesthesia 1992; 46 : 820-3.
92. 92 Goh DW, Drake DP, Brereton RJ. Delayed surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Br J Surg 1992; 79 : 644-6.
93. 93 O'Rourke PP, Lillehei CW, Crone RW, Vacanti JP. The effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on the survival of neonates with high risk CDH: 45 cases from a single institution. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26 : 147-52.
94. 94 Wilson J, Lund DP, Lillehei CW. Delayed repair and preoperative stabilization does not improve survival in high risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27 : 368-75.
95. 95 Wilson J, Lund DP, Lillehei CW, Vacanti JP. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a tale of two cities. The Boston experience. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 401-5.
96. 96 Von Neergaard K. Neue Auffassungen über einen Grundbegriff der Atemtechnik; die Retraktionskraft der Lunge, abhängig von der Oberflächenspannung in den Alveolen. Z Ges Exp Med 1929; 66 : 373-94.
97. 97 Tütüncü AS, Faithfull NS, Lachman B. Intratracheal perfluorocarbon administration combined with artificial ventilation in experimental respiratory distress syndrome: dose-dependent improvement in gas-exchange. Crit Care Med 1993; 21 : 962-9.
98. 98 Tütüncü AS, Faithfull NS, Lachman B. Comparison of ventilatory support with intratracheal perfluorocarbon administration and conventional mechanical ventilation in animals with acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148 : 785-92.
99. 99 Wilkox DT, Glick PL, Karamanoukian HL. Perfluorocarbon associated gas-exchange improves pulmonary mechanics, oxygenation, ventilation, and allows nitric oxide delivery in the hypoplastic lung congeniatal diaphragmatic hernia lamb model. Crit Care Med 1995; 23 : 1858-63.
100. 100 Leach CL, Greenspan JS, Rubenstein SDI. Partial liquid ventilation with perflubron in premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; 335 : 761-7.
101. 101 Pranikoff T, Gauger PG, Hirschl RB. Partial liquid ventilation in newborn patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31 : 613-18.
102. 102 Zhang S, Garbutt V, Mc Bride JT. Strain induced growth of the immature lung. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81 : 1471-6.
103. 103 Sluiter W, Bos AP, Silveri F. Nilrofen induced diaphragmatic hernia in rats: pulmonary antioxidant enzyme activities. Pediatr Res 1992; 32 : 394-8.
104. 104 D'Agostino JA, Bernbaum JC, Gerdes M. Outcome for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the first year. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 10-5.
105. 105 Wischermann A, Holschneider AM, Huhner U. Long-term follow-up of children with diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1995; 5 : 13-8.
106. 106 Ijsseltijn H, Tibboel D, Hop WJC, Molenaar JC, Jongste JC. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155 : 174-80.
107. 107 Gaultier C, Boule M, Praud JP, Trang TTH, Delaperche MF, D'Allest AM. Explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires des hernies diaphragmatiques. In: Séminaires Robert-Debré, Défauts congénitaux de la paroi abdominale. Paris: Arnette; 1990. p. 173-82.
108. 108 Demarquez JL, Lambert D, N'Land A, Galperine RI, Elleau C, Vergnes P. Scintigraphie pulmonaire de ventilation et de perfusion lors de la surveillance des hernies diaphragmatiques congénitales opérées. Étude séquentielle. In: Séminaires Robert-Debré, Défauts congénitaux de la paroi abdominale. Paris: Arnette; 1990. p. 183-8.
109. 109 Dellepoule F, Martinot A, Leclerc F. Devenir à long terme des hernies diaphragmatiques congénitales. Études de 17 patients. Arch Fr Pediatr 1991; 48 : 703-7.
110. 110 Koot VC, Bergmeijer JH, Moolenar JC. Lyophilized dura patch repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Occurence of relapses. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28 : 667-8.
111. 111 Nagaya M, Akatsuka H, Kato J. Gastrooesophageal reflux occuring after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 1447-51.
112. 112 Stolar C, Levy JP, Dillon PW. Anatomic and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in infants surviving congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Surg 1990; 159 : 204-7.
113. 113 Baoquan Q, Soto C, Diez-Pardo JA, Tovar JA. An experimental study on the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux after repair of diaphragmmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 32 : 1310-3.
114. 114 Bernbaum J, Schwartz IP, Gerdes M, D'Agostino JA, Coburn CE, Polin RA. Survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 1 year of age: the relationship of primary diagnosis with health and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Pediatrics 1995; 96 : 907-13.
115. 115 Stolar CJ, Crisafi MA, Driscoll YT. Neurocognitive outcome for neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are infants with diaphragmatic hernia different? J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 : 366-71.
116. 116 Lund DP, Mitchell J, Kharasch V. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidity. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 258-4.
117. 117 McGahren ED, Mallik K, Rodgers BM. Neurological outcome is diminished in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32 : 1216-20.
118. 118 Van Meurs KP, Robbins ST, Reed VL. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: long-term outcome in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 1993; 122 : 893-9.
119. 119 Fardy CH, Silverman M. Antioxydants in neonatal lung disease. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73 : F112-F7.
120. 120 Van Meurs KP, Rhine WD, Benitz WE, Shochat SJ, Hartman GE, Sheehan AM, Starnes VA. Lobar lung transplantation as a treatment for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 : 1557-60.