Reptile extinctions on land-bridge islands: Life-history attributes and vulnerability to extinction

American Naturalist

Volumn 153, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-25

  Foufopoulos, Johannes ^a,b   Ives, Anthony R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Body mass; Extinction rates; Life history; Longevity; Specialization; Vicariance

Indexed keywords

EXTINCTION; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; REPTILE;

MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

EID: 0033053804     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/303149     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Angermeier, P. L. 1995. Ecological attributes of extinction prone species: loss of freshwater fishes in Virginia. Conservation Biology 9:143-158.
2. Arnold, E. N. 1989. Towards a phylogeny and biogeography of the Lacertidae: relationships within an Old-World family of lizards derived from morphology. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 55:209-257.
3. Arnold, E. N., and J. A. Burton. 1983. Pareys Reptilien-und Amphibienführer Europas. 2d ed. Parey, Hamburg.
4. As, S., J. Bengtsson, and T. Ebenhard. 1992. Archipelagoes and theories of insularity. Pages 201-251 in L. Hansson, ed. Ecological principles of nature conservation. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
5. Atmar, W., and B. D. Patterson. 1993. The measure of order and disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat. Oecologia (Berlin) 96:373-382.
6. Bakker, A. M., and R. M. Andrews. 1984. Intraspecific allometry of standard metabolic rate of Chalcides ocellatus (Sauria: Scincidae). Journal of Herpetology 18:85-86.
7. Bauwens, D., and R. Díaz-Uriarte. 1997. Covariation of life-history traits in lacertid lizards: a comparative study. American Naturalist 149:91-111.
8. Beutler, A. 1979. General principles in the distribution of reptiles and amphibians in the Aegean. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 8:337-344.
9. -. 1981. Cyrtodactylus kotschyi (Steindachner, 1870) - Ägäischer Bogenfingergecko. Pages 53-74 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
10. Blake, J. G. 1991. Nested subsets and the distribution of birds in isolated woodlots. Conservation Biology 5:58-66.
11. Boecklen, W. J., and N. J. Gotelli. 1984. Island biogeographic theory and conservation practice: species-area or specious-area relationships? Biological Conservation 29:63-80.
12. Boecklen, W. J., and D. Simberloff. 1986. Area-based extinction models in conservation. Pages 247-276 in D. K. Elliott, ed. Dynamics of extinction. Wiley, New York.
13. Böhme, W., ed. 1981. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Echsen (Sauria). Vol. 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden.
14. -, ed. 1984. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Echsen (Sauria). Vol. 2. AULA, Wiesbaden.
15. -, ed. 1986. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Echsen (Sauria). Vol. 3. AULA, Wiesbaden.
16. -, ed. 1993. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Schlangen (Serpentes). Vol. 1. AULA, Wiesbaden.
17. Böhme, W., and N. N. Scerbak. 1993. Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lacépède, 1789)-Vierstreifennatter. Pages 373-396 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
18. Bolger, D. T., A. C. Alberts, and M. E. Soulé. 1991. Occurrence patterns of bird species in habitat fragments: sampling, extinction, and nested species subsets. American Naturalist 137:155-166.
19. Brown, J. H. 1971. Mammals on mountaintops: non-equilibrium insular biogeography. American Naturalist 105:467-478.
20. -. 1986. Two decades of interaction between the MacArthur-Wilson model and the complexities of mammalian distributions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 8:231-251.
21. Bruno, S. 1969. Morfologia, distribuzione e biologia di Elaphe situla (L.) 1758 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania 1:1-44.
22. -. 1970. Anfibi e rettili di Sicilia. Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania 2:185-326.
23. Burkey, T. R. 1995. Extinction rates in archipelagoes: implications for populations in fragmented habitats. Conservation Biology 9:527-541.
24. Buttle, D. 1989. Notes on reptiles and amphibians of N.E. Greece and the island of Samothraki. British Herpetological Society Bulletin no. 29.
25. -. 1993. Notes on the herpetofauna of some of the Cyclades islands, Greece. British Herpetological Society Bulletin no. 47.
26. Calder, W. A. 1984. Size, function, and life history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
27. Carlquist, S. 1965. Island life. Natural History Press, Garden City, N.Y.
28. Case, T. J. 1975. Species numbers, density compensation and colonizing ability of lizards on islands in the Gulf of California. Ecology 56:3-18.
29. Case, T. J., and M. L. Cody. 1987. Testing theories of island biogeography. American Scientist 75:402-411.
30. Case, T. J., D. T. Bolger, and A. D. Richman. 1992. Reptilian extinctions: the last ten thousand years. Pages 91-125 in P. L. Fiedler and S. K. Jain, eds. Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation and management. Chapman & Hall, New York.
31. Chondropoulos, B. P. 1986. A checklist of the Greek reptiles. I. The lizards. Amphibia-Reptilia 7:217-235.
32. -. 1989. A checklist of Greek reptiles. II. The snakes. Herpetozoa 2:3-36.
33. Clark, R. 1989. A checklist of the herpetofauna of the ArgoSaronic gulf district, Greece. British Herpetological Society Bulletin no. 28.
34. -. 1991. A report on herpetological investigations on the island of Samothraki, north Aegean Sea -Greece. British Herpetological Society Bulletin no. 38.
35. Cotgreave, P. 1993. The relationship between body size and population abundance in animals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10:244-248.
36. Crowell, K. L. 1986. A comparison of relict versus equilibrium models for insular mammals in the Gulf of Maine. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28:37-64.
37. Cutler, A. 1991. Nested faunas and extinction in fragmented habitats. Conservation Biology 5:496-505.
38. Damuth, J. 1981. Population density or body size in mammals. Nature (London) 290:699-700.
39. Dermitzakis, M. D., and P. Y. Sondaar. 1985. Quaternary insular fossil mammals and their paleogeographical implications. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 10:369-386.
40. Diamond, J. D. 1972. Biogeographic kinetics: estimation of relaxation times for avifaunas of Southwest Pacific Islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 9:3199-3203.
41. Diamond, J. M. 1984a. Historic extinctions: a Rosetta stone for understanding prehistoric extinctions. Pages 824-862 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, eds. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
42. -. 1984b. "Normal" extinctions of isolated populations. Pages 191-245 in M. H. Nitecki, ed. Extinctions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
43. Díaz-Uriarte, R., and T. Garland. 1996. Testing hypothesis of correlated evolution using phylogenetically independent contrasts: sensitivity to deviations from Brownian motion. Systematic Biology 45:27-47.
44. Ehrenfeld, D. W. 1970. Biological conservation. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
45. Ehrlich, P., and A. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction: the causes and consequences of the disappearance of species. Random House, New York.
46. Engelmann, W. E. 1986. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. DTV, Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart.
47. Erol, O. 1981. Summary report from Turkey: sea level. Information Bulletin, International Geological Correlation Program, no. 61. London.
48. Estes, R., and G. Pregill. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.
49. Faeth, S. H., and E. F. Connor. 1979. Supersaturated and relaxing island faunas: a critique of the species-age relationship. Journal of Biogeography 6:311-316.
50. Fairbanks, R. G. 1989. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature (London) 342:637-642.
51. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125:1-15.
52. Flower, S. S. 1925. Contributions to our knowledge of the duration of life in vertebrate animals. III. Reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1925:911-981.
53. Foufopoulos, J. 1997. The reptile fauna of the Northern Dodecanese (Aegean Islands, Greece). Herpetozoa 10:3-12.
54. Foufopoulos, J., and A. R. Ives. 1998. Reptile distributions and island dendrograms for the islands of the Aegean and Ionion Seas. http://www.wisc.edu/zoology/faculty/fac/Ive/extinctions.html.
55. Fretey, J. 1975. Guide des reptiles et batraciens de France. Hatier, Paris.
56. Froer, E., and A. Beutler. 1978. The herpetofauna of the oceanic islands in the Santorini-archipelago, Greece. Spixiana 1:301-308.
57. Gans, C., and J. P. Gasc. 1990. Tests on the locomotion of the elongate and limbless reptile Ophisaurus apodus (Sauria: Anguidae). Journal of Zoology (London) 220:517-536.
58. Gans, C., T. Krakauer, and C. V. Paganelli. 1968. Water loss in snakes: interspecific and intraspecific variability. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Comparative Physiology 27:747-761.
59. Garland, T., and S. C. Adolph. 1994. Why not do two-species comparative studies? Limitations on inferring adaptation. Physiological Zoology 67:797-828.
60. Garland, T., and P. A. Carter. 1994. Evolutionary physiology. Annual Review of Physiology 56:579-621.
61. Garland, T. J., and C. M. Janis. 1993. Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals? Journal of Zoology (London) 29:133-151.
62. Garland, T. J., P. H. Harvey, and A. R. Ives. 1992. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Systematic Biology 41:18-32.
63. Garland, T. J., A. W. Dickerman, C. M. Janis, and J. A. Jones. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42:265-292.
64. Gaston, K. J. 1994. Rarity. Chapman & Hall, London.
65. Gaston, K. J., and T. M. Blackburn. 1995a. Birds, body size, and the threat of extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 47:205-212.
66. -. 1995b. Rarity and body size: some cautionary remarks. Conservation Biology 9:210-213.
67. -. 1996. Conservation implications of geographic range size-body size relationships. Conservation Biology 10:638-646.
68. Gilpin, M. E., and M. E. Soulé. 1986. Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. Pages 19-34 in M. E. Soulé, ed. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
69. Goodman, D. 1987. The demography of chance extinctions. Pages 11-34 in M. E. Soulé, ed. Viable populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
70. Gotelli, N. J., and G. R. Graves. 1990. Body size and the occurrence of avian species on land-bridge islands. Journal of Biogeography 17:315-325.
71. Grillitsch, B., and H. Grillitsch. 1993. Typhlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) - Wurmschlange oder Blödauge. Pages 15-32 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
72. Grillitsch, H., and F. Tiedemann. 1984. Zur Herpetofauna der griechischen Inseln Kea, Spanopoula, Kithnos, Sifnos, Kitriani (Kykladen), Alonissos und Piperi (Nördliche Sporaden). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie 86:7-28.
73. Groombridge, B. 1992. Global biodiversity: status of the earth's living resources. Chapman & Hall, London.
74. Gruber, U. 1986. Podarcis erhardii (Bedriaga, 1876) - Ägäische Mauereidechse. Pages 25-49 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
75. Gruschwitz, M., and W. Böhme. 1986. Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) - Mauereidechse. Pages 435 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Echsen (Sauria). Vol. 3. AULA, Wiesbaden.
76. Hailey, A., and N. S. Loumbourdis. 1988. Egg size and shape, clutch dynamics, and reproductive effort in European tortoises. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1527-1536.
77. Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
78. Heaney, L. R. 1986. Biogeography of mammals in SE Asia: estimation of rates of colonization, extinction and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28:127-165.
79. Heatwole, H., and R. Levins. 1973. Biogeography of the Puerto Rican bank: species turnover on a small cay, Cayo Ahogado. Ecology 54:1042-1055.
80. Henle, K. 1993. Coluber gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768) - Balkanzornnatter. Pages 97-110 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
81. Hill, A. V. 1911. The total energy exchanges of intact cold-blooded animals at rest. Journal of Physiology (London) 43:379-394.
82. Hughes, B. 1986. Longevity records of African captive amphibians and reptiles. I. Introduction and species list. Amphibians and chelonians. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 32:1-9.
83. -. 1988. Longevity records of African captive amphibians and reptiles. II. Lizards and amphisbaenians. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 34:20-24.
84. Hunter, M. L. 1996. Fundamentals of conservation biology. Blackwell, Cambridge, Mass.
85. Issekutz, V. B., and F. Végh. 1928. Beiträge zur Wirkung des Insulins. III. Mitteilung: Wirkung auf den Gasstoffwechsel der Schildkröte. Biochemische Zeitschrift 192: 383-389.
86. Jadgarow, T. J. 1971. A contribution to the ecology and the distribution of Typhlops vermicularis in the Surkhandarja basin. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 50:598-599.
87. Jones, K. B., L. P. Kepner, and T. E. Martin. 1985. Species of reptiles occupying habitat islands in western Arizona: a deterministic assemblage. Oecologia (Berlin) 66:595-601.
88. Karr, J. R. 1982. Avian extinction on Barro Colorado Island, Panama: a reassessment. American Naturalist 119:230-239.
89. Kunin, W. E., and K. J. Gaston. 1997. The biology of rarity: causes and consequences of rare-common differences. Chapman & Hall, London.
90. Laurance, W. F. 1991. Ecological correlates of extinction proneness in Australian tropical rainforest mammals. Conservation Biology 5:79-89.
91. Leigh, E. G. 1975. Populations fluctuations, community stability and environmental variability. Pages 51-73 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds. Ecology and evolution of communities. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
92. -. 1981. The average lifetime of a population in a varying environment. Journal of Theoretical Biology 90:213-239.
93. Lewin, R. 1989. Hidden complexities in the risks of extinction. Science (Washington, D.C.) 243:1294.
94. Lomolino, M. V., J. H. Brown, and R. Davis. 1989. Island biogeography of montane forest mammals in the American Southwest. Ecology 70:180-194.
95. Lovejoy, T. M., J. M. Rankin, R. O. Bierregaard, Jr., K. S. Brown, Jr., L. H. Emmons, and M. E. Van Der Voort. 1984. Ecosystem decay of Amazon forest remnants. Pages 295-325 in M. H. Nitecki, ed. Extinctions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
96. Lutz, D., and W. Mayer. 1985. Albumin evolution and its phylogenetic and taxonomic implications in several Lacertid lizards. Amphibia-Reptilia 6:53-61.
97. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
98. Madsen, T. 1987. Cost of reproduction and female life-history tactics in a population of grass snakes Natrix natrix in southern Sweden. Oikos 49:129-132.
99. Martins, E. P., and T. J. Garland. 1991. Phylogenetic analyses of the correlated evolution of continuous characters: a simulation study. Evolution 45:534-557.
100. May, R. M., J. H. Lawton, and N. E. Stork. 1995. Assessing extinction rates. Pages 1-24 in J. H. Lawton and R. M. May, eds. Extinction rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
101. Mayer, W., and F. Tiedemann. 1980. Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen an europäischen Arten der Gattungen Lacerta und Podarcis. I. Die Podarcis-Formen der griechischen Inseln Milos und Skiros. Sonderdruck der Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 18:147-152.
102. -. 1981. Electrophoretic investigations on the European species of the genus Lacerta and Podarcis. II. To the systematic status of the lizards of the island Piperi (Northern Sporades, Greece). Zoologischer Anzeiger (Jena) 207:143-150.
103. McCoy, E. D., and H. R. Mushinsky. 1994. Effects of fragmentation on the richness of vertebrates in the Florida scrub habitat. Ecology 75:446-457.
104. McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown. 1992. Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:409-415.
105. McKinney, M. L. 1997. Extinction vulnerability and selectivity: combining ecological and paleontological views. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:495-516.
106. Meek, R. 1987. Aspects of the population ecology of Mauremys caspica in North West Africa. Herpetological Journal 1:130-136.
107. Meffe, G. K., and R. C. Carroll. 1994. Principles of conservation biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
108. Mendelson, H. 1963. On the biology of the venomous snakes of Israel. I. Israel Journal of Zoology 12:143-170.
109. Mylonas, M., and E. Valakos. 1988. Biogeographic analysis of the herpetofauna of the Greek islands. Rapport. Commission Internationale pour la Mer Méditerranee (France) 31:134.
110. -. 1990. Contribution to the biogeographical analysis of the reptile distribution in the Mediterranean islands. Revista Espanola de Herpetologia 4:101-107.
111. Neter, J., W. Wasserman, and M. H. Kutner. 1989. Applied linear regression models. Irwin, Homewood, Ill.
112. Nettmann, H. K., and S. Rykena. 1984a. Lacerta trilineata (Bedriaga, 1886) - Riesensmaragdeidechse. Pages 100-128 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
113. -. 1984b. Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) - Smaragdeidechse. Pages 129-180 in W. Böhme, ed. Handbuch der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. AULA, Wiesbaden.
114. Newmark, W. D. 1987. A land-bridge island perspective on mammalian extinctions in western North American parks. Nature (London) 325:430-432.
115. -. 1991. Tropical forest fragmentation and the local extinction of understory birds in the Eastern Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Conservation Biology 5:67-78.
116. -. 1995. Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology 9:512-526.
117. Papageorgiou, S., S. Stiros, and C. Sigalas. 1990. New evidence of late Holocene sea-level changes in the Aegean and Santorini; tectonic, eustatic and volcanological effects. Pages 416-421 in D. A. Hardy, J. Keller, V. P. Galanopoulos, N. C. Flemming, and T. Druitt, eds. Thera and the Aegean world: proceedings of the international conference. Thera Foundation, London.
118. Patterson, B. D. 1984. Mammalian extinction and the biogeography in the southern Rocky Mountains. Pages 214-293 in M. H. Nitecki, ed. Extinctions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
119. Patterson, B. D., and W. Atmar. 1986. Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian faunas and archipelagos. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28:65-82.
120. Peters, G. 1964. Studien zur Taxionomie, Verbreitung und Ökologie der Smaragdeidechsen. III. Die orientalischen Populationen von L. trilineata. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin 40:185-250.
121. -. 1970. Studien zur Taxionomie, Verbreitung und Ökologie der Smaragdeidechsen. IV. Zur Ökologie und Geschichte der Populationen von L. v. viridis (Laurenti) im mitteleuropäischen Flachland: Beiträge zur Tierwelt der Mark VII. Veröffentlichungen des Bezirksheimatmuseums Potsdam 21:49-119.
122. Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? Ecological issues in the conservation of species and communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
123. Pimm, S. L., H. L. Jones, and J. M. Diamond. 1988. On the risk of extinction. American Naturalist 132:757-785.
124. Pirazzoli, P. A. 1991. World atlas of Holocene sea-level changes. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
125. -. 1996. Sea-level changes: the last 20,000 years. Wiley, Chichester.
126. Plato. 1953. Dialogues. Translated by B. Jowett. 4th ed. Clarendon, Oxford.
127. Primack, R. B. 1993. Essentials of conservation biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
128. Richman, A. D., T. J. Case, and T. D. Schwaner. 1988. Natural and unnatural extinction rates of reptiles on islands. American Naturalist 131:611-630.
129. Richter-Dynn, N., and N. S. Goel. 1972. On the extinction of a colonizing species. Theoretical Population Biology 3:406-433.
130. Rosenzweig, M. L., and C. W. Clark. 1994. Island extinction rates from regular censuses. Conservation Biology 8:491-494.
131. Roughgarden, J. 1995. Anolis lizards of the Caribbean: ecology, evolution and plate tectonics. Oxford University Press, New York.
132. Ryan, P. G., and W. R. Siegfried. 1994. The variability of small populations of birds: an empirical investigation of vulnerability. Pages 3-22 in H. Remmert, ed. Minimum animal populations. Springer, Berlin.
133. Saint Girons, H., and G. Naulleau. 1981. Poids des nouveau-nés et stratégies reproductrices des vipères européennes. Terre et la Vie 35:597-616.
134. Schneider, B. 1975. Eine mittelpleistozäne Herpetofauna von der Insel Chios, Ägäis. Senckenbergiana Biologica 56:191-198.
135. -. 1983. Zur Herpetofauna der Inseln Kalymnos und Telendos (Dodekanes, Ägäis). Salamandra 19:61-70.
136. Schoener, A., and T. W. Schoener. 1984. Experiments on dispersal: short term flotation of insular anoles, with a review of similar abilities in other terrestrial animals. Oecologia (Berlin) 63:289-294.
137. Schoener, T. W. 1991. Extinction and the nature of the metapopulation: a case system. Acta Oecologica 12:53-75.
138. Seigel, R. A., J. T. Collins, and S. S. Novak. 1987. Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology. Macmillan, New York.
139. Shafer, C. L. 1990. Nature reserves: island theory and conservation practice. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
140. Skadhauge, E., and I. Duvdevani. 1977. Cloacal absorption of NaCl and water in the lizard Agama stellio. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Comparative Physiology 56:275-279.
141. Slavens, F. L., and K. Slavens. 1993. Reptiles and amphibians in captivity: breeding-longevity and inventory. Slaveware, Seattle.
142. Snyder, A. T., and J. K. Bowler. 1992. Longevity of reptiles and amphibians in North American collections. 2d ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular no. 21. Milwaukee.
143. Sondaar, P. Y. 1971. Paleozoogeography of the Pleistocene mammals from the Aegean. Opera Botanica 30:65-70.
144. Sondaar, P. Y., J. De Vos, and M. D. Dermitzakis. 1986. Late Cenozoic faunal evolution and paleogeography of the south Aegean island arc. Modern Geology 10:249-259.
145. Soulé, M. E., B. A. Wilcox, and C. Holtby. 1979. Benign neglect: a model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa. Biological Conservation 15:259-272.
146. Soulé, M. E., D. T. Bolger, A. C. Alberts, J. Wright, M. Sorice, and S. Hill. 1988. Reconstructed dynamics of rapid extinctions of chaparral-requiring birds in urban habitat islands. Conservation Biology 2:75-92.
147. Soulé, M. E., A. C. Alberts, and D. T. Bolger. 1992. The effects of habitat fragmentation on chaparral plants and vertebrates. Oikos 63:39-47.
148. Street, D. 1979. Reptiles of northern and central Europe. Batsford, London.
149. Szyndlar, Z. 1991. A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of central and eastern Europe. I. Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae. Estudios Geologicos (Madrid) 47:103-126.
150. Terborgh, J. 1974. Preservation of natural diversity: the problem of extinction prone species. BioScience 24:715-722.
151. Terborgh, J., and B. Winter. 1980. Some causes of extinction. Pages 119-133 in M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox, eds. Conservation biology: an evolutionary and ecological perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
152. Terborgh, J., L. Lopez, and J. S. Tello. 1997. Bird communities in transition: the Lago Guri Islands. Ecology 78:1494-1501.
153. Tracy, R. C., and L. T. George. 1992. On the determinants of extinction. American Naturalist 139:102-122.
154. Trichas, A., and A. Legakis. 1987. General considerations on the distribution of Coleoptera in the Aegean islands. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 13:127-132.
155. USDMA (U.S. Defense Mapping Agency). 1984. Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, Greece - east coast, Nisos Spetsai to Nisoi Vorioi Sporadhes. U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C.
156. -. 1986. Mediterranean Sea, Greece-Turkey, Aegean Sea. U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C.
157. -. 1990. Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, Greece-Turkey, Nisos Samos to Nisos Rodhos including Dhodhekanisos (Dodecanese) and southwest coast of Turkey. U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C.
158. -. 1991. Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, Greece - south coast, Kikladhes Nisoi to Kriti. U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C.
159. Valakos, E. D. 1990. The ecology of the lizard Podarcis erhardii (Bedriaga, 1882) (Sauria: Lacertidae) in a typical insular ecosystem on Naxos Island. Ph.D. diss. University of Athens, Athens.
160. van Andel, T. H., and J. C. Shackleton. 1982. Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic coastlines of Greece and the Aegean. Journal of Field Archeology 9:445-454.
161. Warburton, N. H. 1997. Structure and conservation of forest avifauna in isolated rainforest remnants in tropical Australia. Pages 190-206 in W. F. Laurance and R. O. Bierregaard, eds. Tropical forest remnants. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
162. Watson, G. E. 1964. Ecology and evolution of passerine birds in the islands of the Aegean Sea. Ph.D. diss. Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
163. Werner, Y. L., E. Frankenberg, M. Volokita, and R. Harari. 1993. Longevity of geckos (Reptilia: Lacertilia: Gekkonoidea) in captivity: an analytical review incorporating new data. Israel Journal of Zoology 39:105-124.
164. Wettstein, O. 1953. Herpetologia aegea. Sitzungsberichte Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung I 162: 651-833.
165. Wilcox, B. A. 1978. Supersaturated island faunas: a speciesage relationship for lizards on post-Pleistocene landbridge islands. Science (Washington, D.C.) 199:996-998.
166. -. 1980. Insular ecology and conservation. Pages 95-117 in M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox, eds. Conservation biology: an evolutionary and ecological perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
167. Wiley, E. O. 1988. Vicariance biogeography. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19:513-542.
168. Wilkinson, L. 1989. SYSTAT: the system for statistics. SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, Ill.
169. Wilson, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. Belknap, Cambridge, Mass.
170. Zug, G. R. 1991. Lizards of Fiji: natural history and systematics. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology 2:1-136.
171. -. 1993. Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
172. Zug, G. R., V. G. Springer, J. T. Williams, and G. D. Johnson. 1988. The vertebrates of Rotuma and surrounding waters. Atoll Research Bulletin 316:1-25.