메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 330-338

Clinical trials in head injury

Author keywords

Head injury; Neuroprotection; Pathomechanism; Secondary injury; Therapy; Trials

Indexed keywords

ALPHA AMINO 3 HYDROXY 5 METHYL 4 ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; APTIGANEL; ARACHIDONIC ACID; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ION; CALMODULIN; CALPAIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DIACYLGLYCEROL; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DIZOCILPINE; ELIPRODIL; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; INDOMETACIN; INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE; KAINIC ACID; MANNITOL; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; NIMODIPINE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; PROPOFOL; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROTEIN KINASE C; SCAVENGER; STEROID; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE MACROGOL; THROMBOXANE;

EID: 0033035420     PISSN: 01616412     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01616412.1999.11740940     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 0030941106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical neuro-protection trials in severe traumatic brain injury: Lessons from previous studies
    • Doppenberg EM, Bullock R. Clinical neuro-protection trials in severe traumatic brain injury: Lessons from previous studies. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14: 71-80
    • (1997) J Neurotrauma , vol.14 , pp. 71-80
    • Doppenberg, E.M.1    Bullock, R.2
  • 2
    • 0024495862 scopus 로고
    • Increased vulnerability of the mildly traumatized rat brain to cerebral ischemia: The use of controlled secondary ischemia as a research tool to identify common or different mechanisms contributing to mechanical and ischemic brain injury
    • Jenkins LW, Moszynski K, Lyeth BG, et al. Increased vulnerability of the mildly traumatized rat brain to cerebral ischemia: The use of controlled secondary ischemia as a research tool to identify common or different mechanisms contributing to mechanical and ischemic brain injury. Brain Res 1989; 477: 211-224
    • (1989) Brain Res , vol.477 , pp. 211-224
    • Jenkins, L.W.1    Moszynski, K.2    Lyeth, B.G.3
  • 3
    • 0018937873 scopus 로고
    • Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow after experimental fluid percussion injury of the brain
    • Lewelt W, Jenkins LW, Miller JD. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow after experimental fluid percussion injury of the brain. J Neurosurg 1980; 53: 500-511
    • (1980) J Neurosurg , vol.53 , pp. 500-511
    • Lewelt, W.1    Jenkins, L.W.2    Miller, J.D.3
  • 4
    • 0025242563 scopus 로고
    • Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury
    • Katayama Y, Becker D, Tamura T, Hovda D. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: 889-900
    • (1990) J Neurosurg , vol.73 , pp. 889-900
    • Katayama, Y.1    Becker, D.2    Tamura, T.3    Hovda, D.4
  • 5
    • 0001807393 scopus 로고
    • The structural basis of the vegetative state and prolonged coma after non-missile injury
    • Padova: I. Papo, F. Cohadon, M. Massarotti
    • McClellan D, et al. The structural basis of the vegetative state and prolonged coma after non-missile injury. In: Le Coma Traumatique, Padova: I. Papo, F. Cohadon, M. Massarotti, 1986: pp. 165-185
    • (1986) Le Coma Traumatique , pp. 165-185
    • McClellan, D.1
  • 7
    • 0028152764 scopus 로고
    • Traumatically induced altered membrane permeability: Its relationship to traumatically induced reactive axonal change
    • Pettus EH, Christman CW, Giebel ML, Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced altered membrane permeability: Its relationship to traumatically induced reactive axonal change. J Neurotrauma 1994; 11: 507-522
    • (1994) J Neurotrauma , vol.11 , pp. 507-522
    • Pettus, E.H.1    Christman, C.W.2    Giebel, M.L.3    Povlishock, J.T.4
  • 8
    • 0344932420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclosporin A limits mitochondrial damage and attenuates axonal disruption but does not accelerate motor recovery in traumatic brain injury
    • Okonkwo D, Povlishock J. Cyclosporin A limits mitochondrial damage and attenuates axonal disruption but does not accelerate motor recovery in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 889
    • (1998) J Neurotrauma , vol.15 , pp. 889
    • Okonkwo, D.1    Povlishock, J.2
  • 9
    • 0021979076 scopus 로고
    • The pathology of brain ischaemia and possibilities for therapeutic intervention
    • Graham DI. The pathology of brain ischaemia and possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Br J Anaesth 1985; 57: 3-17
    • (1985) Br J Anaesth , vol.57 , pp. 3-17
    • Graham, D.I.1
  • 11
    • 0026779821 scopus 로고
    • Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computerized tomography
    • Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Stringer WA, Choi SC, Fatouros P, Young HF. Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computerized tomography [see comments]. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 360-368
    • (1992) J Neurosurg , vol.77 , pp. 360-368
    • Bouma, G.J.1    Muizelaar, J.P.2    Stringer, W.A.3    Choi, S.C.4    Fatouros, P.5    Young, H.F.6
  • 12
    • 0029006261 scopus 로고
    • Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies
    • Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP, Bullock MR, Salvant JB, Povlishock JT. Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 966-971
    • (1995) J Neurosurg , vol.82 , pp. 966-971
    • Schroder, M.L.1    Muizelaar, J.P.2    Bullock, M.R.3    Salvant, J.B.4    Povlishock, J.T.5
  • 13
    • 0016196998 scopus 로고
    • The distribution and density of reduced cerebral blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: An experimental study by the technique of hydrogen clearance in baboons
    • Symon L, Pasztor E, Branston N. The distribution and density of reduced cerebral blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: An experimental study by the technique of hydrogen clearance in baboons. Stroke 1974; 5: 355-364
    • (1974) Stroke , vol.5 , pp. 355-364
    • Symon, L.1    Pasztor, E.2    Branston, N.3
  • 14
    • 0026777223 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology
    • Siesjo B. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 169-184
    • (1992) J Neurosurg , vol.77 , pp. 169-184
    • Siesjo, B.1
  • 15
    • 0026782517 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II: Mechanisms of damage and treatment
    • Siesjo B. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II: Mechanisms of damage and treatment. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 337-354
    • (1992) J Neurosurg , vol.77 , pp. 337-354
    • Siesjo, B.1
  • 16
    • 0019582748 scopus 로고
    • Threshold of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys
    • Jones T, Morawetz R, Crowell R. Threshold of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg 1981; 54: 773-782
    • (1981) J Neurosurg , vol.54 , pp. 773-782
    • Jones, T.1    Morawetz, R.2    Crowell, R.3
  • 17
    • 0026048155 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral concussion in rats: Evidence of a hyper and a subsequent hypometabolic state
    • Yoshino A, Hovda D, Kawamata T. Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral concussion in rats: Evidence of a hyper and a subsequent hypometabolic state. Brain Res 1991; 561: 106-119
    • (1991) Brain Res , vol.561 , pp. 106-119
    • Yoshino, A.1    Hovda, D.2    Kawamata, T.3
  • 18
    • 0345363782 scopus 로고
    • Extradural hematoma in children: Analysis of 74 cases
    • Santos A, Shu E. Extradural hematoma in children: Analysis of 74 cases. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 389
    • (1995) J Neurotrauma , vol.12 , pp. 389
    • Santos, A.1    Shu, E.2
  • 19
    • 0031706636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting excitatory amino acid release following severe human head injury
    • Bullock R, Zauner A, Woodward J, et al. Factors affecting excitatory amino acid release following severe human head injury. J Neurosurg 1998; 89: 507-518
    • (1998) J Neurosurg , vol.89 , pp. 507-518
    • Bullock, R.1    Zauner, A.2    Woodward, J.3
  • 20
    • 0021712543 scopus 로고
    • Intracranial hemorrhage induced at arterial pressure in the rat: Part 2. Short term changes in local cerebral blood flow measured by autoradiography
    • Mendelow A, Bullock R. Intracranial hemorrhage induced at arterial pressure in the rat: Part 2. Short term changes in local cerebral blood flow measured by autoradiography. Neurol Res 1984; 6: 189
    • (1984) Neurol Res , vol.6 , pp. 189
    • Mendelow, A.1    Bullock, R.2
  • 21
    • 0013772292 scopus 로고
    • Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of head injuries
    • Lazorthes G, Campan L. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of head injuries. Clin Neurosurg 1964; 12: 293-299
    • (1964) Clin Neurosurg , vol.12 , pp. 293-299
    • Lazorthes, G.1    Campan, L.2
  • 22
    • 0027979691 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat
    • Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R, Globus MY, Ginsberg MD. Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol Berl 1994; 87: 250-258
    • (1994) Acta Neuropathol Berl , vol.87 , pp. 250-258
    • Dietrich, W.D.1    Alonso, O.2    Busto, R.3    Globus, M.Y.4    Ginsberg, M.D.5
  • 24
    • 1842367340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid percussion injury in rats: Effects of post-traumatic hypothermia
    • Barmlett H, Dietrich W, Green E, Busto R. Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid percussion injury in rats: Effects of post-traumatic hypothermia. Acta Neuropath 1997; 93: 190-199
    • (1997) Acta Neuropath , vol.93 , pp. 190-199
    • Barmlett, H.1    Dietrich, W.2    Green, E.3    Busto, R.4
  • 25
    • 0031045652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia
    • Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 540-546
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 540-546
    • Marion, D.W.1    Penrod, L.E.2    Kelsey, S.F.3
  • 26
    • 0021714069 scopus 로고
    • The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: A prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol
    • Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: A prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 434-440
    • (1984) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.11 , pp. 434-440
    • Schwartz, M.L.1    Tator, C.H.2    Rowed, D.W.3    Reid, S.R.4    Meguro, K.5    Andrews, D.F.6
  • 27
    • 0021915533 scopus 로고
    • Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury
    • Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD, et al. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 383-388
    • (1985) J Neurosurg , vol.62 , pp. 383-388
    • Ward, J.D.1    Becker, D.P.2    Miller, J.D.3
  • 28
    • 0019524246 scopus 로고
    • Steroids in severe head injury: A prospective randomized clinical trial
    • Saul TG, Ducker TB, Salcman M, Carro E. Steroids in severe head injury: A prospective randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1981; 54: 596-600
    • (1981) J Neurosurg , vol.54 , pp. 596-600
    • Saul, T.G.1    Ducker, T.B.2    Salcman, M.3    Carro, E.4
  • 29
    • 0002697401 scopus 로고
    • Double blind study on the effects of steroids on severe closed head injury
    • Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • Faupel G, Reulen H, Muller D. Double blind study on the effects of steroids on severe closed head injury. In: Dynamics of Brain Edema, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1976: pp. 337-434
    • (1976) Dynamics of Brain Edema , pp. 337-434
    • Faupel, G.1    Reulen, H.2    Muller, D.3
  • 30
    • 0018648803 scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study
    • Cooper PR, Moody S, Clark WK, et al. Dexamethasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study. J Neurosurg 1979; 51: 307-316
    • (1979) J Neurosurg , vol.51 , pp. 307-316
    • Cooper, P.R.1    Moody, S.2    Clark, W.K.3
  • 32
    • 0021189271 scopus 로고
    • High dose glucocorticoids in the management of severe head injury
    • Giannotta SL, Weiss MH, Apuzzo ML, Martin E. High dose glucocorticoids in the management of severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1984; 15: 497-501
    • (1984) Neurosurgery , vol.15 , pp. 497-501
    • Giannotta, S.L.1    Weiss, M.H.2    Apuzzo, M.L.3    Martin, E.4
  • 33
    • 0028149767 scopus 로고
    • 'Ultrahigh' dexamethasone in acute brain injury. Results from a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter trial (GUDHIS)
    • German Ultrahigh Dexamethasone Head Injury Study Group
    • Gaab MR, Trost HA, Alcantara A, et al. 'Ultrahigh' dexamethasone in acute brain injury. Results from a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter trial (GUDHIS). German Ultrahigh Dexamethasone Head Injury Study Group. Zentralbl Neurochir 1994; 55: 135-143
    • (1994) Zentralbl Neurochir , vol.55 , pp. 135-143
    • Gaab, M.R.1    Trost, H.A.2    Alcantara, A.3
  • 34
    • 0029098104 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of patients with severe head injury by triamcinilone: A prospective, controlled multicenter clinical trial of 396 cases
    • Grumme T, Baethmann A, Kolodziejczyk D, et al. Treatment of patients with severe head injury by triamcinilone: A prospective, controlled multicenter clinical trial of 396 cases. Res Exp Med Berl 1995; 195: 217-229
    • (1995) Res Exp Med Berl , vol.195 , pp. 217-229
    • Grumme, T.1    Baethmann, A.2    Kolodziejczyk, D.3
  • 35
    • 1642422176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirizalad mesylate for 48 h in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the third national acute spinal cord injury randomized controlled trial
    • National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study
    • Bracken M. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or Tirizalad mesylate for 48 h in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the Third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Randomized Controlled Trial. National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. JAMA 1997; 28: 1597-1604
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.28 , pp. 1597-1604
    • Bracken, M.1
  • 37
    • 0027161790 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after severe head injury and its possible treatment with polyethyleneglycolsuperoxide dismutase
    • Muizelaar JP. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after severe head injury and its possible treatment with polyethyleneglycolsuperoxide dismutase. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1014-1021
    • (1993) Ann Emerg Med , vol.22 , pp. 1014-1021
    • Muizelaar, J.P.1
  • 38
    • 0024438217 scopus 로고
    • Free radicals and CNS injury
    • Hall E. Free radicals and CNS injury. Crit Care Clin 1989; 5: 793-805
    • (1989) Crit Care Clin , vol.5 , pp. 793-805
    • Hall, E.1
  • 39
    • 0027441691 scopus 로고
    • The use of salicylate hydroxylation to detect hydroxyl radical generation in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Reversal by tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F)
    • Althaus JS, Andrus PK, Williams CM, VonVoigtlander PF, Cazers AR, Hall ED. The use of salicylate hydroxylation to detect hydroxyl radical generation in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Reversal by tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F). Mol Chem Neuropath 1993; 20: 147-162
    • (1993) Mol Chem Neuropath , vol.20 , pp. 147-162
    • Althaus, J.S.1    Andrus, P.K.2    Williams, C.M.3    VonVoigtlander, P.F.4    Cazers, A.R.5    Hall, E.D.6
  • 41
    • 0028884140 scopus 로고
    • Activation of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate signal transduction pathway after experimental brain injury: A lipid study
    • Dhillon H, Carbary T. Activation of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate signal transduction pathway after experimental brain injury: A lipid study. Brain Res 1995; 698: 100-106
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.698 , pp. 100-106
    • Dhillon, H.1    Carbary, T.2
  • 42
    • 0027535084 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory amino acid mediated cytocoxicity and calcium homeostasis in cultured neurons
    • Frandsen A, Schousboe A. Excitatory amino acid mediated cytocoxicity and calcium homeostasis in cultured neurons. J Neurochem 1993; 60: 1202-1211
    • (1993) J Neurochem , vol.60 , pp. 1202-1211
    • Frandsen, A.1    Schousboe, A.2
  • 43
    • 0029100632 scopus 로고
    • Use of indomethacin in brain-injured patients with cerebral perfusion pressure impairment: Preliminary report
    • Biestro AA, Alberti RA, Soca AE, Cancela M, Puppo CB, Borovich B. Use of indomethacin in brain-injured patients with cerebral perfusion pressure impairment: Preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 627-630
    • (1995) J Neurosurg , vol.83 , pp. 627-630
    • Biestro, A.A.1    Alberti, R.A.2    Soca, A.E.3    Cancela, M.4    Puppo, C.B.5    Borovich, B.6
  • 44
    • 0026036242 scopus 로고
    • The effects of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients with severe head injury and intracranial hypertension
    • Jensen K, Ohrstrom J, Cold GE, Astrup J. The effects of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients with severe head injury and intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochir Wien 1991; 108: 116-121
    • (1991) Acta Neurochir Wien , vol.108 , pp. 116-121
    • Jensen, K.1    Ohrstrom, J.2    Cold, G.E.3    Astrup, J.4
  • 46
    • 0023753142 scopus 로고
    • Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: Relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damage
    • Choi DW. Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: Relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damage. Trends Neurosci 1988; 11: 465-469
    • (1988) Trends Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 465-469
    • Choi, D.W.1
  • 47
    • 0023740854 scopus 로고
    • Historical overview. Calcium, ischemia, and death of brain cells
    • Siesjo BK. Historical overview. Calcium, ischemia, and death of brain cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988; 522: 638-661
    • (1988) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.522 , pp. 638-661
    • Siesjo, B.K.1
  • 48
    • 0027173756 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium dynamics and cerebral injury: Modeling various insults in vitro
    • Kim Lee MH, Stokes BT, Anderson DK. Intracellular calcium dynamics and cerebral injury: Modeling various insults in vitro. Brain Res 1993; 613: 156-159
    • (1993) Brain Res , vol.613 , pp. 156-159
    • Kim Lee, M.H.1    Stokes, B.T.2    Anderson, D.K.3
  • 49
    • 0026629073 scopus 로고
    • 2+ dependent processes as mediators of neurotoxicity
    • 2- dependent processes as mediators of neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 1992; 13: 139
    • (1992) Neurotoxicology , vol.13 , pp. 139
    • Verity, M.1
  • 50
    • 0021169994 scopus 로고
    • A low voltage activated fully inactivating calcium channel in vertebrate sensory neurons
    • Carbone E, Lux H. A low voltage activated fully inactivating calcium channel in vertebrate sensory neurons. Nature 1984; 310: 440
    • (1984) Nature , vol.310 , pp. 440
    • Carbone, E.1    Lux, H.2
  • 51
    • 0022413083 scopus 로고
    • Three types of neuronal calcium channels with different calcium agonist sensitivity
    • Nowycky M, Fox A, Tsien R. Three types of neuronal calcium channels with different calcium agonist sensitivity. Nature 1985; 316: 440
    • (1985) Nature , vol.316 , pp. 440
    • Nowycky, M.1    Fox, A.2    Tsien, R.3
  • 52
    • 0020061357 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrovascular effects of the calcium antagonistic dihydropyridine derivate, nimodipine, in animal experiments
    • Kazda S, Garthoff B, Krause H, Schlossmann K. Cerebrovascular effects of the calcium antagonistic dihydropyridine derivate, nimodipine, in animal experiments. Arzneimittelforschung 1982; 32: 331
    • (1982) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.32 , pp. 331
    • Kazda, S.1    Garthoff, B.2    Krause, H.3    Schlossmann, K.4
  • 53
    • 0019450966 scopus 로고
    • The selective inhibition of serotonin-induced contractions of rabbit cerebrovascular smooth muscle by calcium antagonistic dihydropyridines. An investigation of the mechanism of action of nimodipine
    • Towart R. The selective inhibition of serotonin-induced contractions of rabbit cerebrovascular smooth muscle by calcium antagonistic dihydropyridines. An investigation of the mechanism of action of nimodipine. Circ Res 1981; 48: 650
    • (1981) Circ Res , vol.48 , pp. 650
    • Towart, R.1
  • 54
    • 0027163054 scopus 로고
    • Nimodipine protects cultured spinal cord neurons from depolarization-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth
    • Baer P, Renkema G, Veraart C, Hol E, Gispen W. Nimodipine protects cultured spinal cord neurons from depolarization-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Cell 1993; 14: 293
    • (1993) Cell , vol.14 , pp. 293
    • Baer, P.1    Renkema, G.2    Veraart, C.3    Hol, E.4    Gispen, W.5
  • 55
    • 0023225212 scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic value of nimodipine in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Neurological outcome and histopathological findings
    • Germano I, Bartowski H, Cassel M, Pitts L. The therapeutic value of nimodipine in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Neurological outcome and histopathological findings. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 81
    • (1987) J Neurosurg , vol.67 , pp. 81
    • Germano, I.1    Bartowski, H.2    Cassel, M.3    Pitts, L.4
  • 56
    • 0022192856 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pretreatment with the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local cerebral blood flow and histopathology after middle cerebral artery occlusion
    • Mohamed A, Gotoh O, Graham D. Effect of pretreatment with the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local cerebral blood flow and histopathology after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 705
    • (1985) Ann Neurol , vol.18 , pp. 705
    • Mohamed, A.1    Gotoh, O.2    Graham, D.3
  • 57
    • 0025055194 scopus 로고
    • Continuous nimodipine treatment attenuates cortical infarction in rats subjected to 24 hours of focal ischemia
    • Jacewicz M, Brint S, Tanabe J, Pulsinelli W. Continuous nimodipine treatment attenuates cortical infarction in rats subjected to 24 hours of focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10: 89
    • (1990) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.10 , pp. 89
    • Jacewicz, M.1    Brint, S.2    Tanabe, J.3    Pulsinelli, W.4
  • 58
    • 0024515530 scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial
    • Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al. Effects of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. Br Med J 1989; 298: 636-642
    • (1989) Br Med J , vol.298 , pp. 636-642
    • Pickard, J.D.1    Murray, G.D.2    Illingworth, R.3
  • 59
    • 0025483603 scopus 로고
    • Calcium antagonists in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • Robinson M, Teasdale G. Calcium antagonists in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990; 2: 205-224
    • (1990) Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev , vol.2 , pp. 205-224
    • Robinson, M.1    Teasdale, G.2
  • 60
    • 15844413520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and its treatment with nimodipine
    • German tSAH Study Group
    • Harders A, Kakarieka A, Braakman R. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and its treatment with nimodipine. German tSAH Study Group. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 82-89
    • (1996) J Neurosurg , vol.85 , pp. 82-89
    • Harders, A.1    Kakarieka, A.2    Braakman, R.3
  • 61
    • 0025783089 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of the extracellular glutamate concentration with extent of blood flow reduction after subdural hematoma in the rat
    • Bullock R, Butcher SP, Chen MH, Kendall L, McCulloch J. Correlation of the extracellular glutamate concentration with extent of blood flow reduction after subdural hematoma in the rat. J Neurosurg 1991; 74: 794-802
    • (1991) J Neurosurg , vol.74 , pp. 794-802
    • Bullock, R.1    Butcher, S.P.2    Chen, M.H.3    Kendall, L.4    McCulloch, J.5
  • 62
    • 0344363277 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate induced neurotoxicity and acute brain swelling
    • Kempski O, ed. Muenchen: Klinische Ernaehrung
    • Bullock R, Fujisawa H, Landolt H. Glutamate induced neurotoxicity and acute brain swelling. In: Kempski O, ed. Glutamate: Transmitter and Toxin, Muenchen: Klinische Ernaehrung, 1993: pp. 113-123
    • (1993) Glutamate: Transmitter and Toxin , pp. 113-123
    • Bullock, R.1    Fujisawa, H.2    Landolt, H.3
  • 63
    • 0010528190 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of NMDA receptor-ionophore complexes in the brain
    • Lodge D, ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons
    • Fagg G, Baud J. Characterization of NMDA receptor-ionophore complexes in the brain. In: Lodge D, ed. Excitatory Amino Acids in Health and Disease, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1988: pp. 63-91
    • (1988) Excitatory Amino Acids in Health and Disease , pp. 63-91
    • Fagg, G.1    Baud, J.2
  • 64
    • 0002476308 scopus 로고
    • Directly gated transmission at central synapses
    • Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds. New York: Elsevier
    • Kandel ER, Schwartz JH. Directly gated transmission at central synapses. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds. Principles of Neural Science, 3rd edn, New York: Elsevier, 1991: pp. 153-172
    • (1991) Principles of Neural Science, 3rd Edn , pp. 153-172
    • Kandel, E.R.1    Schwartz, J.H.2
  • 65
    • 0344070243 scopus 로고
    • The NMDA receptor and its channel. Modulation by magnesium and by glycine
    • Lodge D, ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons
    • Johnson J, Asher P. The NMDA receptor and its channel. Modulation by magnesium and by glycine. In: Lodge D, ed. Excitatory Amino Acids in Health and Disease, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1988: 109-121
    • (1988) Excitatory Amino Acids in Health and Disease , pp. 109-121
    • Johnson, J.1    Asher, P.2
  • 66
    • 0026501717 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke
    • Pulsinelli W. Pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1992; 339: 533-536
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 533-536
    • Pulsinelli, W.1
  • 67
    • 0028535113 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS
    • Greenamyre JT, Porter RH. Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS. Neurology 1994; 44 (11 Suppl 8): S7-S13
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , Issue.11 SUPPL. 8
    • Greenamyre, J.T.1    Porter, R.H.2
  • 68
    • 0030877871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of prolonged infusions of the NMDA antagonist aptiganel hydrochloride (CNS 1102) in normal volunteers
    • Muir KW, Grosset DG, Lees KR. Effects of prolonged infusions of the NMDA antagonist aptiganel hydrochloride (CNS 1102) in normal volunteers. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997; 20: 311-321
    • (1997) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.20 , pp. 311-321
    • Muir, K.W.1    Grosset, D.G.2    Lees, K.R.3
  • 69
    • 0024338054 scopus 로고
    • Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidones and related drugs
    • Olney J, Labruyere J, Price M. Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidones and related drugs. Science 1989; 244: 1360-1362
    • (1989) Science , vol.244 , pp. 1360-1362
    • Olney, J.1    Labruyere, J.2    Price, M.3
  • 71
    • 0028870990 scopus 로고
    • Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dextrorphan in patients with acute stroke
    • Dextrorphan Study Group
    • Albers GW, Atkinson RP, Kelley RE Rosenbaum DM, Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dextrorphan in patients with acute stroke. Dextrorphan Study Group. Stroke 1995; 26: 254-258
    • (1995) Stroke , vol.26 , pp. 254-258
    • Albers, G.W.1    Atkinson, R.P.2    Kelley, R.E.3    Rosenbaum, D.M.4
  • 72
    • 0000105003 scopus 로고
    • Cerestat (CNS 1102), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist in ischemic stroke patients: Dose escalating safety study
    • Fisher M. Cerestat (CNS 1102), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist in ischemic stroke patients: Dose escalating safety study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4: 245
    • (1994) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.4 , pp. 245
    • Fisher, M.1
  • 73
    • 0027526550 scopus 로고
    • Regional changes in interstitial potassium and calcium levels following cortical compression, contusion, trauma in rats
    • Nilsson P, Hillered L, Olsson Y, Sheardown M, Hanson A. Regional changes in interstitial potassium and calcium levels following cortical compression, contusion, trauma in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 183-192
    • (1993) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.13 , pp. 183-192
    • Nilsson, P.1    Hillered, L.2    Olsson, Y.3    Sheardown, M.4    Hanson, A.5
  • 74
    • 0026674622 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced calcium uptake by CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites in the post-ischemic phase despite subnormal evoked field potentials: Excitatory amino acid receptor dependency and relationship to neuronal damage
    • Andine P, Jacobson I, Hagberg H. Enhanced calcium uptake by CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites in the post-ischemic phase despite subnormal evoked field potentials: Excitatory amino acid receptor dependency and relationship to neuronal damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12: 773-783
    • (1992) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.12 , pp. 773-783
    • Andine, P.1    Jacobson, I.2    Hagberg, H.3
  • 75
    • 0026554702 scopus 로고
    • The effect of MK-801 on cortical spreading depression in the penumbral zone following focal ischaemia in the rat
    • Gill R, Andine P, Hillered L, Persson L, Hagberg H. The effect of MK-801 on cortical spreading depression in the penumbral zone following focal ischaemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12: 371-379
    • (1992) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.12 , pp. 371-379
    • Gill, R.1    Andine, P.2    Hillered, L.3    Persson, L.4    Hagberg, H.5
  • 76
    • 0026535226 scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of L-kynurenine on hypoxia-ischemia and NMDA lesions in neonatal rats
    • Nozaki K, Beal MF. Neuroprotective effects of L-kynurenine on hypoxia-ischemia and NMDA lesions in neonatal rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12: 400-407
    • (1992) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.12 , pp. 400-407
    • Nozaki, K.1    Beal, M.F.2
  • 77
    • 0025811662 scopus 로고
    • Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion: An ultrastructural study
    • Bullock R, Maxwell WL, Graham DI, et al. Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion: An ultrastructural study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1991; 54: 427-434
    • (1991) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 427-434
    • Bullock, R.1    Maxwell, W.L.2    Graham, D.I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.