Newer immunosuppressive drugs: A review

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 1366-1380

  Gummert, Jan F ^a   Ikonen, Tuija ^a   Morris, Randall E ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIDE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INOSINATE DEHYDROGENASE; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; LEFLUNOMIDE; MALONONITRILOAMIDE DERIVATIVE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLERGIC REACTION; CANCER; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; GRAFT REJECTION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LEUKOPENIA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0033032735     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (211)

1. Morris RE: New immunosuppressive drugs. In: Transplantation of the Liver, edited by Busuttil RW, Klintmalm GB, Philadelphia, Saunders, 1995, pp 750-786
2. Brazelton TR, Morris RE: Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: Tacrolimus (FK506), sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Curr Opin Immunol 8: 710-720, 1996
3. Lucien J, Dias VC, Le Gatt DF, Yatscoff RW: Blood distribution and single-dose pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Ther Drug Monit 17: 454-459, 1995
4. Mladenovic V, Domljan Z, Rozman B, Jajic I, Mihajlovic D, Dordevic J, Popovic M, Dimitrijevic M, Zivkovic M, Campion G: Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Arthritis Rheum 38: 1595-1603, 1995
5. Morris RE, Huang X, Gregory CR, Billingham ME, Rowan R, Shorthouse R, Berry GJ: Studies in experimental models of chronic rejection: Use of rapamycin (sirolimus) and isoxazole derivatives (leflunomide and its analogue) for the suppression of graft vascular disease and obliterative bronchiolitis. Transplant Proc 27: 2068-2069, 1995
6. Cao WW, Kao PN, Chao AC, Gardner P, Ng J, Morris RE: Mechanism of the antiproliferative action of leflunomide: A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, does not block T-cell receptor-mediated signal transduction but its antiproliferative effects are antagonized by pyrimidine nucleosides. J Heart Lung Transplant 14: 1016-1030, 1995
7. Nair RV, Cao W, Morris RE: The antiproliferative effect of leflunomide on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro is mediated by selective inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis [Abstract]. Transplant Proc 28: 3081, 1996
8. Morris RE, Huang X, Cao W, Zheng B, Shorthouse RA: Leflunomide (HWA 486) and its analog suppress T- and B-cell proliferation in vitro, acute rejection, ongoing rejection, and antidonor antibody synthesis in mouse, rat, and cynomolgus monkey transplant recipients as well as arterial intimai thickening after balloon catheter injury. Transplant Proc 27: 445-447, 1995
9. Shimokado K, Umezawa K, Ogata J: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibit multiple steps of the cell cycle of vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 220: 266-273, 1995
10. Davis JP, Cain GA, Pitts WJ, Magolda RL, Copeland RA: The immunosuppressive metabolite of leflunomide is a potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 35: 1270-1273, 1996
11. Silva HT, Cao W, Shorthouse R, Morris RE: Mechanism of action of leflunomide: In vivo uridine administration reverses its inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Transplant Proc 28: 3082-3084, 1996
12. Siemasko KF, Chong AS, Williams JW, Bremer EG, Finnegan A: Regulation of B cell function by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Transplantation 61: 635-642, 1996
13. Lin Y, Vandeputte M, Waer M: Effect of leflunomide on T-independent xenoantibody formation in rats receiving hamster heart xenografts [Abstract]. Transplant Proc 28: 952, 1996
14. Lin Y, Waer M: In vivo mechanism of action of leflunomide: Selective inhibition of the capacity of B lymphocytes to make T-independent xenoantibodies [Abstract]. Transplant Proc 28: 3085, 1996
15. Chong AS, Finnegan A, Jiang X, Gebel H, Sankary HN, Foster P, Williams JW: Leflunomide, a novel immunosuppressive agent: The mechanism of inhibition of T cell proliferation. Transplantation 55: 1361-1366, 1993
16. Lang R, Wagner H, Heeg K: Differential effects of the immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine and leflunomide in vivo: Leflunomide blocks clonal T cell expansion yet allows production of lymphokines and manifestation of T cell-mediated shock. Transplantation 59: 382-389, 1995
17. Zielinski T, Muller HJ, Bartlett RR: Effects of leflunomide (HWA 486) on expression of lymphocyte activation markers. Agents Actions 38: C80-C82, 1993
18. Bartlett RR, Schleyerbach R: Immunopharmacological profile of a novel isoxazol derivative, HWA 486, with potential antirheumatic activity. I. Disease modifying action on adjuvant arthritis of the rat. Int J Immunopharmacol 7: 7-18, 1985
19. Williams JW, Xiao F, Foster P, Clardy C, McChesney L, Sankary H, Chong AS: Leflunomide in experimental transplantation: Control of rejection and alloantibody production, reversal of acute rejection, and interaction with cyclosporine. Transplantation 57: 1223-1231, 1994
20. D'Silva M, Candinas D, Achilleos O, Lee S, Antoniou E, De RA, Germenis S, Stavropoulos C, Buckels J, Mayer D: The immunomodulatory effect of leflunomide in rat cardiac allotransplantation. Transplantation 60: 430-437, 1995
21. MacDonald AS, Sabr K, MacAuley MA, McAlister VC, Bitter-Suermann H, Lee T: Effects of leflunomide and cyclosporine on aortic allograft chronic rejection in the rat. Transplant Proc 26: 3244-3245, 1994
22. Swan SK, Crary GS, Guijarro C, O'Donnell MP, Keane WF, Kasiske BL: Immunosuppressive effects of leflunomide in experimental chronic vascular rejection. Transplantation 60: 887-890, 1995
23. Xiao F, Chong A, Shen J, Yang J, Short J, Foster P, Sankary H, Jensik S, Mital D, McChesney L: Pharmacologically induced regression of chronic transplant rejection. Transplantation 60: 1065-1072, 1995
24. Xiao F, Chong AS, Foster P, Sankary H, McChesney L, Koukoulis G, Yang J, Frieders D, Williams JW: Leflunomide controls rejection in hamster to rat cardiac xenografts. Transplantation 58: 828-834, 1994
25. Hancock WW, Miyatake T, Koyamada N, Kut JP, Scares M, Russell ME, Bach FH, Sayegh MH: Effects of leflunomide and deoxyspergualin in the guinea pig-rat cardiac model of delayed xenograft rejection: Suppression of B cell and C-C chemokine responses but not induction of macrophage lectin. Transplantation 64: 696-704, 1997
26. Gosio B: Ricerche batteriologiche e chimiche sulle alterazoni del mais. Rivista d'Igiene e Sanita Publica Ann 7: 825-868, 1896
27. Williams RH, Lively DH, DeLong DC, Cline JC, Sweeney MJ: Mycophenolic acid: Antiviral and antitumor properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 21: 463-464, 1968
28. Jones EL, Epinette WW, Hackney VC, Menendez L, Frost P: Treatment of psoriasis with oral mycophenolic acid. J Invest Dermatol 65: 537-542, 1975
29. Mitsui A, Suzuki S: Immunosuppressive effect of mycophenolic acid. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 22: 358-363, 1969
30. Morris RE, Hoyt EG, Eugui EM, Allison AC: Prolongation of rat heart allograft survival by RS-61443. Surg Forum 40: 337-338, 1989
31. Sweeney MJ, Hoffman DH, Esterman MA: Metabolism and biochemistry of mycophenolic acid. Cancer Res 32: 1803-1809, 1972
32. Morris RE, Wang J, Blum JR, Flavin T, Murphy MP, Almquist SJ, Chu N, Tam YL, Kaloostian M, Allison AC: Immunosuppressive effects of the morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (RS-61443) in rat and nonhuman primate recipients of heart allografts. Transplant Proc 23: 19-25, 1991
33. Morris RE, Hoyt EG, Murphy MP, Eugui EM, Allison AC: Mycophenolic acid morpholinoethylester (RS-61443) is a new immunosuppressant that prevents and halts heart allograft rejection by selective inhibition of T- and B-cell purine synthesis. Transplant Proc 22: 1659-1662, 1990
34. Lee WA, Gu L, Miksztal AR, Chu N, Leung K, Nelson PH: Bioavailability improvement of mycophenolic acid through amino ester derivatization. Pharm Res 7: 161-166, 1990
35. Sollinger HW: Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group. Transplantation 60: 225-232, 1995
36. Klupp J, Bechstein WO, Platz KP, Keck H, Lemmens HP, Knoop M, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus R, Pratschke J, Neuhaus P: Mycophenolate mofetil added to immunosuppression after liver transplantation: First results. Transplant Int 10: 223-228, 1997
37. Fulton B, Markham A: Mycophenolate mofetil: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in renal transplantation. Drugs 51: 278-298, 1996
38. Nowak I, Shaw LM: Mycophenolic acid binding to human serum albumin: Characterization and relation to pharmacodynamics. Clin Chem 41: 1011-1017, 1995
39. Shaw LM, Sollinger HW, Halloran P, Morris RE, Yatscoff RW, Ransom J, Tsina I, Keown P, Holt DW, Lieberman R: Mycophenolate mofetil: A report of the consensus panel. Ther Drug Monit 17: 690-699, 1995
40. Nowak I, Shaw LM: Effect of mycophenolic acid glucuronide on inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity. Ther Drug Monit 19: 358-360, 1997
41. Griesmacher A, Weigel G, Seebacher G, Muller MM: IMP-dehydrogenase inhibition in human lymphocytes and lymphoblasts by mycophenolic acid and mycophenolic acid glucuronide. Clin Chem 43: 2312-2317, 1997
42. Schutz E, Shipkova M, Armstrong VW, Niedmann PD, Weber L, Tonshoff B, Pethig K, Wahlers T, Braun F, Ringe B, Oellerich M: Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid: Comparison of HPLC and immunoassay reveals new MPA metabolites. Transplant Proc 30: 1185-1187, 1998
43. Shaw LM, Nicholls A, Hale M, Armstrong VW, Oellerich M, Yatscoff R, Morris RE, Holt DW, Venkataramanan R, Haley J, Halloran P, Ettenger R, Keown P, Morris RG: Therapeutic monitoring of mycophenolic acid: A consensus panel report. Clin Biochem 31: 317-321, 1998
44. Ransom JT: Mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil. Ther Drug Monit 17: 681-684, 1995
45. Sintchak MD, Fleming MA, Futer O, Raybuck SA, Chambers SP, Caron PR, Murcko MA, Wilson KP: Structure and mechanism of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase in complex with the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid. Cell 85: 921-930, 1996
46. Grailer A, Nichols J, Hullett D, Sollinger HW, Burlingham WJ: Inhibition of human B cell responses in vitro by RS-61443, cyclosporine A and DAB486 IL-2. Transplant Proc 23: 314-315, 1991
47. Kimball JA, Pescovitz MD, Book BK, Norman DJ: Reduced human IgG anti-ATGAM antibody formation in renal transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 60: 1379-1383, 1995
48. Burlingham WJ, Grailer AP, Hullett DA, Sollinger HW: Inhibition of both MLC and in vitro IgG memory response to tetanus toxoid by RS-61443. Transplantation 51: 545-547, 1991
49. Sokoloski JA, Sartorelli AC: Effects of the inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase, tiazofurin and mycophenolic acid, on glycoprotein metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 28: 567-573, 1985
50. Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P: Inhibition of mannosylation on human monocyte surface glycoprotein could explain some of the anti-inflammatory effects of mycophenolate mofetil [Abstract]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 12[Suppl 11]: 110, 1994
51. Azuma H, Binder J, Heemann U, Schmid C, Tullius SG, Tilney NL: Effects of RS61443 on functional and morphological changes in chronically rejecting rat kidney allografts. Transplantation 59: 460-466, 1995
52. Steele DM, Hullett DA, Bechstein WO, Kowalski J, Smith LS, Kennedy E, Allison AC, Sollinger HW: Effects of immunosuppressive therapy on the rat aortic allograft model. Transplant Proc 25: 754-755, 1993
53. Knechtle SJ, Wang J, Burlingham WJ, Beeskau M, Subramanian R, Sollinger HW: The influence of RS-61443 on antibody-mediated rejection. Transplantation 53: 699-701, 1992
54. Murase N, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Valdivia L, Tanabe M, Cramer D, Makowka L: Hamster-to-rat heart and liver xenotransplantation with FK506 plus antiproliferative drugs. Transplantation 55: 701-707, 1993
55. Yatscoff RW, Wang S, Keenan R, Chackowsky P, Lowes N, Koshal A: Efficacy of rapamycin, RS-61443 and cyclophosphamide in the prolongation of survival of discordant pig to rabbit cardiac xenografts. Can J Cardiol 10: 711-716, 1994
56. Sollinger HW, Deierhoi MH, Belzer FO, Diethelm AG, Kauffman RS: RS-61443: A phase I clinical trial and pilot rescue study. Transplantation 53: 428-432, 1992
57. European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group: Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection. [See comments]. Lancet 345: 1321-1325, 1995
58. Mathew TH: A blinded, long-term, randomized multicenter study of mycophenolate mofetil in cadaveric renal transplantation: Results at three years. Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group. Transplantation 65: 1450-1454, 1998
59. Halloran P, Mathew T, Tomlanovich S, Groth C, Hooftman L, Barker C: Mycophenolate mofetil in renal allograft recipients: A pooled efficacy analysis of three randomized, double-blind, clinical studies in prevention of rejection. The International Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplant Study Groups [Published erratum appears in Transplantation 63: 618, 1997]. Transplantation 63: 39-47, 1997
60. Kirklin JK, Bourge RC, Naftel DC, Morrow WR, Deierhoi MH, Kauffman RS, White-Williams C, Nomberg RI, Holman WL, Smith DCJ: Treatment of recurrent heart rejection with mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443): Initial clinical experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 13: 444-450, 1994
61. Taylor DO, Ensley RD, Olsen SL, Dunn D, Renlund DG: Mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443): Preclinical, clinical, and three-year experience in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 13: 571-582, 1994
62. Kobashigawa JA, Miller L, Renlund DG, Mentzer RM Jr, Alderman E, Bourge RC, Costanzo M, Eisen H, Dureau G, Ratkovec R, Hummel M, Ipe D, Johnson J, Keogh A, Mamelok R, Mancini D, Smart F, Valantine H: A randomized active-controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 66: 507-515, 1998
63. Glicklich D, Gupta B, Schurter-Frey G, Greenstein SM, Schechner RS, Tellis VA: Chronic renal allograft rejection: No response to mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 66: 398-399, 1998
64. Marinari R, Fleischmajer R, Schragger AH, Rosenthal AL: Mycophenolic acid in the treatment of psoriasis: Long-term administration. Arch Dermatol 113: 930-932, 1977
65. Morris RE: Rapamycins: Antifungal, antitumor, antiproliferative, and immunosuppressive macrolides. Transplant Rev 6: 39-87, 1992
66. Calne RY, Collier DS, Lim S, Pollard SG, Samaan A, White DJ, Thiru S: Rapamycin for immunosuppression in organ allografting [Letter]. Lancet 2: 227, 1989
67. Morris RE, Meiser BM: Identification of a new pharmacologic action for an old compound. Med Sci Res 17: 609-610, 1989
68. Schuler W, Sedrani R, Cottens S, Haberlin B, Schulz M, Schuurman HJ, Zenke G, Zerwes HG, Schreier MH: SDZ RAD, a new rapamycin derivative: Pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo [See comments]. Transplantation 64: 36-42, 1997
69. Zimmerman JJ, Kahan BD: Pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in stable renal transplant patients after multiple oral dose administration. J Clin Pharmacol 37: 405-415, 1997
70. Brattstrom C, Sawe J, Tyden G, Herlenius G, Claesson K, Zimmerman J, Groth CG: Kinetics and dynamics of single oral doses of sirolimus in sixteen renal transplant recipients. Ther Drug Monit 19: 397-406, 1997
71. Ferron GM, Mishina EV, Zimmerman JJ, Jusko WJ: Population pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in kidney transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61: 416-428, 1997
72. Yatscoff RW, Wang P, Chan K, Hicks D, Zimmerman J: Rapamycin: Distribution, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic range investigations. Ther Drug Monit 17: 666-671, 1995
73. Napoli KL, Wang ME, Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD: Distribution of sirolimus in rat tissue. Clin Biochem 30: 135-142, 1997
74. Christians U, Sattler M, Schiebel HM, Kruse C, Radeke HH, Linck A, Sewing KF: Isolation of two immunosuppressive metabolites after in vitro metabolism of rapamycin. Drug Metab Dispos 20: 186-191, 1992
75. Goodyear N, Murthy JN, Gallant HL, Yatscoff RW, Soldin SJ: Comparison of binding characteristics of four rapamycin metabolites to the 14 and 52 kDa immunophilins with their pharmacologic activity measured by the mixed-lymphocyte culture assay. Clin Biochem 29: 309-313, 1996
76. Svensson JO, Brattstrom C, Sawe J: Determination of rapamycin in whole blood by HPLC. Ther Drug Monit 19: 112-116, 1997
77. Streit F, Christians U, Schiebel HM, Napoli KL, Ernst L, Linck A, Kahan BD, Sewing KF: Sensitive and specific quantification of sirolimus rapamycin and its metabolites in blood of kidney graft recipients by HPLC/electrospray-mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 42: 1417-1425, 1996
78. Chen J, Zheng XF, Brown EJ, Schreiber SL: Identification of an 11-kDa FKBP12-rapamycin-binding domain within the 289-kDa FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein and characterization of a critical serine residue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4947-4951, 1995
79. Marx SO, Jayaraman T, Go GL, Marks AR: Rapamycin-FKBP inhibits cell cycle regulators of proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 76: 412-417, 1995
80. Hultsch T, Martin R, Hohman RJ: The effect of the immunophilin ligands rapamycin and FK506 on proliferation of mast cells and other hematopoietic cell lines. Mol Biol Cell 3: 981-987, 1992
81. Koser PL, Eng WK, Bossard MJ, McLaughlin MM, Cafferkey R, Sathe GM, Faucette L, Levy MA, Johnson RK, Bergsma DJ: The tyrosine89 residue of yeast FKBP12 is required for rapamycin binding. Gene 129: 159-165, 1993
82. Sabatini DM, Pierchala BA, Barrow RK, Schell MJ, Snyder SH: The rapamycin and FKBP12 target RAFT displays phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity. J Biol Chem 270: 20875-20878, 1995
83. Sabers CJ, Martin MM, Brunn GJ, Williams JM, Dumont FJ, Wiederrecht G, Abraham RT: Isolation of a protein target of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 270: 815-822, 1995
84. Diggle TA, Moule SK, Avison MB, Flynn A, Foulstone EJ, Proud CG, Denton RM: Both rapamycin-sensitive and -insensitive pathways are involved in the phosphorylation of the initiation factor-4E-binding protein 4E-BP1 in response to insulin in rat epididymal fat-cells. Biochem J 316: 447-453, 1996
85. Graves LM, Bornfeldt KE, Argast GM, Krebs EG, Kong X, Lin TA, Lawrence JJ: cAMP- and rapamycin-sensitive regulation of the association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and the translational regulator PHAS-I in aortic smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 7222-7226, 1995
86. Sadoshima J, Izumo S: Rapamycin selectively inhibits angiotensin II-induced increase in protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes in vitro: Potential role of 70-kD S6 kinase in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 77: 1040-1052, 1995
87. Sugiyama H, Papst P, Gelfand EW, Terada N: p70 S6 kinase sensitivity to rapamycin is eliminated by amino acid substitution of Thr229. J Immunol 157: 656-660, 1996
88. Hamashima T, Yoshimura N, Ohsaka Y, Oka T, Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD: In vivo use of rapamycin suppresses neither IL-2 production nor IL-2 receptor expression in rat transplant model. Transplant Proc 25: 723-724, 1993
89. Wasowska B, Wieder KJ, Hancock WW, Berse B, Binder J, Strom TB, Kupiec-Weglinski JW: Cytokine and alloantibody networks in long-term cardiac allografts in rapamycin-treated sensitized rat recipients. Transplant Proc 27: 423-426, 1995
90. Kay JE, Kromwel L, Doe SE, Denyer M: Inhibition of T and B lymphocyte proliferation by rapamycin. Immunology 72: 544-549, 1991
91. Chen H, Luo H, Daloze P, Xu XD, Shan X, St-Louis G, Wu WJ: Long-term in vivo effects of rapamycin on humoral and cellular immune responses in the rat. Immunobiology 188: 303-315, 1993
92. Thomson AW, Propper DJ, Woo J, Whiting PH, Milton JI, Macleod AM: Comparative effects of rapamycin, FK 506 and cyclosporine on antibody production, lymphocyte populations and immunoglobulin isotype switching in the rat. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 15: 355-369, 1993
93. Cao W, Mohacsi P, Shorthouse R, Pratt R, Morris RE: Effects of rapamycin on growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis: Inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor action and antagonism of rapamycin by FK506. Transplantation 59: 390-395, 1995
94. Francavilla A, Carr BI, Starzl TE, Azzarone A, Carrieri G, Zeng QH: Effects of rapamycin on cultured hepatocyte proliferation and gene expression. Hepatology 15: 871-877, 1992
95. Gregory CR, Huie P, Billingham ME, Morris RE: Rapamycin inhibits arterial intimal thickening caused by both alloimmune and mechanical injury: Its effect on cellular, growth factor, and cytokine response in injured vessels. Transplantation 55: 1409-1418, 1993
96. Poon M, Marx SO, Gallo R, Badimon JJ, Taubman MB, Marks AR: Rapamycin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J Clin Invest 98: 2277-2283, 1996
97. Jusko WJ, Ferron GM, Mis SM, Kahan BD, Zimmerman JJ: Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone during administration of sirolimus in patients with renal transplants. J Clin Pharmacol 36: 1100-1106, 1996
98. Kahan BD: Cyclosporin A, FK506, rapamycin: The use of a quantitative analytic tool to discriminate immunosuppressive drug interactions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: S222-S227, 1992
99. Andoh TF, Lindsley J, Franceschini N, Bennett WM: Synergistic effects of cyclosporine and rapamycin in a chronic nephrotoxicity model. Transplantation 62: 311-316, 1996
100. Davies CB, Madden RL, Alexander JW, Cofer BR, Fisher RA, Anderson P: Effect of a short course of rapamycin, cyclosporin A, and donor-specific transfusion on rat cardiac allograft survival. Transplantation 55: 1107-1112, 1993
101. Granger DK, Cromwell JW, Canafax DM, Matas AJ: Combined rapamycin and cyclosporine immunosuppression in a porcine renal transplant model [Abstract]. Transplant Proc 28: 984, 1996
102. Knight RJ, Polokoff EG, Martinelli GP: Rapamycin, cyclosporine, and perioperative donor-specific transfusions induce prolongation of cardiac allograft survival in the rat. Transplantation 58: 1014-1020, 1994
103. Schuurman HJ, Cottens S, Fuchs S, Joergensen J, Meerloo T, Sedrani R, Tanner M, Zenke G, Schuler W: SDZ RAD, a new rapamycin derivative: Synergism with cyclosporine [Comment]. Transplantation 64: 32-35, 1997
104. Almond PS, Moss A, Nakhleh R, Melin M, Chen S, Salazar A, Shirabe K, Matas A: Rapamycin in a porcine renal transplant model. Ann NY Acad Sci 685: 121-122, 1993
105. Collier DS, Calne R, Thiru S, Lim S, Pollard SG, Barron P, Da Costa M, White DJ: Rapamycin in experimental renal allografts in dogs and pigs. Transplant Proc 22: 1674-1675, 1990
106. Collier DS, Calne RY, Pollard SG, Friend PJ, Thiru S: Rapamycin in experimental renal allografts in primates. Transplant Proc 23: 2246-2247, 1991
107. Granger DK, Cromwell JW, Chen SC, Goswitz JJ, Morrow DT, Beierle FA, Sehgal SN, Canafax DM, Matas AJ: Prolongation of renal allograft survival in a large animal model by oral rapamycin monotherapy. Transplantation 59: 183-186, 1995
108. Hartner WC, Van der Werf W, Lodge JP, Gilchrist B, De Fazio SR, Markees TG, Yatko C, Monaco AP, Gozzo JJ: Effect of rapamycin on renal allograft survival in canine recipients treated with antilymphocyte serum, donor bone marrow, and cyclosporine. Transplantation 60: 1347-1350, 1995
109. Meiser BM, Wang J, Morris RE: Rapamycin: A new and highly active immunosuppressive macrolide with an efficacy superior to cyclosporine. In: Progress in Immunology. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Immunology, edited by Melchers F, Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1989, p 1195
110. Fryer J, Yatscoff RW, Pascoe EA, Thliveris J: The relationship of blood concentrations of rapamycin and cyclosporine to suppression of allograft rejection in a rabbit heterotopic heart transplant model. Transplantation 55: 340-345, 1993
111. Stepkowski SM, Chen H, Daloze P, Kahan BD: Rapamycin, a potent immunosuppressive drug for vascularized heart, kidney, and small bowel transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 51: 22-26, 1991
112. Thliveris JA, Solez K, Yatscoff RW: A comparison of the effects of rapamycin and cyclosporine on kidney and heart morphology in a rabbit heterotopic heart transplant model. Histol Histopathol 10: 417-421, 1995
113. Meiser BM, Billingham ME, Morris RE: Effects of cyclosporin, FK506, and rapamycin on graft-vessel disease [See comments]. Lancet 338: 1297-1298, 1991
114. Schmid C, Heemann U, Azuma H, Tilney NL: Rapamycin inhibits transplant vasculopathy in long-surviving rat heart allografts. Transplantation 60: 729-733, 1995
115. Morris RE, Wang J, Gregory CR: Initial studies of the efficacy and safety of rapamycin (RPM) administered to cynomolgus monkey recipients of heart allografts [Abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 10: 182, 1991
116. Chen H, Wu WJ, Xu XD, Luo H, Daloze PM: Reversal of ongoing heart, kidney, and pancreas allograft rejection and suppression of accelerated heart allograft rejection in the rat by rapamycin. Transplantation 56: 661-666, 1993
117. Chen H, Luo H, Daloze P, Xu XD, Wu WJ: Rapamycin-induced long-term allograft survival depends on persistence of alloantigen. J Immunol 152: 3107-3118, 1994
118. Granger DK, Matas AJ, Jenkins MK, Moss AA, Chen SC, Almond PS: Prolonged survival without posttransplant immunosuppression in a large animal model. Surgery 116: 236-241, 1994
119. Goggins WC, Fisher RA, Dattilo JB, Cohen DS, Tawes JW, Dattilo MP, Babcock GF, Frede SE, Wakely PJ, Posner MP: Analysis of functional renal allograft tolerance with single-dose rapamycin based induction immunosuppression. Transplantation 63: 310-314, 1997
120. Hale DA, Gottschalk R, Fukuzaki T, Wood ML, Maki T, Monaco AP: Superiority of sirolimus rapamycin over cyclosporine in augmenting allograft and xenograft survival in mice treated with antilymphocyte serum and donor-specific bone marrow. Transplantation 63: 359-364, 1997
121. Reichenspurner H, Soni V, Nitschke M, Berry GJ, Brazelton TR, Shorthouse R, Huang X, Reitz BA, Morris RE: Obliterative airway disease after heterotopic tracheal xenotransplantation: Pathogenesis and prevention using new immunosuppressive agents. Transplantation 64: 373-383, 1997
122. Yatscoff RW, Wang S, Keenan R, Chackowsky P, Lowes N, Koshal A: Efficacy of rapamycin, RS-61443 and cyclophosphamide in the prolongation of survival of discordant pig to rabbit cardiac xenografts. Can J Cardiol 10: 711-716, 1994
123. Slaton JW, Kahan BD: Case report: Sirolimus rescue therapy for refractory renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 61: 977-979, 1996
124. Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, Napoli K: Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 17: 672-675, 1995
125. Almond PS, Moss A, Nakhleh RE, Melin M, Chen S, Salazar A, Shirabe K, Matas AJ: Rapamycin: Immunosuppression, hyporesponsiveness, and side effects in a porcine renal allograft model. Transplantation 56: 275-281, 1993
126. Miller L, Brozena S, Valantine H: Treatment of acute cardiac allograft rejection with rapamycin: A multicenter dose ranging study [Abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 16: 44, 1997
127. Yocum DE: Cyclosporine, FK-506, rapamycin, and other immunomodulators. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 22: 133-154, 1996
128. Brattstrom C, Wilczek H, Tyden G, Bottiger Y, Sawe J, Groth CG: Hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients treated with sirolimus (rapamycin). Transplantation 65: 1272-1274, 1998
129. Andoh TF, Burdmann EA, Fransechini N, Houghton DC, Bennett WM: Comparison of acute rapamycin nephrotoxicity with cyclosporine and FK506. Kidney Int 50: 1110-1117, 1996
130. DiJoseph JF, Sharma RN, Chang JY: The effect of rapamycin on kidney function in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Transplantation 53: 507-513, 1992
131. Golbaekdal K, Nielsen CB, Djurhuus JC, Pedersen EB: Effects of rapamycin on renal hemodynamics, water and sodium excretion, and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and vasopressin in pigs. Transplantation 58: 1153-1157, 1994
132. Whiting PH, Woo J, Adam BJ, Hasan NU, Davidson RJ, Thomson AW: Toxicity of rapamycin: A comparative and combination study with cyclosporine at immunotherapeutic dosage in the rat. Transplantation 52: 203-208, 1991
133. DiJoseph JF, Mihatsch MJ, Sehgal SN: Renal effects of rapamycin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Transplant Int 7: 83-88, 1994
134. Chan CC, Martin DF, Xu XD, Roberge FG: Side effects of rapamycin in the rat. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 11: 177-181, 1995
135. Ochiai T, Gunji Y, Nagata M, Komori A, Asano T, Isono K: Effects of rapamycin in experimental organ allografting. Transplantation 56: 15-19, 1993
136. Goto T, Kino T, Hatanaka H, Nishiyama M, Okuhara M, Kohsaka M, Aoki H, Imanaka H: Discovery of FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Transplant Proc 19: 4-8, 1987
137. Ochiai T, Nakajima K, Nagata M, Suzuki T, Asano T, Uematsu T, Goto T, Hori S, Kenmochi T, Nakagoori T: Effect of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK 506, on heterotopic cardiac allotransplantation in the rat. Transplant Proc 19: 1284-1286, 1987
138. Tanaka H, Kuroda A, Marusawa H, Hashimoto M, Hatanaka H, Kino T, Goto T, Okuhara M: Physicochemical properties of FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Transplant Proc 19: 11-16, 1987
139. Honbo T, Kobayashi M, Hane K, Hata T, Ueda Y: The oral dosage form of FK-506. Transplant Proc 19: 17-22, 1987
140. Venkataramanan R, Warty VS, Zemaitis MA, Sanghvi AT, Burckart GJ, Seltman H, Todo S, Makowka L, Starzl TE: Biopharmaceutical aspects of FK-506. Transplant Proc 19: 30-35, 1987
141. Christians U, Braun F, Schmidt M, Kosian N, Schiebel HM, Ernst L, Winkler M, Kruse C, Linck A, Sewing KF: Specific and sensitive measurement of FK506 and its metabolites in blood and urine of liver-graft recipients. Clin Chem 38: 2025-2032, 1992
142. Jusko WJ, Piekoszewski W, Klintmalm GB, Shaefer MS, Hebert MF, Piergies AA, Lee CC, Schechter P, Mekki QA: Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 57: 281-290, 1995
143. Jusko WJ: Analysis of tacrolimus FK 506 in relation to therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 17: 596-601, 1995
144. Machida M, Takahara S, Ishibashi M, Hayashi M, Sekihara T, Yamanaka H: Effect of temperature and hematocrit on plasma concentration of FK 506. Transplant Proc 23: 2753-2754, 1991
145. Piekoszewski W, Jusko WJ: Plasma protein binding of tacrolimus in humans. J Pharmacol Sci 82: 340-341, 1993
146. Sattler M, Guengerich FP, Yun CH, Christians U, Sewing KF: Cytochrome P-450 3A enzymes are responsible for biotransformation of FK506 and rapamycin in man and rat. Drug Metab Dispos 20: 753-761, 1992
147. Lampen A, Christians U, Guengerich FP, Watkins PB, Kolars JC, Bader A, Gonschior AK, Dralle H, Hackbarth I, Sewing KF: Metabolism of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in the small intestine: Cytochrome P450, drug interactions, and interindividual variability. Drug Metab Dispos 23: 1315-1324, 1995
148. Iwasaki K, Shiraga T, Matsuda H, Nagase K, Tokuma Y, Hata T, Fujii Y, Sakuma S, Fujitsu T, Fujikawa A: Further metabolism of FK506 (tacrolimus): Identification and biological activities of the metabolites oxidized at multiple sites of FK506. Drug Metab Dispos 23: 28-34, 1995
149. Iwasaki K, Shiraga T, Nagase K, Tozuka Z, Noda K, Sakuma S, Fujitsu T, Shimatani K, Sato A, Fujioka M: Isolation, identification, and biological activities of oxidative metabolites of FK506, a potent immunosuppressive macrolide lactone. Drug Metab Dispos 21: 971-977, 1993
150. Murthy JN, Chen Y, Warty VS, Venkataramanan R, Donnelly JG, Zeevi A, Soldin SJ: Radioreceptor assay for quantifying FK-506 immunosuppressant in whole blood. Clin Chem 38: 1307-1310, 1992
151. Tamura K, Kobayashi M, Hashimoto K, Kojima K, Nagase K, Iwasaki K, Kaizu T, Tanaka H, Niwa M: A highly sensitive method to assay FK-506 levels in plasma. Transplant Proc 19: 23-29, 1987
152. Wiederrecht G, Lam E, Hung S, Martin M, Sigal N: The mechanism of action of FK-506 and cyclosporin A. Ann NY Acad Sci 696: 9-19, 1993
153. Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR: The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol Today 13: 136-142, 1992
154. Vathsala A, Goto S, Yoshimura N, Stepkowski S, Chou TC, Kahan BD: The immunosuppressive antagonism of low doses of FK506 and cyclosporine. Transplantation 52: 121-128, 1991
155. Griffith JP, Kim JL, Kim EE, Sintchak MD, Thomson JA, Fitzgibbon MJ, Fleming MA, Caron PR, Hsiao K, Navia MA: X-ray structure of calcineurin inhibited by the immunophilin-immunosuppressant FKBP12-FK506 complex. Cell 82: 507-522, 1995
156. Schreiber SL: Chemistry and biology of the immunophilins and their immunosuppressive ligands. Science 251: 283-287, 1991
157. Kaye RE, Fruman DA, Bierer BE, Albers MW, Zydowsky LD, Ho SI, Jin YJ, Castells MC, Schreiber SL, Walsh CT: Effects of cyclosporin A and FK506 on Fc epsilon receptor type I-initiated increases in cytokine mRNA in mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor mast cells: Resistance to FK506 is associated with a deficiency in FK506-binding protein FKBP12. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 8542-8546, 1992
158. Liu J, Farmer JJ, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL: Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 66: 807-815, 1991
159. Clipstone NA, Fiorentino DF, Crabtree GR: Molecular analysis of the interaction of calcineurin with drug-immunophilin complexes. J Biol Chem 269: 26431-26437, 1994
160. 2+ signals and immunosuppression. Nature 383: 837-840, 1996
161. Clipstone NA, Crabtree GR: Calcineurin is a key signaling enzyme in T lymphocyte activation and the target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506. Ann NY Acad Sci 696: 20-30, 1993
162. Hanke JH, Nichols LN, Coon ME: FK506 and rapamycin selectively enhance degradation of IL-2 and GM-CSF mRNA. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 11: 221-231, 1992
163. Wang SC, Jordan ML, Tweardy DJ, Wright J, Hoffman RA, Simmons RL: FK-506 inhibits proliferation and IL-4 messenger RNA production by a T-helper 2 cell line. J Surg Res 53: 199-202, 1992
164. Tocci MJ, Matkovich DA, Collier KA, Kwok P, Dumont F, Lin S, Degudicibus S, Siekierka JJ, Chin J, Hutchinson NI: The immunosuppressant FK506 selectively inhibits expression of early T cell activation genes. J Immunol 143: 718-726, 1989
165. Kino T, Inamura N, Sakai F, Nakahara K, Goto T, Okuhara M, Kohsaka M, Aoki H, Ochiai T: Effect of FK-506 on human mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro. Transplant Proc 19: 36-39, 1987
166. Andersson J, Nagy S, Groth CG, Andersson U: FK 506 and cyclosporine inhibit antigen-or mitogen-induced monokine and lymphokine production in vitro. Transplant Proc 24: 321-325, 1992
167. Yoshimura N, Matsui S, Hamashima T, Oka T: Effect of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK506, on human lymphocyte responses in vitro. I. Inhibition of expression of alloantigen-activated suppressor cells, as well as induction of alloreactivity. Transplantation 47: 351-356, 1989
168. Morikawa K, Oseko F, Morikawa S: The distinct effects of FK506 on the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of human B lymphocytes. Transplantation 54: 1025-1030, 1992
169. Maruyama M, Suzuki H, Yamashita N, Yano S: Effect of FK506 treatment on allocytolytic T lymphocyte induction in vivo: Differential effects of FK506 on L3T4+ and Ly2+ T cells. Transplantation 50: 272-277, 1990
170. Karlsson H, Truedsson L, Nassberger L: The immunosuppressive agent FK506 inhibits in vitro expression of membrane-bound and soluble interleukin-2 receptors on resting but not on activated human lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 30: 129-132, 1991
171. Minoda M, Ohno M, Tomioka Y, Hamada K, Yamazoe Y, Higashikawa M, Sugishima H, Higashitani S, Funauchi M, Horiuchi A: Effects of gamma-interferon and FK506 on resting B cell proliferation of New Zealand black/white F1 mice. Microbiol Immunol 36: 885-894, 1992
172. Ochiai T, Nakajima K, Nagata M, Hori S, Asano T, Isono K: Studies of the induction and maintenance of long-term graft acceptance by treatment with FK506 in heterotopic cardiac allotransplantation in rats. Transplantation 44: 734-738, 1987
173. Flavin T, Ivens K, Wang J, Gutierrez J, Hoyt EG, Billingham M, Morris RE: Initial experience with FK 506 as an immunosuppressant for nonhuman primate recipients of cardiac allografts. Transplant Proc 23: 531-532, 1991
174. Suzuki S, Kanashiro M, Hayashi R, Kenmochi T, Fukuoka T, Amemiya H: In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance findings on heterotopically allografted hearts in rats treated with a novel immunosuppressant, FK506. Heart Vessels 5: 224-229, 1990
175. Murase N, Kim DG, Todo S, Cramer DV, Fung JJ, Starzl TE: Suppression of allograft rejection with FK506. I. Prolonged cardiac and liver survival in rats following short-course therapy. Transplantation 50: 186-189, 1990
176. Hisatomi K, Isomura T, Ohashi M, Tamehiro K, Sato T, Tayama E, Ohishi K, Kohjiro M: Effect of dose of cyclosporine or FK506 and antithrombotic agents on cardiac allograft vascular disease in heterotopically transplanted hearts in rats. J Heart Lung Transplant 14: 113-118, 1995
177. Arai S, Teramoto S, Senoo Y: The impact of FK506 on graft coronary disease of rat cardiac allograft: A comparison with cyclosporine. J Heart Lung Transplant 11: 757-762, 1992
178. Fealy MJ, Umansky WS, Bickel KD, Nino JJ, Morris RE, Press BH: Efficacy of rapamycin and FK 506 in prolonging rat hind limb allograft survival. Ann Surg 219: 88-93, 1994
179. Hayashi S, Ito M, Yasutomi M, Namii Y, Yokoyama I, Uchida K, Takagi H: Evidence that donor pretreatment with FK506 has a synergistic effect on graft prolongation in hamster-to-rat heart xenotransplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 14: 579-584, 1995
180. Yoshida Y, Kitamura S, Kawachi K, Taniguchi S, Kondo Y: Comparison of cardiac rejection in heart and heart-lung concordant xenotransplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 13: 325-331, 1994
181. Kawauchi M, Gundry SR, de Begona JA, Razzouk AJ, Bouchart F, Fukushima N, Hauck AJ, Weeks DA, Nehlsen-Cannarella S, Bailey LL: Prolonged survival of orthotopically transplanted heart xenograft in infant baboons. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106: 779-786, 1993
182. Shapiro R, Jordan M, Scantlebury V, Fung J, Jensen C, Tzakis A, McCauley J, Carroll P, Ricordi C, Demetris AJ: FK 506 in clinical kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 23: 3065-3067, 1991
183. Laskow DA, Vincenti F, Neylan J, Mendez R, Matas A: Phase II FK 506 multicenter concentration control study: One-year follow-up. Transplant Proc 27: 809-811, 1995
184. Scott-Douglas N, Zimmerman D, Klassen J: Treatment of acute renal transplant rejection with FK 506 in patients on cyclosporine after failure of standard antirejection therapy [Abstract]. Transplant Proc 28: 3165, 1996
185. Woodle ES, Thistlethwaite JR, Gordon JH: Tacrolimus therapy for refractory acute renal allograft rejection: A prospective multicenter trial. Tacrolimus Kidney Transplantation Rescue Study Group. Transplant Proc 28: 3163-3164, 1996
186. Shapiro R, Vivas C, Scantlebury VP, Jordan ML, Gritsch HA, Neugarten J, McCauley J, Randhawa P, Irish W, Fung JJ, Hakala T, Simmons RL, Starzl TE: "Suboptimal" kidney donors: The experience with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Transplantation 62: 1242-1246, 1996
187. Laskow DA, Vincenti F, Neylan JF, Mendez R, Matas AJ: An open-label, concentration-ranging trial of FK506 in primary kidney transplantation: A report of the United States Multicenter FK506 Kidney Transplant Group. Transplantation 62: 900-905, 1996
188. Woodle ES, Thistlethwaite JR, Gordon JH, Laskow D, Deierhoi MH, Burdick J, Pirsch JD, Sollinger H, Vincenti F, Burrows L, Schwanz B, Danovitch GM, Wilkinson AH, Shaffer D, Simpson MA, Freeman RB, Rohrer RJ, Mendez R, Aswad S, Munn SR, Wiesner RH, Delmonico FL, Neylan J, Whelchel J: A multicenter trial of FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy in refractory acute renal allograft rejection: A report of the Tacrolimus Kidney Transplantation Rescue Study Group. Transplantation 62: 594-599, 1996
189. Vincenti F, Laskow DA, Neylan JF, Mendez R, Matas AJ: One-year follow-up of an open-label trial of FK506 for primary kidney transplantation: A report of the U.S. Multicenter FK506 Kidney Transplant Group. Transplantation 61: 1576-1581, 1996
190. Miller J, Pirsch JD, Deierhoi M, Vincenti F, Filo RS: FK 506 in kidney transplantation: Results of the U.S.A. randomized comparative phase III study. The FK 506 Kidney Transplant Study Group: Transplant Proc 29: 304-305, 1997
191. Jensik SC: Tacrolimus (FK 506) in kidney transplantation: Three-year survival results of the US multicenter, randomized, comparative trial. FK 506 Kidney Transplant Study Group. Transplant Proc 30: 1216-1218, 1998
192. Textor SC, Wiesner R, Wilson DJ, Porayko M, Romero JC, Burnett JJ, Gores G, Hay E, Dickson ER, Krom RA: Systemic and renal hemodynamic differences between FK506 and cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 55: 1332-1339, 1993
193. Abu-Elmagd K, Fung JJ, Alessiani M, Jain A, Venkataramanan R, Warty VS, Takaya S, Todo S, Shannon WD, Starzl TE: The effect of graft function on FK506 plasma levels, dosages, and renal function, with particular reference to the liver. Transplantation 52: 71-77, 1991
194. Pham SM, Kormos RL, Hattler BG, Kawai A, Tsamandas AC, Demetris AJ, Murali S, Flicker FJ, Chang HC, Jain AB, Starzl TE, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP: A prospective trial of tacrolimus FK 506 in clinical heart transplantation: Intermediate-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111: 764-772, 1996
195. Atkison P, Joubert G, Barron A, Grant D, Paradis K, Seidman E, Wall W, Rosenberg H, Howard J, Williams S: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with tacrolimus in paediatric transplant patients [See comments]. Lancet 345: 894-896, 1995
196. Griffith BP, Bando K, Hardesty RL, Armitage JM, Keenan RJ, Pham SM, Paradis IL, Yousem SA, Komatsu K, Konishi H: A prospective randomized trial of FK506 versus cyclosporine after human pulmonary transplantation. Transplantation 57: 848-851, 1994
197. Swinnen LJ, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Fisher SG, O'Sullivan EJ, Johnson MR, Heroux AL, Dizikes GJ, Pifarre R, Fisher RI: Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients [See comments]. N Engl J Med 323: 1723-1728, 1990
198. Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Diamantstein T, Tilney NL: Interleukin 2 receptor-targeted therapy: Rationale and applications in organ transplantation. Transplantation 46: 785-792, 1988
199. Soulillou JP, Peyronnet P, Le MB, Hourmant M, Olive D, Mawas C, Delaage M, Hirn M, Jacques Y: Prevention of rejection of kidney transplants by monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin 2. Lancet 1: 1339-1342, 1987
200. Soulillou JP, Cantarovich D, Le MB, Giral M, Robillard N, Hourmant M, Hirn M, Jacques Y: Randomized controlled trial of a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-2 receptor (33B3.1) as compared with rabbit antithymocyte globulin for prophylaxis against rejection of renal allografts [See comments]. N Engl J Med 322: 1175-1182, 1990
201. Strom TB, Ettenger RB: Investigational immunosuppressants: Biologics. In: Primer on Transplantation, edited by Norman DJ, Suki WN, American Society of Transplant Physicians, 1998, pp 113-122
202. Taniguchi T, Minami Y: The IL-2/IL-2 receptor system: A current overview. Cell 73: 5-8, 1993
203. Kirkman RL, Barrett LV, Koltun WA, Diamantstein T: Prolongation of murine cardiac allograft survival by the anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody AMT-13. Transplant Proc 19: 618-619, 1987
204. Reed MH, Shapiro ME, Strom TB, Milford EL, Carpenter CB, Weinberg DS, Reimann KA, Letvin NL, Waldmann TA, Kirkman RL: Prolongation of primate renal allograft survival by anti-Tac, an anti-human IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Transplantation 47: 55-59, 1989
205. Carpenter CB, Kirkman RL, Shapiro ME, Milford EL, Tilney NL, Waldmann TA, Zimmerman CE, Ramos EL, Strom TB: Prophylactic use of monoclonal anti-IL-2 receptor antibody in cadaveric renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 14: 54-57, 1989
206. Kirkman RL, Shapiro ME, Carpenter CB, McKay DB, Milford EL, Ramos EL, Tilney NL, Waldmann TA, Zimmerman CE, Strom TB: A randomized prospective trial of anti-Tac monoclonal antibody in human renal transplantation. Transplantation 51: 107-113, 1991
207. van Gelder T, Zietse R, Mulder AH, Yzermans JN, Hesse CJ, Vaessen LM, Weimar W: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of monoclonal anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody (BT563) administration to prevent acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 60: 248-252, 1995
208. van Gelder T, Mulder AH, Balk AH, Mochtar B, Hesse CJ, Baan CC, Vaessen LM, Weimar W: Intragraft monitoring of rejection after prophylactic treatment with monoclonal anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody (BT563) in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 14: 346-350, 1995
209. van Gelder T, Baan CC, Balk AH, Knoop CJ, Holweg CT, van der Meer P, Mochtar B, Zondervan PE, Niesters HG, Weimar W: Blockade of the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2 receptor pathway with a monoclonal anti-IL-2 receptor antibody (BT563) does not prevent the development of acute heart allograft rejection in humans. Transplantation 65: 405-410, 1998
210. Vincenti F, Kirkman R, Light S, Bumgardner G, Pescovitz M, Halloran P, Neylan J, Wilkinson A, Ekberg H, Gaston R, Backman L, Burdick J: Interleukin-2-receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation. Daclizumab Triple Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 338: 161-165, 1998
211. Nashan B, Moore R, Amlot P, Schmidt AG, Abeywickrama K, Soulillou JP: Randomised trial of basiliximab versus placebo for control of acute cellular rejection in renal allograft recipients. CHIB 201 International Study Group. Lancet 350: 1193-1198, 1997