Diagnostic electron microscopy is still a timely and rewarding method

Journal of Clinical Virology

Volumn 13, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 105-119

  Biel, Stefan S ^a   Gelderblom, Hans R ^a  

^a ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Electron microscopy; External quality assessment; Quality control; Rapid viral diagnosis

Indexed keywords

CELL CULTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; FECES ANALYSIS; GENETIC PROCEDURES; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; SMALLPOX; STAINING; URINALYSIS; VIROLOGY; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; TIME FACTORS; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 0033025337     PISSN: 13866532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00027-X     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. Abbe E. Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung. M. Schulzes Arch. f. mikrosk. Anat. 9:1873;413-414.
2. Aebi U., Pollard T.D. A glow discharge unit to render electron microscopic grids and other surfaces hydrophilic. J. Electr. Microsc. Techn. 7:1987;29-33.
3. Almeida J.D. Practical aspects of diagnostic electron microscopy. Yale J. Biol. Med. 53:1979;5-18.
4. Almeida J.D. Uses and abuses of diagnostic electron microscopy. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immun. 104:1983;147-157.
5. Anderson T.F., Stanley W.M. A study by means of the electron microscope of the reaction between tobacco mosaic virus and its antiserum. J. Biol. Chem. 139:1941;339-344.
6. Beer B., Kurth R. Characteristics of Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Naturwissenschaft. 86:1999;8-17.
7. Bern C., Martines J., de Zoysa I., Glass R.I. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeic disease: a ten-year update. Bull. WHO. 70:1992;705-714.
8. Biel S.S., Gelderblom H.R. Elektronenmikroskopische Erregerdiagnostik - Sinn und Unsinn, Qualitätssicherung und Perspektiven. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 7(Suppl. 74):1997;41.
9. Biel, S.S., Gelderblom, H.R. (1998) External quality assessment scheme in electron microscopic virus diagnostics. Progress in Clinical Virology IV, Hamburg, Abstract 277, 49.
10. Biel, S.S., Gelderblom, H.R. (1999) Electron microscopy of viruses. In: Cann, AJ (Ed.), Cell Culture - A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, in press.
11. Bishop R.F., Davidson G.P., Holmes I.H., Ruck B.J. Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2:1973;1281-1283.
12. Bozzola J.J., Russell, L.D. (1992) Electron Microscopy - Principles and Techniques for Biologists. Jones and Bartlett Publ., Boston.
13. Brenner S., Horne R.W. A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 34:1959;103-110.
14. Caul E.D., Appleton H. The electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: an interim scheme for classification. J. Med. Virol. 9:1982;257-265.
15. Caul E.O. Viral gastroenteritis: small round-structured viruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. Part I. The clinical and diagnostic perspective. J. Clin. Path. 49:1996;874-880.
16. Chrystie I.L. Electron Microscopy. Mahy B.W.J., Kangro H.O. Virological Methods Manual. 1996;92-106 Academic Press, London.
17. Cruickshank J.G., Bedson H.S., Watson D.H. Electron microscopy in rapid diagnosis of smallpox. Lancet. 2:1966;527-530.
18. Cubitt W.D., Mitchell D.K., Carter M.J., Willcocks M.M., Holzel H. Application of electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassay, and RT-PCR to monitor an outbreak of astrovirus type 1 in a pediatric bone marrow transplant unit. J. Med. Virol. 57:1999;313-321.
19. Dane D.S., Cameron C.H., Briggs M. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis. Lancet. 1:1970;695-698.
20. Derrick K.S. Quantitative assay for plant viruses using serologically specific electron microscopy. Virology. 56:1973;652-653.
21. Doane F.W., Anderson N. Electron Microscopy. Diagnostic Virology - A Practical Guide And Atlas. 1987;Cambridge University Press, London, NY.
22. Elliott L.H., Ksiazek T.G., Rollin P.E., Spiropoulou C.F., Morzunov S., Monroe M., Goldsmith C.S., Humphrey C.D., Zaki S.R., Krebs J.W. et al. Isolation of the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 51:1994;102-108.
23. Feinstone S.M., Kapikian A.Z., Purcell R.H. Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a virus-like antigen associated with acute illness. Science. 182:1973;1026-1028.
24. Field A.M. Diagnostic virology using electron microscopic techniques. Adv. Virus Res. 27:1982;1-68.
25. Flewett T.H., Bryden A.S., Davis H.A. Virus particles in gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2:1973;1497.
26. Flewett T.H., Bryden A.S., Davies H. Caliciviruses in man. Lancet. 1:1976;311.
27. Flewett T.H. Rapid diagnosis of virus diseases. Br. Med. Bull. 41:1985;315-321.
28. Gardner P.S. Rapid viral diagnosis. J. Gen. Virol. 36:1977;1-29.
29. Geisbert T.W., Jahrling P.B. Differentiation of filoviruses by electron microscopy. Virus Res. 39:1995;129-150.
30. Gelderblom H, Reupke H. Rapid viral diagnosis using the Airfuge. IV. Internat. Congr. Virol., The Hague, Abstract W50A/9 1976;630.
31. Gelderblom H.R., Renz H., Özel M. Negative staining in diagnostic virology. Micron Microscop. Acta. 22:1991;435-447.
32. Gerna G., Passarini N., Sarasini A., Battaglia M. Characterization of human rotavirus strains by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. J. Inf. Dis. 152:1985;1143-1151.
33. Gerna G., Sarasini A., Passarini N., Torsellini M., Parea M., Battaglia M. Comparative evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay and solid-phase immune electron microscopy for rotavirus in stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1987;1137-1139.
34. Giraldo G., Beth E., Lee J., de Harven E., Chernesky M. Solid-phase immune electron microscopy-double-antibody technique for rapid detection of papovaviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:1982;517-521.
35. Hammond G.W., Hazelton P.R., Chuang I., Klisko B. Improved detection of viruses by electron microscopy after direct ultracentrifuge preparation of specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:1981;210-221.
36. Harris JR. Negative Staining and Cryoelectron Microscopy. Royal Microscopic Society Microscopy Handbooks 35. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers, 1997.
37. Hawkes PW. The beginnings of electron microscopy. Adv. Electron Phys., Suppl. 16. Orlando: Academic Press, 1995.
38. Hayat MA, Miller, SE. Negative Staining. NY: McGraw-Hill 1990.
39. Hsiung G.D., Fong C.K.Y., August M.J. The use of electron microscopy for diagnosis of virus infections: an overview. Prog. Med. Virol. 25:1979;133-159.
40. Humphrey C.D., Cook E.H. Jr, Bradley D.W. Identification of enterically transmitted virus particles by solid phase immune electron microscopy. J. Virol. Meth. 29:1990;177-188.
41. Humphrey CD, Noel JS, Liu, BL, Rodriguez EM, Lambden PR, Clarke. Morphologic identification of viral gastroenteritis caused by a human calicivirus strain undetected initially by molecular or immunologic methods. In: Dwyer DM, Ando T, Glass RI, Monroe SS, editors. Microscopy and microananylsis. Cleveland/Ohio: 1997: 79.
42. Kapikian A.Z., Wyatt R.G., Dolin R. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27 nm particle associated with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol. 10:1972;1075-1081.
43. Kapikian A.Z., Chanock R.M. Rotaviruses. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., Howley P.M. et al. Virology. 3rd ed. 1996;1657-1708 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
44. Kapikian A.Z., Estes M.K., Chanock R.M. Norwalk group of viruses. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., Howley P.M. et al. Virology. 3rd edn. 1996;783-810 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
45. Katz D., Straussmann Y., Shahar A., Kohn A. Solid-phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM) for rapid viral diagnosis. J. Immunol. Meth. 38:1980;171-174.
46. Kausche G.A., Pfankuch E., und Ruska H. Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop. Naturwissenschaften. 27:1939;292-299.
47. Kellenberger E., Bitterli D. Preparation and counts of particles in electronmicroscopy: application of negative stain in the agarfiltration method. Microsc. Acta. 78:1976;131.
48. Khan A.S., Khabbaz R.F., Armstrong L.R., Holman R.C., Bauer S.P., Graber J., Strine T., Miller G., Reef S., Tappero J., Rollin P.E., Nichol S.T., Zaki S.R., Bryan R.T., Chapman L.E., Peters C.J., Ksiazek T.G. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: the first 100 US cases. J. Infect. Dis. 173:1996;1297-1303.
49. Kjeldsberg E. Application of electron microscopy in viral diagnosis. Path. Res. Pract. 167:1980;3-21.
50. Kjeldsberg E., Mortensen-Egnund K. Comparison of solid-phase immune electron microscopy, direct electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of rotavirus in fecal samples. J. Virol. Meth. 4:1982;45-53.
51. Knoll M., Ruska E. Das Elektronenmikroskop. Z. Physik. 78:1932;318-339.
52. Koch R. Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus Anthracis. Schwalbe J. Gesammelte Werke von Robert Koch I. 1912;5-26 Thieme Verlag, Leipzig.
53. Koch R. Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose. Schwalbe J. Gesammelte Werke von Robert Koch I. 1912;482-562 Thieme Verlag, Leipzig.
54. Koch R. Berichte über die Tätigkeit der zur Erforschung der Cholera im Jahre 1883 nach Ägypten und Indien entsandten Kommission. Schwalbe J. Gesammelte Werke von Robert Koch II.1. 1912;1-19 Thieme Verlag, Leipzig.
55. Krugman S., Giles J.P., Hammond J. Infectious hepatitis: evidence for two distinct clinical, epidemiological and immunological types of infection. J. Am. Med. Soc. 200:1967;365-373.
56. Landry M.L., Hsiung G.D. Isolation and identification by microscopy. Webster R.G., Granoff A. Encycl. Virol. 1994;335-343 Academic Press, NY, London.
57. Lewis D.C. Three serotypes of Norwalk-like virus demonstrated by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. J. Med. Virol. 30:1990;77-81.
58. Long G.W., Noble J. Jr, Murphy F.A., Herrmann K.L., Lourie B. Experience with electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis of smallpox. Appl. Microbiol. 20:1970;497-504.
59. Luria S.E., Delbrück M., Anderson R.F. Electron microscope studies of bacterial viruses. J. Bacteriol. 46:1943;57-67.
60. MacRae J., Srivastava M. Detection of viruses by electron microscopy: an efficient approach. J. Virol. Meth. 72:1998;105-108.
61. Madeley C.R., Cosgrove B.P. 28 nm particles in faeces in infantile gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2:1975;451-452.
62. Madeley C.R., Cosgrove B.P. Caliciviruses in man. Lancet. 1:1976;199-200.
63. Madeley C.R. Viruses in the stools. J. Clin. Pathol. 32:1979;1-10.
64. Madeley C.R. Comparison of the features of astroviruses and caliciviruses seen in samples of feces by electron microscopy. J. Inf. Dis. 139:1979;519-523.
65. Madeley CR, Field AM (1988). Virus Morphology. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh.
66. Madeley C.R. Viruses associated with acute diarrhoeal disease. Zuckermann A.J., Banatvala J.E., Pattison J.R. Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology. 3rd edn. 1995;189-227 Wiley, Chichester.
67. Madeley, CR (1999) Personal communication.
68. Mahony J.B., Chernesky M.A. Negative staining in the detection of viruses in clinical specimens. Micron Micros Acta. 22:1991;449-460.
69. Marton L. Electron microscopy of biological objects. Nature. 133:1934;911.
70. Matsui S.M., Greenberg H.B. Astroviruses. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., Howley P.M. et al. Virology. 3rd ed. 1996;811-824 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
71. Middleton P.J. Viruses that multiply in the gut and cause endemic and epidemic gastroenteritis. Clin. Diagn. Virol. 6:1996;93-101.
72. Miller S.E., Howell D.N. Concerted use of immunologic and ultrastructural analyses in diagnostic medicine: immuno-electron microscopy and correlative microscopy. Imunol. Invest. 26:1997;29-38.
73. Moosai R.B., Alcock R., Bell T.M., Laidler F.R., Peiris J.S., Wyn-Jones A.P., Madeley C.R. Detection of rotavirus by a latex agglutination test, Rotalex: comparison with electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. J. Clin. Pathol. 38:1985;694-700.
74. Murphy F.A., Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H.L., Ghabrial S.A., Jarvis A.W., Martelli G.P., Mayo M.A., Summers M.D. Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) - Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Arch. Virol. 1995;Springer-Verlag Wien, NY.
75. Murray K., Selleck P., Hooper P., Hyatt A., Gold A., Gleeson L., Westbury H., Hiley L., Selvey L., Rodwell B., Ketterer P. A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science. 268:1995;94-97.
76. Nagington J. Electron microscopy in differential diagnosis of poxvirus infections. Br. Med. J. 2:1964;1499-1500.
77. Nagler F.P.O., Rake G. The use of electron microscopy in diagnosis of variola, vaccinia, and varicella. J. Bacteriol. 55:1948;45-51.
78. Nermut M.V., Stevens A.C. Animal Virus Struct. 1989;Elsevier, Amsterdam.
79. Nicolaieff A., Obert G., van Regenmortel M.H.V. Detection of rotavirus by serological trapping on antibody-coated electron microscope grids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:1980;101-104.
80. Nowak R. Cause of fatal outbreak in horses and humans traced. Science. 268:1995;32.
81. Okada S., Sekine S., Ando T., Hayashi Y., Murao M., Yabuuchi K., Miki T., Ohashi M. Antigenic characterization of small, round-structured viruses by immune electron microscopy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1990;1244-1248.
82. Palmer E.L., Martin M.L. Atlas Mamm. Viruses. 1988;CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
83. Palmer E.L., Martin M.L. Electron Microscopy Viral Diagn. 1988;CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
84. Peters D., Nielsen G., Beyer M.E. Variola: die Zuverlässigkeit der elektronenmikroskopischen Schnelldiagnostik. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 87:1962;2240-2246.
85. Philipp S.R., Gelderblom H.R. Standardisierung in der elektronenemikroskopischen Virusdiagnostik (Rapid Viral Diagnosis, Ringversuche). Bundesgesundhbl. 38:1995;55-58.
86. Reed S.E., Gardner P.S., Stanton J. United Kingdom scheme for external quality assessment in virology - Part II: Specimen distribution, performance assessment, and analyses of participants' methods in detection of rubella antibody, hepatitis B markers, general virus serology, virus identification, and electron microscopy. J Clin. Pathol. 38:1985;542-553.
87. Reed S.E., Gardner P.S., Snell J.J.S., Chai O. United Kingdom scheme for external quality assessment in virology - Part I: General method of operation. J. Clin. Pathol. 38:1985;534-541.
88. Reimann H.A., Hodges J.H., Price A.H. Epidemic diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting of unknown cause. J. Am. Med. Soc. 127:1945;1-6.
89. Ruska H., von Borries B., und Ruska E. Die Bedeutung der Übermikroskopie für die Virusforschung. Arch. ges. Virusforschg. 1:1939;155-169.
90. Ruska H. Die Sichtbarmachung der bakteriophagen Lyse im Übermikroskop. Naturwisssenschaft. 28:1940;45-46.
91. Ruska H. Über ein neues bei der bakteriophagen Lyse auftretendes Formelement. Naturwissenschaft. 29:1940;367-368.
92. Ruska E. Die frühe Entwicklung der Elektronenlinsen und der Elektronenmikroskopie. Acta Histor. Leopoldina 12, Halle/Saale 1979.
93. Schmitz, H (1998) Personal communication.
94. Shukla D.D., Gough K.H. The use of protein A, from Staphylococcus aureus, in immune electron microscopy for detecting plant virus particles. J. Gen. Virol. 45:1979;533-536.
95. Svensson L., Grandien M., Pettersson C.A. Comparison of solid-phase immune electron microscopy by use of protein A with direct electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of rotavirus in stool. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:1983;1244-1249.
96. Tyrrell D.A.J., Almeida J. Direct electron-microscopy of organ cultures for the detection and characterization of viruses. Arch. Virusforsch. 22:1967;417-425.
97. Valters W.A., Boehm L.G., Edwards E.A., Rosenbaum M.J. Detection of adenovirus in patient specimens by indirect immune electron microscopy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:1975;472-475.
98. van Rooyen C.E., Scott G.D. Smallpox diagnosis with special reference to electron microscopy. Can. J. Publ. Health. 39:1948;467-477.
99. Vinjé J., Koopmans M.P.G. Molecular detection and epidemiology of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands. J. Inf. Dis. 174:1996;610-615.
100. von Ardenne M. Ergebnisse einer neuen Elektronen-Übermikroskop-Anlage. Naturwissensch. 28:1940;113-127.
101. von Ardenne M., Friedrich-Freksa H., Schramm G. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Präcipitinreaktion von Tabakmosaikvirus mit Kaninchenantiserum. Arch. ges. Virusforschg. 2:1941;80-86.
102. von Borries B., Ruska E., Ruska H. Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme. Klin. Wochenschr. 17:1938;921-925.
103. Williams R.C., Wyckhoff R.W.G. Electron shadow micrography of virus particles. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 58:1945;265-270.
104. Wright P.J., Gunesekere I.C., Doultree J.C., Marshall J.A. Small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in southeastern Australia, 1980-1996. J. Med. Virol. 55:1998;312-320.