Higher abnormal leukocyte and lymphocyte counts 20 years after exposure to severe stress: Research and clinical implications

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 378-386

  Boscarino, Joseph A ^a   Chang, Jeani ^b  

^a LLC   (United States)

^b Outcomes Research Consortium   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell mediated immunity; Immune system; Leukocytes; Posttraumatic stress disorder; T cell lymphocytes; Vietnam veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LEUKOCYTE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN ALLERGY; SOLDIER; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION;

EID: 0033045162     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199905000-00019     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Kinston W, Rosser R. Disaster: effects on mental and physical state. J Psychosom Res 1974;18;437-456.
2. Centers for Disease Control. Vietnam Experience Study: health status of Vietnam veterans. Vol 3: Medical examinations. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control; 1989.
3. Wilson JP, Raphael B, editors. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Plenum Press; 1993.
4. Dohrenwend BP. Sociocultural and social-psychological factors in the genesis of mental disorders. J Health Soc Behav 1975;16: 365-92.
5. Yager T, Laufer R, Gallops M. Some problems associated with war experience in men of the Vietnam generation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:327-33.
6. Centers for Disease Control. Health status of Vietnam veterans. I. Psychosocial characteristics. JAMA 1988;259:2701-7.
7. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Weiss DS. Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1990.
8. Green BL, Lindy JD, Grace MC, Leonard AC. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992;180;760-6.
9. DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
10. Boscarino JA. Diseases among men 20 years after exposure to severe stress: implications for clinical research and medical care. Psychosom Med 1997;59:605-14.
11. Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, Ostroff RB, Podd L. Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986;174:145-9.
12. Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Nussbaum G, Wahby V, Giller EL, Mason JW. Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990;178:366-9.
13. Yehuda R, Southwick S, Giller EL, Ma X, Mason JW. Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992;180:321-5.
14. Blanchard EB, Kolb L, Prins A. Psychophysiological responses in diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991;179:97-101.
15. Mason JM, Giller EL, Kosten TR, Harkness L. Elevation of urinary norepinephrine/cortisol ratio in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988;176:498-502.
16. Boscarino JA. Post-traumatic stress disorder, exposure to combat, and lower plasma cortisol among Vietnam veterans: findings and clinical implications. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;64: 191-201.
17. Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick SM, Mason, JW, Giller EL. Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:982-6.
18. Rabin BS, Kusnecov A, Shurin M, Zhou D, Rasnick S. Mechanistic aspects of stress-induced immune alteration. In: Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser J, editors. Handbook of stress and immunity. New York: Academic Press; 1994. p. 23-51.
19. Stein M, Miller AH. Future directions for psychoneuroimmunology research. In: Stein M, Baum A, editors. Chronic diseases: perspectives in behavioral medicine. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995. p. 287-307.
20. Ader R, Cohen N. Psychoneuroimmunity: conditioning and stress. Annu Rev Psychol 1993;44:53-85.
21. Pike JL, Smith TL, Hauger RL, Nicassio PM, Patterson TL, McClintick J, Costlow C, Irwin MR. Chronic life stress alters sympathetic, neuroendocrine, and immune responsivity to an acute psychological stressor in humans. Psychosom Med 1997; 59:447-57.
22. Herbert TB, Cohen S. Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med 1993;55:364-79.
23. Keller SE, Shiflett SC, Schleifer SJ, Bartlett JA. Stress, immunity, and health. In: Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser J, editors. Handbook of stress and immunity. New York: Academic Press; 1994. p. 217-44.
24. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Malarkey WB, Cacioppo JT, Glaser R. Stressful personal relationships: immune and endocrine function. In: Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser J, editors. Handbook of stress and immunity. New York: Academic Press: 1994. p. 321-35.
25. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 1992;267:1244-52.
26. Boyce WT, Jemerin JM. Psychobiological differences in childhood stress response. I. Patterns of illness and susceptibility. Dev Behav Pediatr 1990;11:86-94.
27. Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1351-62.
28. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:171-9.
29. Ironson G, Wynings C, Schneiderman N, Baum A, Rodriguez M, Greenwood D, Benight C, Antoni M, LaPierre A, Huang HS, Klimas N, Fletcher MA. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, intrusive thoughts, loss, and immune function after Hurricane Andrew. Psychosom Med 59;1997:128-41.
30. Blauer KL, Poth M, Rogers WM, Bernton EW. Dehydroepiandrosterone antagonizes the suppressive effects of dexamethasone on lymphocyte proliferation. Endocrinology 1991;129:3174-9.
31. Suzuki T, Suzuki N, Daynes RA, Engelman EG. Dehydroepiandrosterone enhances IL-2 production and cytotoxic effector function of human T cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 61:202-11.
32. Berkenbosch F. Corticotropin-releasing factor and catecholamines: a study on their role in stress-induced immunomodulation. In: Schneiderman N, McCabe P, Baum A, editors. Stress and disease processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1992; 73-91.
33. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R. Psychoneuroimmunity and health consequences: data and shared mechanisms. Psychosom Med 1995;57:269-74.
34. Kelly S, Hertzman C, Daniels M. Searching for the biological pathways between stress and health. Annu Rev Public Health 18:437-62.
35. Boscarino JA. Post-traumatic stress, and associated disorders among Vietnam veterans: the significance of combat and social support. J Traumatic Stress 1995;8:317-36.
36. Centers for Disease Control. Vietnam Experience Study: health status of Vietnam veterans. Vol 4: Psychological and neuropsychological evaluation. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control; 1989.
37. Centers for Disease Control. Vietnam Experience Study: health status of Vietnam veterans. Suppl C: Medical and psychological procedure manuals and forms. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control; 1989.
38. Robins LN, Heizer, JE, Cottler LB. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule training manual, version III-A. St Louis, MO: Veterans Administration; 1987.
39. DSM-III. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
40. Robins LN, Heizer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38: 381-9.
41. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Ratcliff KS, Seyfried W. Validity of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version II: DSM-III diagnoses. Psychol Med 1982;12:855-70.
42. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
43. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley; 1989.
44. Winer BJ, Brown DR, Michels KM. Statistical principles in experimental design. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1991.
45. Centers for Disease Control. Vietnam Experience Study: health status of Vietnam veterans. Suppl A: Laboratory methods and quality control. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control; 1989.
46. Armor DJ, Polich JM, Stambul HB. Alcoholism treatment. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation; 1976.
47. Baskir LM, Strauss WA. Chance and circumstance: the draft, the war and the Vietnam generation. New York: Vintage Books; 1978.
48. Syme LS. Social determinants of disease. In: Last JM, Wallace RB, editors. Maxcy-Rosenau-Last: public and preventive medicine. 13th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange; 1992. p. 687-700.
49. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, Cohen S, Folkman S, Kahn R, Syme LS. Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am Psychol 1994;49:15-24.
50. Wolfe WH, Miner JC, Michalek JE. Imimmological parameters in current and former US Air Force personnel. Vaccine 1993;11: 545-7.
51. Jordi S, Munoz A, Peng Y, Margolick J, Chmiel JS, Oishi J, Kingsley L, Samet JM. Longitudinal relation between smoking and white blood cells. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:734-41.
52. SPSS. SPSS for Windows, version 7.5. Chicago: SPSS, Inc.; 1997.
53. Stata Corporation. Stata reference manual, release 5. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation; 1997.
54. Neter J, Wasserman W, Kutner MH. Applied linear statistical models: regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs. 3rd ed. Homewood, IL: Irwin; 1991.
55. Kniker WT, Anderson CT, McBryde JL, Roumiantzeff M, Lesourd B. Multitest CMI for standardized measurement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity: normal values and proposed scoring system for healthy adults in the USA. Ann Allergy 52;1984:75-82.
56. Greenspan FS, Baxter JD. Basic and clinical endocrinology. 4th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1994.
57. Maier SF, Watkins LR, Fleshner M. Psychoneuroimmunology: the interface between behavior, brain, and immunity. Am Psychol 1994;49:1004-17.
58. Phillips MI, Evans D. Neuroimmunology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1995.
59. Eisendrath SJ, Feder A. The mind and somatic illness: psychological factors affecting physical illness. In: Goldman HH, editor. Review of general psychiatry. 4th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange; 1995. p. 13-9.
60. Isselbacher KJ, Martin JB, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Wilson JD, Kasper DL. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
61. Luster AD. Chemokines: chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 1998;338:436-45.
62. Freedman DS, Joesoef MR, Barboriak JJ, Stallone DD, Byers T. Correlates of leukocyte counts in men. Ann Epidemiol 1996;6:74-82.
63. Baker JR Autoimmune endocrine disease. JAMA 1997;278: 1931-7.
64. Carrithers MD. Immune cell traffic in the brian: blundering and migration of autoreactive T lymphocytes. Neuroscientist 1997; 3:207-10.
65. Reiser H, Stadecker MJ. Costimulatory B7 molecules in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1369-77.
66. Bovill EG, Bild DE, Heiss G, Kuller LH, Lee MH, Rock R Wahl PW. White blood cell counts in persons aged 65 years or more from the Cardiovascular Health Study: correlations with baseline clinical and demographic characteristics. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:1107-15.
67. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. JAMA 1998;279:1477-82.
68. Luscinskas FW, Gimbrone MA. Endothelial-dependent mechanisms in chronic inflammatory leukocyte recruitment. Annu Rev Med 1996;47:413-21.
69. Boscarino JA, Chang J. Electrocardiographic abnormalities among men with stress-related psychiatric disorders: implications for coronary heart disease and clinical research. Ann Behav Med. In press 1999.