Treatment of anxiety during pregnancy. Effects of psychotropic drug treatment on the developing fetus

Drug Safety

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 171-186

  McGrath, Caroline ^a   Buist, Anne ^a   Norman, Trevor R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DRUG SAFETY; EMOTION; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; PLACENTAL TRANSFER; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; STRESS;

ABNORMALITIES, DRUG-INDUCED; ANIMALS; ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BENZODIAZEPINES; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 0033064957     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00002018-199920020-00006     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Shear MK, Mammen O. Anxiety disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31 (4): 693-703
2. Frailberg S, Adelson E, Shaoiro V. Ghosts in the nursery. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1975; 14: 387-421
3. Shear MK, Cooper AM, Klerman GL, et al. A psychodynamic model of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150 (6): 859-66
4. Sholomskas DE, Wickamaratne PJ, Dogolo L, et al. Postpartum onset of panic disorder - a coincidental event. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54 (12): 476-80
5. Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Dimmock JA, et al. Impact of pregnancy on panic disorder: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (7): 293-4
6. Northcott CJ, Stein MB. Panic disorders in pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (12): 539-42
7. George DT, Ladenheim JA, Nutt DJ. Effect of pregnancy on panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144 (8): 1078-9
8. Curran S, Nelson TE, Rodgers RJ. Resolution of panic disorder during pregnancy. Int J Psychol Med 1995; 12 (3): 107-8
9. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Findling RL. Antidepressant treatment during breast feeding. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153 (9): 1132-7
10. Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Faraone SV, et al. Course of panic disorder during pregnancy and the puerperium - a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39 (11): 950-4
11. Pollitt J. Natural history of obsessional states. BMJ 1957; 194-7
12. Ingram IM. Obsessional illness in mental hospital patients. J Ment Sci 1961; 107: 382-402
13. Lo WH. A follow up of obsessional neurotics in Hong Kong Chinese. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113: 823-32
14. Iancu I, Lepkifker E, Dannon P, et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder limited to pregnancy. Psychother Psychosom 1995; 64 (2): 109-12
15. Brandt KR, MacKenzie TB. Obsessive compulsive disorder exacerbated during pregnancy: a case report. Int J Psychiatry Med 1987; 17 (4): 361-6
16. Williams KE, Koran LM. Obsessive compulsive disorder in pregnancy, the puerperium and the premenstrum. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58 (7): 330-4
17. Laux G. Therapy with bezodiazepines revised - a clinical review. Nervenarzt 1995; 66(5): 311-22
18. Marchetti F, Romero M, Bonati M, et al. Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy, a report of the international co-operative drug use in pregnancy (DUP) study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993 45: 495-501
19. Burrows GD, Judd FK, Norman TR. Diagnosis and treatment of panic, anxiety and depression. CNS Drugs 1994; (2): 119-31
20. Murphy DL, Pato MT, Pigott TA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: treatment with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, azaspirones and other agents. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 10 Suppl. 3: 91S-100S
21. Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Psychopharmacology during pregnancy and lactation. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. editors. Textbook of psychopharmacology. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press 1995: 823-37
22. Robinson L, Walker JR, Anderson D. Cognitive behavioural treatment of panic disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Psychiatry 1992; 37 (9): 623-6
23. Kacew S. Fetal consequences and risks attributed to the use of prescribed and over the counter (OTC) preparations during pregnancy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 32 (7): 335-43
24. Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Porto M, et al. The association between prenatal stress and infant birthweight and gestational age at birth: a prospective investigation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169 (4): 858-65
25. Lou HC, Hansen D, Nordentoft M, et al. Prenatal stressors of human life affect fetal brain development. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994; 36 (9): 826-32
26. Sandman CA, Wudhwa PD, Dunkel-Schetter C, et al. Psychobiological influences of stress and HPA regulation on the human fetus and infant birth outcomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 31 (739): 198-210
27. Orr ST, James SA, Miller CA, et al. Psychosocial stressors and low birthweight in an urban population. Am J Prev Med 1996; 12 (6): 459-66
28. Sandman CA, Wadhwa PD, Chicz-DeMet A, et al. Maternal stress, HPA activity, and fetal/infant outcome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 24 (814): 266-75
29. Pagel MD, Smilkstein G, Regen H, et al. Psychosocial influences on newborn outcomes: a controlled prospective study. Soc Sci Med 1990; 30 (5): 597-604
30. Farber EA, Vaughn B, Egeland B. The relationship of prenatal maternal anxiety to infant behaviour and mother infant interaction during the first six months of life. Early Hum Dev 1981; 5 (3): 267-77
31. Selvaggi L, Diaferia A, Loizzi P, et al. Effect of maternal anxiety (unrest) on the health status of the fetus. Zentralbl Gynakol 1984; 106 (23): 1528-35
32. Perkin MR, Bland JM, Peacock JL, et al. The effect of anxiety and depression during pregnancy on obstetric complications. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100 (7): 629-34
33. Jacobsen G, Schei B, Hoffman HJ. Psychosocial factors and small for gestational age infants among parous Scandinavian women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 165 Suppl.: 14-28
34. Sokol L, Beck AT, Greenberg RL, et al. Cognitive therapy of panic disorder. A nonpharmacological alternative. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177 (12): 711-6
35. Alshuler LL, Conen L, Szuba MP, et al. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: dilemmas and guidelines. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153 (5): 592-606
36. Owen G, Smith T, Agersborg H. Toxicity of some benzodiazepine compounds with CNS activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1970; 16: 556-70
37. Beall JR. Study of the teratogenic potential of diazepam and SCH 12041. Can Med Assoc J 1972; 106: 1061
38. Walker BE, Patterson A. Induction of cleft palate in mice by tranquillisers and barbiturates. Teratology 1974; 10 (2): 159-63
39. Brunard M. Effect of the meprobamate acepromethazine combination on pregnancy, fetal morphology and postnatal development. Boll Chim Farm 1975; 108: 560-75
40. Miller RP, Becker BA. Teralogenicity of oral diazepam and diphenylhydantoin in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 32 (1): 53-61
41. Stenchever MA, Parks KJ. Some effects of diazepam on pregnancy in the Balh/C mouse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121: 765-70
42. Guerriero FJ, Fox KA. Benzodiazepines and development of Swiss-Webster mice. Pharmacol Res Commun 1977; 9: 187-96
43. Tuchmann-Duplessis H. Influence des benzodiazepines sur le development prenatal [abstract]. International Symposium, Les Etats Anxieux: Aspects Biologiques et Clinique: 1977 Oct; Montpellier, France
44. Ramamurthy SV, Chaudhry AP. Valium (diazepam) - its effects on hamster intrauterine fetal growth. J Dent Res 1979; 58: 2011
45. Shah RM, Donaldson D, Burdett D. Teratogenic effects of diazepam in the hamster. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1979; 57: 556-61
46. Barlow SM, Knight AF, Sullivan FM. The role of endogenous maternal corticosterone. Teratology 1980; 21: 149-55
47. Buttar HS. The effects of the combined administration of ethanol and chlordiazepoxide on the prenatal and post natal development of rats. Neurobehav Toxicol 1980; 2: 270-325
48. Corwin H, DeMeyer W. Failure of clorazepate to cause malformations or fetal wastage in the rat. Arch Neurol 1980; 37: 347-9
49. Gill TS, Guram MS, Geber WF. Comparative study of the teratogenic effects of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam in the fetal hamster. Life Sci 1981; 29 (21): 2141-7
50. Alleva E, Laviola G, Tirelli E, et al. Short, medium and long term effects of prenatal oxazepam on neurobehavioural development of mice. Psychopharmacology 1985; 87: 434-41
51. Cagiano R, De Salvia MA, Perischelle M, et al. Behavioural changes in the offspring of rats exposed to diazepam during gestation. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 177 (1-2): 67-74
52. Vorster W, Liebenberg SW, Lizamore DJ. The effect of diazepam on the development of gallus embryos. S Afr J Sci 1995; 91 (10): 538-41
53. Jackson V, DeMeyer W, Hingtgen J. Delayed maze learning in rats after prenatal exposure to clorazepate. Arch Neurol 1980; 37 (6): 350-1
54. Livezey GT, Radulovacki M, Isaac L, et al. Prenatal exposure to diazepam: late postnatal teratogenic effect. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1986; 8: 433-40
55. Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK. Effects of gestational undernutrition, stress and diazepam treatment on spatial discrimination learning and retention in young rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31 (4): 353-9
56. Ljubimov BI, Smolnikova NM, Strekalova SN. Effect of diazepam on the development of the offspring. Bull Exp Biol Med 1974; 78: 1156-8
57. Hoffeld DR, McNew J, Webster RL. Effect of tranquillising drugs during pregnancy on activity of offspring. Nature 1968; 218: 357-8
58. Kellogg C, Tervo D, Ison J, et al. Prenatal exposure to diazepam alters behavioural development in rats. Science 1980; 207: 205-7
59. Latinien K, MacDonald E, Saano V. Effects of diazepam, tofizopam or phenytoin during foetal development on subsequent behaviour and benzodiazepine receptor characteristics in rats. Arch Toxicol 1986; 9 Suppl.: 51-4
60. Gruen RJ, Deutch AY, Roth RH. Perinatal diazepam exposure: alterations in exploratory behaviour and mesolimbic dopamine turnover. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 36 (1): 169-75
61. Pankaj V, Brain PF. Effect of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine related drugs on early development and adult social behaviour in Swiss mice - I: agonists. Gen Pharmacol 1991; 22 (1): 33-41
62. Singh Y, Jaiswal AK, Singh M, et al. Behavioural effects of prenatal diazepam administration on anxiety patterns in rats. Ind J Exp Biol 1996; 34 (11): 1095-9
63. Pankaj V, Brain PF. Effect of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine related drugs on early development and adult social behaviour in Swiss mice - III: inverse agonists. Gen Pharmacol 1991; 22 (10): 53-60
64. Pankaj V, Brain PF. Effects of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine-related drugs on early development and adult social behaviour in Swiss mice-II antagonists. Gen Pharmacol 1991; 22 (1): 43-51
65. Kurshingal H, Palanza P, Brain PF. Effects of exposure of pregnant mice to chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on the development and ultrasound production of their offspring. Gen Pharmacol 1992; 23 (1): 49-53
66. Saxen I, Saxen L. Association between maternal intake of diazepam and oral clefts. Lancet 1975; 13: 498
67. Safra MJ. Oakley GP. Association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and prenatal exposure to diazepam. Lancet 1975; II: 478-80
68. Aarskog D. Association between maternal intake of diazepam and oral clefts. Lancet 1975; 8: 921
69. Crombie DL, Pinsent RJ, Fleming DJ, et al. Fetal effects of tranquillisers in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 198-9
70. Patel DA, Patel AR. Letter Chlorazepate and congenital malformations [letter]. JAMA 1980; 244: 135-6
71. Laegreid L, Olegard R, Wahlstrom J, et al. Abnormalities in children exposed to benzodiazepines in utero. Lancet 1987; 10: 108-9
72. Milkovich L, Van den berg BJ. Effects of prenatal meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on human embryonic and fetal development. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 1268-71
73. Hartz S, Heinonen OP, Shapiro S, et al. Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development and childhood mortality. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 726-8
74. DeLaney AG. Anaesthesia in the pregnant women. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983; 26: 795-800
75. Rosenberg L, Mitchell AA, Parsells JL, et al. Lack of relation of oral clefts to diazepam use during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1983; 24: 1282-5
76. Entman SS, Vaughan WK. Lack of relation of oral clefts to diazepam use in pregnancy. New Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1121-2
77. McElhatton PR. The effect of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 1994; 8 (6): 461-75
78. Shiono PH, Mills JL. Oral clefts and diazepam use during pregnancy [letter]. New Engl J Med 1984; 311: 919-20
79. Stika L, Elisova K, Honzakova L, et al. Effects of drug administration in pregnancy on children's school behaviour. Pharm Weekbl Sci 1990; 12 (6): 252-5
80. Viggedal G, Hagberg BS, Laegreid L, et al. Mental development in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines - a prospective study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993; 34 (3): 295-305
81. Vorhees CV, Acuff Smith KD, Schilling MA, et al. A developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of the effects of prenatal exposure to fluoxetine in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1994; 23 (2): 194-205
82. Simpkins JW, Field FP, Torosian G, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to tricyclic antidepressants on adrenergic responses in progeny. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1985; 8 (1): 17-33
83. Robson JM, Sullivan FM. The production of foetal abnormalities in rabbits by imipramine. Lancet 1963; 1: 638-9
84. Oberholzer RJH. Contribution a l'etude d'une action teratogene eventuelle de l'imipramine. Med Hyg 1964; 22: 557
85. Jelinek V, Zikund E, Reichlova R. L'influence de quelques médicaments psychotropes sur le développement du foetus chez le rat. Thérapie 1967; 22: 1429-33
86. Aeppli L. Teratogenic studies with imipramine in rats and rabbits: planning and interpretation of teratologic studies under consideration of the biochemistry and toxicology of test substance. Arzneimittel Forschung 1969; 19 (10): 1617-40
87. Guram MS, Gill TS, Geber WF. Comparative teratogenicity of chlordiazepoxide, amitriptyline and a combination of the two in the fetal hamster. Neurotoxicity 1982; 3 (3): 83-90
88. Stanford MS, Patton JH. In utero exposure to fluoxetine HCL increases hematoma frequency at birth. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 45 (4): 959-62
89. Harper KH, Palmer AK, Davies RE. Effect of imipramine upon the pregnancy of laboratory animals. Arzneimittel Forschung 1965; 15: 1218
90. Beyer BK, Guram MS, Geber WF. Incidence and potentiation of external and internal fetal abnormalities resulting from chlordiazepoxide and amitriptyline alone and in combination. Teratology 1984; 30 (1): 39-45
91. Hendrickx A. Teratogenic evaluation of imipramine hydrochloride in bonnet (Macca radiata), and rhesus monkeys (Maccamulatta). Teratology 1975; 11: 219-22
92. Coyle IR, Singer G. The interaction of post-weaning housing conditions and prenatal drug effects on behaviour. Psychopharmacologia 1975; 41 (3): 237-44
93. Coyle IR, Singer G. The interactive effects of prenatal imipramine exposure and postnatal rearing conditions on behaviour and histology. Psychopharmacologia 1975; 44 (3): 253-6
94. File SE, Tucker JC. Prenatal treatment with clomipramine has an anxiolytic profile in the adolescent rat. Physiol Behav 1983; 31 (1): 57-61
95. Roderiquez-Echandia E, Broitman S. Effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to therapeutic doses of chlorimipramine on emotionality in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1983; 79: 236-41
96. Drago F, Continella G, Alloro MC, et al. Behavioural effects of perinatal administration of antidepressant drugs in the rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1985; 7 (5): 493-7
97. Mirmiran M, Brenner E, Van Der Gugten J, et al. Neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances mediate developmental behavioural alterations produced by medicines. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1985; 7 (6): 677-83
98. Coyle IR. Changes in developing behaviour following prenatal administration of imipramine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1975; 3: 799-807
99. Banister P, Dafoe C, Smith E, et al. Possible teratogenicity of tricyclic antidepressants [letter]. Lancet 1972; I: 838-9
100. Crombie DL, Pinsent RJ, Fleming D, Imipramine in pregnancy [letter] BMJ 1972; 1: 745
101. Freeman R. Limb deformities: possible association with drugs [letter]. Med J Aust 1972; 1: 606-7
102. Kuensberg EV, Knox JD. Imipramine in pregnancy [letter]. BMJ 1972; 2: 292
103. McBride WG. Limb deformities associated with iminodibenzyl hydrochloride [letter]. Med J Aust 1972; 1: 492
104. Rachelefsky GS, Flynt JW, Ebbin AJ, et al. Possible teratogenicity of tricyclic antidepressants [letter]. Lancet 1972; 1: 838-9
105. Idanpaan-Heikkila J, Saxen L. Possible teratogenicity of imipramine/chloropyramine. Lancet 1973; II: 282-4
106. Golden S, Perman K. Bilateral clinical anopthalmia: Drugs as potential factors. South Med J 1980; 73: 1404-7
107. Misri S, Sivertz K. Tricyclic drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a preliminary report, Int J Psychiatry Med 1991; 21 (2): 157-71
108. Pastuszak A, Schick-Boschetto B, Zuber C, et al. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to fluoxetine. JAMA 1993; 269 (17): 2246-8
109. Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, et al. Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med 1996;335 (14): 1010-5
110. Kulin NA, Pastuszak A, Sage SR, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - a prospective controlled multicenter study. JAMA 1998; 279 (8): 609-10
111. Abramovici A, Abramovici I, Kalman G, et al. Teratogenic effect of chlorimipramine in young human embryo [abstract]. Teratology 1981; 24: 42A
112. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. N Engl J Med 1997; 336 (4): 258-62
113. Wilson JG. Present status of drugs as teratogens in man. Teratology 1972; 7:3-16
114. Buist A, Janson H. Effect of exposure to dothiepin and northiaden in breast milk on child development. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167 (3): 370-3