메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 80, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1118-1131

Empirical approaches to quantifying interaction intensity: Competition and facilitation along productivity gradients

Author keywords

Community ecology; Competition intensity; Effect size; Facilitation; Interaction intensity; Meta analysis; Metrics, choice of; Productivity gradients

Indexed keywords

COMPETITION; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; FACILITATION; PRODUCTIVITY;

EID: 0033040066     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1118:EATQII]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (392)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0023496161 scopus 로고
    • On classifying interactions between populations
    • Abrams, P. A. 1987. On classifying interactions between populations. Oecologia 73:272-281.
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.73 , pp. 272-281
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 0030613897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data
    • Adams, D. C., J. Gurevitch, and M. S. Rosenberg. 1997. Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data. Ecology 78:1277-1283.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1277-1283
    • Adams, D.C.1    Gurevitch, J.2    Rosenberg, M.S.3
  • 3
    • 0028975884 scopus 로고
    • Root and shoot competition intensity along a soil depth gradient
    • Belcher, J. W., P. A. Keddy, and L. Twolan-Strutt. 1995. Root and shoot competition intensity along a soil depth gradient. Journal of Ecology 83:673-682.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 673-682
    • Belcher, J.W.1    Keddy, P.A.2    Twolan-Strutt, L.3
  • 5
    • 0028162254 scopus 로고
    • Higher-order interactions in ecological communities: What are they and how can they be detected?
    • Billick, I., and T. J. Case. 1994. Higher-order interactions in ecological communities: what are they and how can they be detected? Ecology 75:1529-1543.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1529-1543
    • Billick, I.1    Case, T.J.2
  • 6
    • 0001768180 scopus 로고
    • A method of estimating the slope of upper bounds of plots of body size and abundance in natural animal assemblages
    • Blackburn, T. M., J. H. Lawton, and J. N. Perry. 1992. A method of estimating the slope of upper bounds of plots of body size and abundance in natural animal assemblages. Oikos 65:107-112.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.65 , pp. 107-112
    • Blackburn, T.M.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Perry, J.N.3
  • 7
    • 0031284545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities
    • Callaway, R. M., and L. R. Walker. 1997. Competition and facilitation: a synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities. Ecology 78:1958-1965.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1958-1965
    • Callaway, R.M.1    Walker, L.R.2
  • 8
    • 0026460745 scopus 로고
    • An experimental lest of plant strategy theory
    • Campbell, B. D., and J. P. Grime. 1992. An experimental lest of plant strategy theory. Ecology 73:15-29.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 15-29
    • Campbell, B.D.1    Grime, J.P.2
  • 9
    • 0002654621 scopus 로고
    • Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities: A model and evidence from field experiments
    • M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, editors. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
    • Connell, J. H. 1975. Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities: a model and evidence from field experiments. Pages 460-490 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1975) Ecology and Evolution of Communities , pp. 460-490
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 10
    • 0020922895 scopus 로고
    • On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: Evidence from field experiments
    • _. 1983. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. Amererica Naturalist 122:661-696.
    • (1983) Amererica Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 661-696
  • 11
    • 0025948719 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling emergence
    • DeSteven, D. 1991a. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology 72:1066-1075.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1066-1075
    • DeSteven, D.1
  • 12
    • 0025948719 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling survival and growth
    • _. 1991b. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology 72:1076-1089.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1076-1089
  • 13
    • 0003761688 scopus 로고
    • Harper & Row, New York, New York, USA
    • Diamond, J., and T. J. Case,editors. 1986. Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1986) Community Ecology
    • Diamond, J.1    Case, T.J.2
  • 14
    • 84996318580 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of competition for light and for nutrients
    • Donald, C. M. 1958. The interaction of competition for light and for nutrients. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 5:585-597.
    • (1958) Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , vol.5 , pp. 585-597
    • Donald, C.M.1
  • 15
    • 0033041958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of marine nutrient-enrichment experiments: Variation in the magnitude of nutrient limitation
    • Downing, J. A., C. W. Osenberg, and O. Sarnelle. 1999. Meta-analysis of marine nutrient-enrichment experiments: variation in the magnitude of nutrient limitation. Ecology 80:1157-1167.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1157-1167
    • Downing, J.A.1    Osenberg, C.W.2    Sarnelle, O.3
  • 16
    • 0033003518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of data-selection criteria: Meta-analyses of stream predation experiments
    • Englund, G., O. Sarnelle, and S. D. Cooper. 1999. The importance of data-selection criteria: meta-analyses of stream predation experiments. Ecology 80:1132-1141.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1132-1141
    • Englund, G.1    Sarnelle, O.2    Cooper, S.D.3
  • 18
    • 0031848441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting relationships in continuous bivariate data
    • Garvey, J. E., E. A. Marschall, and R. A. Wright. 1998. Detecting relationships in continuous bivariate data. Ecology 79:442-447.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 442-447
    • Garvey, J.E.1    Marschall, E.A.2    Wright, R.A.3
  • 19
    • 0023471779 scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood competition in an old-field plant community
    • Goldberg, D. E. 1987. Neighborhood competition in an old-field plant community. Ecology 68:1211-1223.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1211-1223
    • Goldberg, D.E.1
  • 20
    • 0028152213 scopus 로고
    • Influence of competition at the community level: An experimental version of the null models approach
    • _. 1994. Influence of competition at the community level: an experimental version of the null models approach. Ecology 75:1503-1506.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1503-1506
  • 21
    • 0030320045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simplifying the study of competition at the individual plant level: The consequences of distinguishing between effect and response for forest vegetation management
    • _. 1996. Simplifying the study of competition at the individual plant level: the consequences of distinguishing between effect and response for forest vegetation management. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 26:19-38.
    • (1996) New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science , vol.26 , pp. 19-38
  • 22
    • 0026526589 scopus 로고
    • Patterns and consequences of interspecific competition in natural communities: A review of field experiments with plants
    • Goldberg, D. E., and A. M. Barton. 1992. Patterns and consequences of interspecific competition in natural communities: a review of field experiments with plants. American Naturalist 139:771-801.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.139 , pp. 771-801
    • Goldberg, D.E.1    Barton, A.M.2
  • 23
    • 0032426515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for comparing diversity and species abundances among samples of different sizes and an experimental example with desert annuals
    • Goldberg, D. E., and G. Estabrook. 1998. A method for comparing diversity and species abundances among samples of different sizes and an experimental example with desert annuals. Journal of Ecology 86:983-988.
    • (1998) Journal of Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 983-988
    • Goldberg, D.E.1    Estabrook, G.2
  • 24
    • 0025248932 scopus 로고
    • Effects of different resource additions on species diversity in an annual plant community
    • Goldberg, D. E., and T. E. Miller. 1990. Effects of different resource additions on species diversity in an annual plant community. Ecology 71:213-225.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 213-225
    • Goldberg, D.E.1    Miller, T.E.2
  • 25
    • 0030967847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relative importance of competition in unproductive environments
    • Goldberg, D. E., and A. Novoplansky. 1997. On the relative importance of competition in unproductive environments. Journal of Ecology 85:409-418.
    • (1997) Journal of Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 409-418
    • Goldberg, D.E.1    Novoplansky, A.2
  • 26
    • 0001846751 scopus 로고
    • ANOVA and ANCOVA: Field competition experiments
    • S. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • Goldberg, D. E., and S. M. Scheiner. 1993. ANOVA and ANCOVA: field competition experiments. Pages 69-93 in S. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments , pp. 69-93
    • Goldberg, D.E.1    Scheiner, S.M.2
  • 28
    • 0029137567 scopus 로고
    • On the measurement of plant competition intensity
    • Grace, J. B. 1995. On the measurement of plant competition intensity. Ecology 76:305-308.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 305-308
    • Grace, J.B.1
  • 29
    • 36949060119 scopus 로고
    • Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation
    • Grime, J. P. 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242:344-347.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.242 , pp. 344-347
    • Grime, J.P.1
  • 30
    • 0001052838 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory
    • _. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. American Naturalist 111:1169-1194.
    • (1977) American Naturalist , vol.111 , pp. 1169-1194
  • 31
    • 0022840059 scopus 로고
    • Competition and the local distribution of the grass Stipa neomexicana
    • Gurevitch, J. 1986. Competition and the local distribution of the grass Stipa neomexicana. Ecology 67:46-57.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 46-57
    • Gurevitch, J.1
  • 32
    • 0002740312 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: Combining the results of independent experiments
    • S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 1993. Meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments. Pages 378-425 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments , pp. 378-425
    • Gurevitch, J.1    Hedges, L.V.2
  • 33
    • 0033040602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical issues in ecological meta-analysis
    • Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 1999. Statistical issues in ecological meta-analysis. Ecology 80:1142-1149.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1142-1149
    • Gurevitch, J.1    Hedges, L.V.2
  • 35
    • 0033037138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology
    • Hedges, L. V., J. Gurevitch, and P. Curtis. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150-1156.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1150-1156
    • Hedges, L.V.1    Gurevitch, J.2    Curtis, P.3
  • 38
    • 0028977457 scopus 로고
    • Plant competition along soil moisture gradients: A field experiment with the desert annual Stipa capensis
    • Kadmon, R. 1995. Plant competition along soil moisture gradients: a field experiment with the desert annual Stipa capensis. Journal of Ecology 83:253-262.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 253-262
    • Kadmon, R.1
  • 39
    • 0025598633 scopus 로고
    • Competition in a variable environment: An experimental study in a desert annual plant population
    • Kadmon, R., and A. Schmida. 1990. Competition in a variable environment: an experimental study in a desert annual plant population. Israel Journal of Botany 39:403-412.
    • (1990) Israel Journal of Botany , vol.39 , pp. 403-412
    • Kadmon, R.1    Schmida, A.2
  • 40
    • 0001939510 scopus 로고
    • Competition hierarchies and centrifugal organization in plant communities
    • J. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • Keddy, P. A. 1990. Competition hierarchies and centrifugal organization in plant communities. Pages 265-290 in J. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1990) Perspectives on Plant Competition , pp. 265-290
    • Keddy, P.A.1
  • 41
    • 0001479628 scopus 로고
    • Soil diversity and the distribution of plants, with examples from western North America
    • Kruckeberg, A. R. 1969. Soil diversity and the distribution of plants, with examples from western North America. Madrono 20:129-154.
    • (1969) Madrono , vol.20 , pp. 129-154
    • Kruckeberg, A.R.1
  • 42
    • 0031822980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical concepts and empirical approaches to measuring interaction strength
    • Laska, M. S., and J. T. Wootton. 1998. Theoretical concepts and empirical approaches to measuring interaction strength. Ecology 79:461-476.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 461-476
    • Laska, M.S.1    Wootton, J.T.2
  • 43
    • 0002499820 scopus 로고
    • Herbivore influences on plant performance and competitive interactions
    • J. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • Louda, S. M., K. H. Keeler, and R. D. Holt. 1990. Herbivore influences on plant performance and competitive interactions. Pages 413-444 in J. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1990) Perspectives on Plant Competition , pp. 413-444
    • Louda, S.M.1    Keeler, K.H.2    Holt, R.D.3
  • 45
    • 0030455882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring plant neighbour effects
    • Markham, J. H., and C. P. Chanway. 1996. Measuring plant neighbour effects. Functional Ecology 10:548-549.
    • (1996) Functional Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 548-549
    • Markham, J.H.1    Chanway, C.P.2
  • 46
    • 0031857158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life histories and the strengths of species interactions: Combining mortality, growth, and fecundity effects
    • McPeek, M. A., and B. L. Peckarsky. 1998. Life histories and the strengths of species interactions: combining mortality, growth, and fecundity effects. Ecology 79:867-879.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 867-879
    • McPeek, M.A.1    Peckarsky, B.L.2
  • 47
    • 0023509720 scopus 로고
    • Community regulation: Variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment
    • Menge, B. A., and J. P. Sutherland. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. American Naturalist 130:731-757.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.130 , pp. 731-757
    • Menge, B.A.1    Sutherland, J.P.2
  • 49
    • 0000187441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On quantifying the intensity of competition across gradients
    • Miller, T. E. 1996. On quantifying the intensity of competition across gradients. Ecology 77:978-981.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 978-981
    • Miller, T.E.1
  • 50
    • 0023496895 scopus 로고
    • Competitive effects and responses between plant species in a first-year old-field community
    • Miller, T. E., and P. A. Werner. 1987. Competitive effects and responses between plant species in a first-year old-field community. Ecology 68:1224-1233.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1224-1233
    • Miller, T.E.1    Werner, P.A.2
  • 51
    • 0030422753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keystone predation and interaction strength: Interactive effects of predators on their main prey
    • Navarrete, S. A., and B. A. Menge. 1996. Keystone predation and interaction strength: interactive effects of predators on their main prey. Ecological Monographs 66:409-430.
    • (1996) Ecological Monographs , vol.66 , pp. 409-430
    • Navarrete, S.A.1    Menge, B.A.2
  • 52
    • 0009562679 scopus 로고
    • Competition and diversity in herbaceous vegetation
    • Newman, E. I. 1973. Competition and diversity in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 244:310.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.244 , pp. 310
    • Newman, E.I.1
  • 53
    • 0000580609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect size in ecological experiments: The application of biological models in meta-analysis
    • Osenberg, C. W., O. Sarnelle, and S. D. Cooper. 1997. Effect size in ecological experiments: the application of biological models in meta-analysis. American Naturalist 150:798-812.
    • (1997) American Naturalist , vol.150 , pp. 798-812
    • Osenberg, C.W.1    Sarnelle, O.2    Cooper, S.D.3
  • 54
    • 0033003517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolving ecological questions through meta-analysis: Goals, metrics, and models
    • Osenberg, C. W., O. Sarnelle, S. D. Cooper, and R. D. Holt. 1999. Resolving ecological questions through meta-analysis: goals, metrics, and models. Ecology 80:1105-1117.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1105-1117
    • Osenberg, C.W.1    Sarnelle, O.2    Cooper, S.D.3    Holt, R.D.4
  • 55
    • 0003090953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biologically generated spatial pattern and the coexistence of competing species
    • D. Tilman and P. Kareiva, editors. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
    • Pacala, S. W., and S. A. Levin. 1997. Biologically generated spatial pattern and the coexistence of competing species. Pages 204-232 in D. Tilman and P. Kareiva, editors. Spatial ecology: the role of space in population dynamics and interspecific interactions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
    • (1997) Spatial Ecology: the Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions , pp. 204-232
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Levin, S.A.2
  • 56
    • 0026472030 scopus 로고
    • Food-web analysis through field measurement of per-capita interaction strength
    • Paine, R. T. 1992. Food-web analysis through field measurement of per-capita interaction strength. Nature 355:73-75.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.355 , pp. 73-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 57
    • 0031899126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition intensity along a productivity gradient in a low-diversity grassland
    • Peltzer, D. A., S. D. Wilson, and A. K. Gerry. 1998. Competition intensity along a productivity gradient in a low-diversity grassland. American Naturalist 151:465-476.
    • (1998) American Naturalist , vol.151 , pp. 465-476
    • Peltzer, D.A.1    Wilson, S.D.2    Gerry, A.K.3
  • 58
    • 0026270632 scopus 로고
    • The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack
    • Price, PW. 1991. The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack. Oikos 62:244-51.
    • (1991) Oikos , vol.62 , pp. 244-251
    • Price, P.W.1
  • 59
    • 0025593684 scopus 로고
    • Competition constrained by low nutrient supply: An example involving Hieracium floribundum Wimm & Grab. (Compositae)
    • Reader, R. J. 1990. Competition constrained by low nutrient supply: an example involving Hieracium floribundum Wimm & Grab. (Compositae). Functional Ecology 4:573-577.
    • (1990) Functional Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 573-577
    • Reader, R.J.1
  • 60
    • 0024889232 scopus 로고
    • Variation in competition along an environmental gradient: Hieracium floribundum in an abandoned pasture
    • Reader, R J., and B. J. Best. 1989. Variation in competition along an environmental gradient: Hieracium floribundum in an abandoned pasture. Journal of Ecology 77:673-684.
    • (1989) Journal of Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 673-684
    • Reader, R.J.1    Best, B.J.2
  • 61
    • 0028161542 scopus 로고
    • Plant competition in relation to neighbour biomass: An intercontinental study with Poa pratensis
    • Reader, R. J. et al. 1994. Plant competition in relation to neighbour biomass: an intercontinental study with Poa pratensis. Ecology 75:1753-1760.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1753-1760
    • Reader, R.J.1
  • 62
    • 0024248712 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of crowding and pocket gopher disturbance on mortality, growth and seed production of Berteroa incana
    • Reichman, O. J. 1988. Comparison of the effects of crowding and pocket gopher disturbance on mortality, growth and seed production of Berteroa incana. American Midland Naturalist 120:58-69.
    • (1988) American Midland Naturalist , vol.120 , pp. 58-69
    • Reichman, O.J.1
  • 63
    • 0024534549 scopus 로고
    • Vigorous plants suffer most from herbivores: Latitude, nitrogen, and biological control of the weed Salvinia molesta
    • Room, P. M., M. H. Julien, and I. W. Forno. 1989. Vigorous plants suffer most from herbivores: latitude, nitrogen, and biological control of the weed Salvinia molesta. Oikos 54:92-100.
    • (1989) Oikos , vol.54 , pp. 92-100
    • Room, P.M.1    Julien, M.H.2    Forno, I.W.3
  • 65
    • 0022844910 scopus 로고
    • Centrifugal community organization
    • Rosenzweig, M. L., and Z. Abramsky. 1986. Centrifugal community organization. Oikos 46:339-348.
    • (1986) Oikos , vol.46 , pp. 339-348
    • Rosenzweig, M.L.1    Abramsky, Z.2
  • 66
    • 0031818959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring ecological relationships from the edges of scatter diagrams: Comparison of regression techniques
    • Scharf, F. S., F. Juanes, and M. Sutherland. 1998. Inferring ecological relationships from the edges of scatter diagrams: comparison of regression techniques. Ecology 79:448-460.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 448-460
    • Scharf, F.S.1    Juanes, F.2    Sutherland, M.3
  • 67
    • 0021028349 scopus 로고
    • Field experiments on interspecific competition
    • Schoener, T. W. 1983. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 122:240-285.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 240-285
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 68
    • 77957218160 scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic approaches to community ecology: A new reductionism?
    • _. 1986. Mechanistic approaches to community ecology: a new reductionism? American Zoologist 26:81-106.
    • (1986) American Zoologist , vol.26 , pp. 81-106
  • 70
    • 0027806345 scopus 로고
    • Comparative plant demography-relative importance of life-cycle components to the finite rate of increase in woody and herbaceous perennials
    • Silvertown, J., M. Franco, I. Pisanty, and A. Mendoza. 1993. Comparative plant demography-relative importance of life-cycle components to the finite rate of increase in woody and herbaceous perennials. Journal of Ecology 81:465-476.
    • (1993) Journal of Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 465-476
    • Silvertown, J.1    Franco, M.2    Pisanty, I.3    Mendoza, A.4
  • 72
    • 0033040615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the effects of vegetation and litter on recruitment across productivity gradients
    • in press
    • Suding, K. N., and D. E. Goldberg. 1999. Variation in the effects of vegetation and litter on recruitment across productivity gradients. Journal of Ecology, in press.
    • (1999) Journal of Ecology
    • Suding, K.N.1    Goldberg, D.E.2
  • 73
    • 0023555914 scopus 로고
    • The resource ratio hypothesis and the meaning of competition
    • Thompson, K. 1987. The resource ratio hypothesis and the meaning of competition. Functional Ecology 1:297-303.
    • (1987) Functional Ecology , vol.1 , pp. 297-303
    • Thompson, K.1
  • 74
    • 0001694913 scopus 로고
    • Competition reconsidered - A reply to Tilman
    • Thompson, K., and J. P. Grime. 1988. Competition reconsidered - a reply to Tilman. Functional Ecology 2:114-116.
    • (1988) Functional Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 114-116
    • Thompson, K.1    Grime, J.P.2
  • 75
    • 0030435306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling multiple factors in spatial distributions: Lilies, gophers, and rocks
    • Thomson, J. D., G. Weiblen, B. A. Thomson, S. Alfaro, and P. Legendre. 1996. Untangling multiple factors in spatial distributions: lilies, gophers, and rocks. Ecology 77:1698-1715.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1698-1715
    • Thomson, J.D.1    Weiblen, G.2    Thomson, B.A.3    Alfaro, S.4    Legendre, P.5
  • 76
    • 0023557813 scopus 로고
    • On the meaning of competition and the mechanisms of competitive superiority
    • Tilman, D. 1987. On the meaning of competition and the mechanisms of competitive superiority. Functional Ecology 1:304-315.
    • (1987) Functional Ecology , vol.1 , pp. 304-315
    • Tilman, D.1
  • 78
    • 0027704788 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of species richness in plant communities
    • R. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Tilman, D., and S. W. Pacala. 1993. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities. Pages 13-25 in R. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1993) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities , pp. 13-25
    • Tilman, D.1    Pacala, S.W.2
  • 79
    • 0027385664 scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of nutrients and disturbance: An experimental test of plant strategy theory
    • Turkington, R., E. Klein, and C. Chanway. 1993. Interactive effects of nutrients and disturbance: an experimental test of plant strategy theory. Ecology 74:863-878.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 863-878
    • Turkington, R.1    Klein, E.2    Chanway, C.3
  • 80
    • 0030419122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Above- and belowground competition intensity in two contrasting wetland plant communities
    • Twolan-Strutt, L., and P. A. Keddy. 1996. Above- and belowground competition intensity in two contrasting wetland plant communities. Ecology 77:259-270.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 259-270
    • Twolan-Strutt, L.1    Keddy, P.A.2
  • 81
    • 0021571960 scopus 로고
    • The effect of competition and nutrient availability on the growth and reproduction of Ipomoea hederacea in an abandoned old field
    • Whigham, D. F. 1984. The effect of competition and nutrient availability on the growth and reproduction of Ipomoea hederacea in an abandoned old field. Journal of Ecology 72:721-730.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 721-730
    • Whigham, D.F.1
  • 82
    • 0024224807 scopus 로고
    • Shoot competition and root competition
    • Wilson, J. B. 1988. Shoot competition and root competition. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:279-296.
    • (1988) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 279-296
    • Wilson, J.B.1
  • 83
    • 0022845596 scopus 로고
    • Measuring diffuse competition along an environmental gradient: Results from a shoreline plant community
    • Wilson, S. D., and P. A. Keddy. 1986. Measuring diffuse competition along an environmental gradient: results from a shoreline plant community. American Naturalist 127:862-869.
    • (1986) American Naturalist , vol.127 , pp. 862-869
    • Wilson, S.D.1    Keddy, P.A.2
  • 84
    • 0026313562 scopus 로고
    • Competition, survivorship and growth in macrophyte communities
    • Wilson, S. D., and P. A. Keddy. 1991. Competition, survivorship and growth in macrophyte communities. Freshwater Biology 25:331-337.
    • (1991) Freshwater Biology , vol.25 , pp. 331-337
    • Wilson, S.D.1    Keddy, P.A.2
  • 85
    • 0025956361 scopus 로고
    • Components of plant competition along an experimental gradient of nitrogen availability
    • Wilson, S. D., and D. Tilman. 1991. Components of plant competition along an experimental gradient of nitrogen availability. Ecology 72:1050-1065.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1050-1065
    • Wilson, S.D.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 86
    • 0028975281 scopus 로고
    • Competitive responses of eight old-field plant species in four environments
    • Wilson, S. D., and D. Tilman. 1995. Competitive responses of eight old-field plant species in four environments. Ecology 76:1159-1180.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1159-1180
    • Wilson, S.D.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 87
    • 0031284513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates and tests of per capita interaction strength: Diet, abundance, and impact of intertidally foraging birds
    • Wootton, J. T. 1997. Estimates and tests of per capita interaction strength: diet, abundance, and impact of intertidally foraging birds. Ecological Monographs 67:45-64.
    • (1997) Ecological Monographs , vol.67 , pp. 45-64
    • Wootton, J.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.