Regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 429-438

  Roebuck, Kenneth A ^a  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 8; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

BINDING SITE; DNA BINDING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC REGULATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HOST RESISTANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DNA INTERACTION; REVIEW; TATA BOX; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0033009907     PISSN: 10799907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/107999099313866     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. STRIETER, R.M., STANDIFORD, T.J., HUFFNAGLE, G.B., COLLETTI, L.M., LUKACS, N.W., and KUNKEL, S.L. (1996). "The good, the bad, and the ugly." The role of chemokines in models of human disease. J. Immunol. 156, 3583-3586.
2. SOUSA, A.R., LANE, S.J., NAKHOSTEEN, J.A., YOSHIMURA, T., LEE, T.H., and POSTON, R.N. (1994). Increased expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in bronchial tissue from asthmatic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10, 142-147.
3. HARADA, A., SEKIDO, N., AKAHOSHI, T., WADA, T., MUKAIDA, N., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1994). Essential involvement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in acute inflammation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 56, 559-564.
4. FOLKARD, S.G., WESTWICK, J., and MILLAR, A.B. (1997). Production of interleukin-8, RANTES and MCP-1 in intrinsic and extrinsic asthmatics. Eur. Respir. J. 10, 2097-2104.
5. CROSS, A.K., RICHARDSON, V., ALI, S.A., PALMER, I., TAUB, D.D., and REES, R.C. (1997). Migration responses of human monocytic cell lines to alpha- and beta-chemokines. Cytokine 9, 521-528.
6. NAKAMURA, H., YOSHIMURA, K., JAFFE, H.A., and CRYSTAL, R.G. (1991). Interleukin-8 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 19611-19617.
7. KOYAMA, S., SATO, E., NOMURA, H., KUBO, K., NAGAI, S., and IZUMI, T. (1997). Type II pneumocytes release chemoattractant activity for monocytes constitutively. Am. J. Physiol. 272, L830-L837.
8. PAINE, R.D., ROLFE, M.W., STANDIFORD, T.J., BURDICK, M.D., ROLLINS, B.J., and STRIETER, R.M. (1993). MCP-1 expression by rat type II alveolar epithelial cells in primary culture. J. Immunol. 150, 4561-4570.
9. SICA, A., WANG, J.M., COLOTTA, E., DEJANA, E., MANTOVANI, A., OPPENHEIM, J.J., LARSEN, C.G., ZACHARIAE, C.O., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1990). Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor gene expression induced in endothelial cells by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 144, 3034-3038.
10. STANDIFORD, T.J., KUNKEL, S.L., PHAN, S.H., ROLLINS, B.J., and STRIETER, R.M. (1991). Alveolar macrophage-derived cytokines induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression from human pulmonary type II-like epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 9912-9918.
11. STANDIFORD, T.J., KUNKEL, S.L., BASHA, M.A., CHENSUE, S.W., LYNCH, J.P.D., TOEWS, G.B., WESTWICK, J., and STRIETER, R.M. (1990). Interleukin-8 gene expression by a pulmonary epithelial cell line. A model for cytokine networks in the lung. J. Clin. Invest. 86, 1945-1953.
12. YOSHIMURA, T., MATSUSHIMA, K., OPPENHEIM, J.J., and LEONARD, E.J. (1987). Neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes: partial characterization and separation from interleukin 1 (IL-1). J. Immunol. 139, 788-793.
13. LARSEN, C.G., ANDERSON, A.O., APPELLA, E., OPPENHEIM, J.J., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1989). The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1) is also chemotactic for T lymphocytes. Science 243, 1464-1466.
14. MATSUSHIMA, K., MORISHITA, K., YOSHIMURA, T., LAVU, S., KOBAYASHI, Y., LEW, W., APPELLA, E., KUNG, H.F., LEONARD, E.J., and OPPENHEIM, J.J. (1988). Molecular cloning of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) and the induction of MDNCF mRNA by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 167, 1883-1893.
15. MUKAIDA, N., SHIROO, M., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1989). Genomic structure of the human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor IL-8. J. Immunol. 143, 1366-1371.
16. BEN-BARUCH, A., BENGALI, K.M., BIRAGYN, A., JOHNSTON, J.J., WANG, J.M., KIM, J., CHUNTHARAPAI, A., MICHIEL, D.F. Oppenheim, J.J., and Kelvin, D.J. (1995). Interleukin-8 receptor beta. The role of the carboxyl terminus in signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9121-9128.
17. WU, D., LAROSA, G.J., and SIMON, M.I. (1993). G protein-coupled signal transduction pathways for interleukin-8. Science 261, 101-103.
18. BAGGIOLINI, M., DEWALD, B., and MOSER, B. (1997). Human chemokines: an update. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15, 675-705.
19. BAGGIOLINI, M. (1998). Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 392, 565-568.
20. BRASIER, A.R., JAMALUDDIN, M., CASOLA, A., DUAN, W., SHEN, O., and GAROFALO, R.P. (1998). A promoter recruitment mechanism for tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-8 transcription in type II pulmonary epithelial cells. Dependence on nuclear abundance of Rel A, NF-kappaB1, and c-Rel transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3551-3561.
21. 2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endothelial and epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32910-32918.
22. BRADLEY, J.R., JOHNSON, D.R., and POBER, J.S. (1993). Endothelial activation by hydrogen peroxide. Selective increases of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and major histocompatibility complex class I. Am. J. Pathol. 142, 1598-1609.
23. ARNOLD, R., HUMBERT, B., WERCHAU, H., GALLATI, H., and KONIG, W. (1994). Interleukin-8, interleukin-6, and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type I release from a human pulmonary epithelial cell line (A549) exposed to respiratory syncytial virus. Immunology 82, 126-133.
24. YANG, S.K., ECKMANN, L., PANJA, A., and KAGNOFF, M.F. (1997). Differential and regulated expression of C-X-C, C-C, and C-chemokines by human colon epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 113, 1214-1223.
25. SICA, A., MATSUSHIMA, K., VAN DAMME, J., WANG, J.M., POLENTARUTTI, N., DEJANA, E., COLOTTA, E., and MANTO VANI, A. (1990). IL-1 transcriptionally activates the neutrophil chemotactic factor/IL-8 gene in endothelial cells. Immunology 69, 548-553.
26. MUKAIDA, N., MAHE, Y., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1990). Cooperative interaction of nuclear factor-kappa B- and cis-regulatory enhancer binding protein-like factor binding elements in activating the interleukin-8 gene by pro-inflammatory cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 21128-21133.
27. KASAHARA, T., MUKAIDA, N., YAMASHITA, K., YAGISAWA, H., AKAHOSHI, T., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1991). IL-1 and TNF-alpha induction of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) mRNA expression in a human astrocytoma cell line. Immunology 74, 60-67.
28. CHAUDHARY, L.R., and AVIOLI, L.V. (1996). Regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression by interleukin-1 beta, osteotropic hormones, and protein kinase inhibitors in normal human bone marrow stromal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16591-16596.
29. 2 stimulates IL-8 gene expression in human colonic epithelial cells by a post-transcriptional mechanism. J. Immunol. 161, 3746-3752.
30. ROGER, T., OUT, T., MAKAIDA, N., MATSUSHIMA, K., JANSEN, H., and LUTTER, R. (1998). Enhanced AP-1 and NF-kappaB activities and stability of interleukin 8 (IL-8) transcripts are implicated in IL-8 mRNA superinduction in lung epithelial H292 cells. Biochem. J. 330, 429-435.
31. VILLARETE, L.H., and REMICK, D.G. (1996). Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of interleukin-8. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 1685-1693.
32. MUKAIDA, N., OKAMOTO, S., ISHIKAWA, Y., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1994). Molecular mechanism of interleukin-8 gene expression. J. Leukocyte Biol. 56, 554-558.
33. OKAMOTO, S., NOMURA, H., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1992) Function, molecular structure and gene expression of IL-8. Nippon Rinsho 50, 1816-1820.
34. ROEBUCK, K.A., CARPENTER, L.R., LAKSHMINARAYANAN, V., PAGE, S.M., MOY, J.N., and THOMAS, L.L. (1999). Stimulus-specific regulation of chemokine expression involves differential activation of the redox-responsive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB. J. Leukocyte Biol. 65, 291-298.
35. 2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce differential binding of the redox-responsive transcriptior factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB to the interleukin-8 promoter in endothelial and epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32670-32678.
36. YASUMOTO, K., OKAMOTO, S., MUKAIDA, N., MURAKAMI, S., MAI, M., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1992). Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma synergistically induce interleukin 8 production in a human gastric cancer cell line through acting concurrently on AP-1 and NF-κB-like binding sites of the interleukin 8 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 22506-22511.
37. MUKAIDA, N., HISHINUMA, A., ZACHARIAE, C.O., OPPENHEIM, J.J., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1991). Regulation of human interleukin 8 gene expression and binding of several other members of the intercrine family to receptors for interleukin-8. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 305, 31-38.
38. STEIN, B., and BALDWIN, A.S., JR. (1993). Distinct mechanisms for regulation of the interleukin-8 gene invole synergism and cooperativity between C/EBP and NF-kappa B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7191-7198.
39. MATSUSAKA, T., FUJIKAWA, K., NISHIO, Y., MUKAIDA, N., MATSUSHIMA, K., KISHIMOTO, T., and AKIRA, S. (1993). Transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10193-10197.
40. KUNSCH, C., and ROSEN, C.A. (1993). NF-kappa B subunit-specific regulation of the interleukin-8 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 6137-6146.
41. FIEDLER, M.A., WERNKE-DOLLRIES, K., and STARK, J.M. (1996). Mechanism of RSV-induced IL-8 gene expression in A549 cells before viral replication. Am. J. Physiol. 271, L963-L971.
42. KARIN, M., LIU, Z., and ZANDI, E. (1997). AP-1 function and regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9, 240-246.
43. LANDSCHULZ, W.H., JOHNSON, P.F., and McKNIGHT, S.L. (1988). The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240, 1759-1764.
44. BARNES, P.J. (1997). Nuclear factor-kappa B. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 29, 867-870.
45. MUKAIDA, N., MORITA, M., ISHIKAWA, Y., RICE, N., OKAMOTO, S., KASAHARA, T., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1994). Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. Nuclear factor-kappa B is target for glucocorticoid-mediated interleukin 8 gene repression. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13289-13295.
46. BARNES, P.J., and KARIN, M. (1997). Nuclear factor-kappaB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 1066-1071.
47. PERKINS, N.D., SCHMID, R.M., DUCKETT, C.S., LEUNG, K., RICE, N.R., and NABEL, G.J. (1992). Distinct combinations of NF-kappa B subunits determine the specificity of transcriptional activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 1529-1533.
48. BALDWIN, A.S., JR. (1996). The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 649-683.
49. MERCURIO, F., ZHU, H., MURRAY, B.W., SHEVCHENKO, A., BENNETT, B.L., LI, J., YOUNG, D.B., BARBOSA, M., MANN, M., MANNING, A., and RAO, A. (1997). IKK-1 and IKK-2: cytokine-activated IkappaB kinases essential for NF-kappaB activation. Science 278, 860-866.
50. WORONICZ, J.D., GAO, X., CAO, Z., ROTHE, M., and GOEDDEL, D.V. (1997). IkappaB kinase-beta: NF-kappaB activation and complex formation with IkappaB kinase-alpha and NIK. Science 278, 866-869.
51. LING, L., CAO, Z., and GOEDDEL, D.V. (1998). NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activates IKK-alpha by phosphorylation of Ser-176. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3792-3797.
52. WANG, D., and BALDWIN, A.S., JR. (1998). Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent transcription by tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated through phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on serine 529. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 29411-29416.
53. BIRD, T.A., SCHOOLEY, K., DOWER, S.K., HAGEN, R. and VIRCA, G.D. (1997). Activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB by interleukin-1 is accompanied by casein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation of the p65 subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32606-32612.
54. VIETOR, I., OLIVEIRA, I.C., and VILCEK, J. (1996). CCAAT box enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP-alpha) stimulates kappaB element-mediated transcription in transfected cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5595-5602.
55. AKIRA, S., HIRANO, T., TAGA, T., and KISHIMOTO, T. (1990). Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL-1 and TNF). FASEB J. 4, 2860-2867.
56. AKIRA, S. (1997). IL-6-regulated transcription factors. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 29, 1401-1418.
57. KUNSCH, C., LANG, R.K., ROSEN, CA., and SHANNON, M.F. (1994). Synergistic transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene by NF-kappa B p65 (RelA) and NF-IL-6. J. Immunol. 153, 153-164.
58. STEIN, B., COGSWELL, P.C., and BALDWIN, A.S., JR. (1993). Functional and physical associations between NF-kappa B and C/EBP family members: a Rel domain-bZIP interaction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 3964-3974.
59. LECLAIR, K.P., BLANAR, M.A., and SHARP, P.A. (1992). The p50 subunit of NF-kappa B associates with the NF-IL6 transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8145-8149.
60. ANRATHER, D., MILLAN, M.T., PALMETSHOFER, A., ROBSON, S.C., GECZY, C., RITCHIE, A.J., BACH, F.H., and EWENSTEIN, B.M. (1997). Thrombin activates nuclear factor-kappaB and potentiates endothelial cell activation by TNF. J. Immunol. 159, 5620-5628.
61. KEATES, S., HITTI, Y.S., UPTON, M., and KELLY, C.P. (1997). Helicobacter pylori infection activates NF-kappa B in gastric epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 113, 1099-1109.
62. WECHSLER, A.S., GORDON, M.C., DENDORFER, U., and LECLAIR, K.P. (1994). Induction of IL-8 expression in T cells uses the CD28 costimulatory pathway. J. Immunol. 153, 2515-2523.
63. OTT, M., LOVETT, J.L., MUELLER, L., and VERDIN, E. (1998). Superinduction of IL-8 in T cells by HIV-1 Tat protein is mediated through NF-kappaB factors. J. Immunol. 160, 2872-2880.
64. DE CATERINA, R., LIBBY, P., PENG, H.B., THANNICKAL, V.J., RAJAVASHISTH, T.B., GIMBRONE, M.A., JR., SHIN, W.S., and LIAO, J.K. (1995). Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 60-68.
65. OLIVEIRA, I.C., MUKAIDA, N., MATSUSHIMA, K., and VILCEK, J. (1994). Transcriptional inhibition of the interleukin-8 gene by interferon is mediated by the NF-kappa B site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 5300-5308.
66. ROSEN, T., KRIKUN, G., MA, Y., WANG, E.Y., LOCKWOOD, C.J., and GULLER, S. (1998). Chronic antagonism of nuclear factor-kappaB activity in cytotrophoblasis by dexamethasone: a potential mechanism for antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids in human placenta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 3647-3652.
67. 2, dexamethasone, and IL-4. J. Immunol. 151, 2166-2175.
68. TOBLER, A., MEIER, R., SEITZ, M., DEWALD, B., BAGGIOLINI, M., and FEY, M.F. (1992). Glucocorticoids downregulate gene expression of GM-CSF, NAP-1/IL-8, and IL-6, but not of M-CSF in human fibroblasts. Blood 79, 45-51.
69. WISSINK, S., VAN HEERDE, E.C., VAND DER BURG, B., and VAN DER SAAG, P.T. (1998). A dual mechanism mediates repression of NF-kappaB activity by glucocorticoids. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 355-363.
70. PARK, S.K., LIN, H.L., and MURPHY, S. (1997). Nitric oxide regulates nitric oxide synthase-2 gene expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB binding to DNA. Biochem. J. 322, 609-613.
71. MATTHEWS, J.R., BOTTING, C.H., PANICO, M., MORRIS, H.R., and HAY, R.T. (1996). Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding by nitric oxide. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 2236-2242.
72. DELATORRE, A., SCHROEDER, R.A., and KUO, P.C. (1997). Alteration of NF-kappa B p50 DNA binding kinetics by S-nitrosylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 238, 703-706.
73. PENG, H.B., LIBBY, P., and LIAO, J.K. (1995). Induction and stabilization of I kappa B alpha by nitric oxide mediates inhibition of NF-kappa B. J. Biol.Chem. 270, 14214-14219.
74. SPIECKER, M., PENG, H.B., and LIAO, J.K. (1997). Inhibition of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by nitric oxide involves the induction and nuclear translocation of IkappaBalpha. J. Biol.Chem. 272, 30969-30974.
75. STEIN, B., BALDWIN, A.S., JR., BALLARD, D.W., GREENE, W.C., ANGEL, P., and HERRLICH, P. (1993). Cross-coupling of the NF-kappa B p65 and Fos/Jun transcription factors produces potentiated biological function. EMBO J. 12, 3879-3891.
76. OKAMOTO, S., MUKAIDA, N., YASUMOTO, K., RICE, N., ISHIKAWA, Y., HORIGLCHI, H., MURAKAMI, S., and MATSUSHIMA, K. (1994). The interleukin-8 AP-1 and kappa B-like sites are genetic end targets of FK506-sensitive pathway accompanied by calcium mobilization. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8582-8589.
77. SMEAL, T., ANGEL, P., MEEK, J., and KARIN, M. (1989). Different requirements for formation of Jun:Jun and Jun:Fos complexes. Genes Dev. 3, 2091-2100.
78. ROEBUCK, K.A., BRENNER, D.A., and KAGNOFF, M.F. (1993). Identification of c-fos-responsive elements downstream of TAR in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. J. Clin. Invest. 92, 1336-1348.
79. RABBI, M.F., SAIFUDDIN, M., GU, D.S., KAGNOFF, M.F., and ROEBUCK, K.A. (1997). U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat contains TRE-like cAMP-responsive elements that bind both AP-1 and CREB/ATF proteins. Virology 233, 235-245.
80. KARIN, M., and HUNTER, T. (1995). Transcriptional control by protein phosphorylation: signal transmission from the cell surface to the nucleus. Curr. Biol. 5, 747-757.
81. KARIN, M. (1995). The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol.Chem. 270, 16483-16486.
82. 2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activate intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) gene transcription through distinct cis-regulatory elements within the ICAM-1 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18966-18974.
83. VILLARETE, L.H., and REMICK, D.G. (1995). Nitric oxide regulation of IL-8 expression in human endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 211, 671-676.
84. DEFORCE, L.E., PRESTON, A.M., TAKEUCHI, E., KENNEY, J., BOXER, L.A., and REMICK, D.G. (1993). Regulation of interleukin 8 gene expression by oxidant stress. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25568-25576.
85. KNOBIL, K., CHOI, A.M., WEIGAND, G.W., and JACOBY, D.B. (1998). Role of oxidants in influenza virus-induced gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. 274, L134-L142.
86. JASPERS, I., FLESCHER, E., and CHEN, L.C. (1997). Ozone-induced IL-8 expression and transcription factor binding in respiratory epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 272, L504-L511.
87. SIMEONOVA, P.P., and LUSTER, M.I. (1996). Asbestos induction of nuclear transcription factors and interleukin 8 gene regulation. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 15, 787-795.
88. MASTRONARDE, J.G., MONICK, M.M., and HUNNINGHAKE, G.W. (1995). Oxidant tone regulates IL-8 production in epithelium infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 13, 237-244.
89. METINKO, A.P., KUNKEL, S.L., STANDIFORD, T.J., and STRIETER, R.M. (1992). Anoxia-hyperoxia induces monocyte-derived interleukin-8. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 791-798.
90. REMICK, D.G., and VILLARETE, L. (1996). Regulation of cytokine gene expression by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates. J. Leukocyte Biol. 59, 471-475.
91. SHONO, T., ONO, M., IZUMI, H., JIMI, S.I., MATSUSHIMA, K., OKAMOTO, T., KOHNO, K., and KUWANO, M. (1996). Involvement of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in tubular morphogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells by oxidative stress. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 4231-4239.
92. DONG, W., SIMEONOVA, P.P., GALLUCCI, R., MATHESON, J., FANNIN, R., MONTUSCHI, P., FLOOD, L., and LUSTER, M.I. (1998). Cytokine expression in hepatocytes: role of oxidant stress. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 18, 629-638.
93. DEFORCE, L.E., FANTONE, J.C., KENNEY, J.S., and REMICK, D.G. (1992). Oxygen radical scavengers selectively inhibit interleukin 8 production in human whole blood. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 2123-2129.
94. MASSION, P.P., LINDEN, A., INOUE, H., MATHY, M., GRATTAN, K.M., and NADEL, J.A. (1996). Dimethyl sulfoxide decreases interleukin-8-mediated neutrophil recruitment in the airways. Am. J. Physiol. 271, L838-L843.
95. FAVREAU, L.V., and PICKETT, C.B. (1995). The rat quinone reductase antioxidant response element. Identification of the nucleotide sequence required for basal and inducible activity and detection of antioxidant response element-binding proteins in hepatoma and non-hepatoma cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24468-24474.
96. LIU, S., and PICKETT, C.B. (1996). The rat liver glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit gene: characterization of the binding properties of a nuclear protein from HepG2 cells that has high affinity for the antioxidant response element. Biochemistry 35, 11517-11521.
97. WASSERMAN, W.W., and FAHL, W.E. (1997). Functional antixoidant responsive elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5361-5366.
98. MEYER, M., PAHL, H.L., and BAEUERLE, P.A. (1994). Regulation of the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 by redox changes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 91, 91-100.
99. ABATE, C., PATEL, L., RAUSCHER, F.J.D., and CURRAN, T. (1990). Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science 249, 1157-1161.
100. BITKO, V., and BARIK, S. (1998). Persistent activation of RelA by respiratory syncytial virus involves protein kinase C, under-phosphorylated IkappaBbeta, and sequestration of protein phosphatase 2A by the viral phosphoprotein. J. Virol. 72, 5610-5618.
101. GAROFALO, R., SABRY, M., JAMALUDDIN, M., YU, R.K., CASOLA, A., OGRA, P.L., and BRASIER, A.R. (1996). Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-8 gene by respiratory syncytial virus infection in alveolar epithelial cells: nuclear translocation of the RelA transcription factor as a mechanism producing airway mucosal inflammation. J. Virol. 70, 8773-8781.
102. MASTRONARDE, J.G., HE, B., MONICK, M.M., MUKAIDA, N., MATSUSHIMA, K., and HUNNINGHAKE, G.W. (1996). Induction of interleukin (IL)-8 gene expression by respiratory syncytial virus involves activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and NF-IL-6. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 262-267.
103. ADCOCK, I.M., BROWN, C.R., KWON, O., and BARNES, P.J. (1994). Oxidative stress induces NF kappa B DNA binding and inducible NOS mRNA in human epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199, 1518-1524.
104. SCHRECK. R., ALBERMANN, K., and BAEUERLE, P.A. (1992). Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells [Review]. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 17, 221-237.
105. SCHRECK, R., and BAEUERLE, P.A. (1994). Assessing oxygen radicals as mediators in activation of inducible eukaryotic transcription factor NF-kappa B. Methods Enzymol 234, 151-163.
106. MASTRONARDE, J.G., MONICK, M.M., MUKAIDA, N., MATSUSHIMA, K., and HUNNINGHAKE, G.W. (1998). Activator protein-1 is the preferred transcription factor for cooperative interaction with nuclear factor-kappaB in respiratory syncytial virus-induced interleukin-8 gene expression in airway epithelium. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 1275-1281.
107. RAO, A., LUO, C., and HOGAN, P.G. (1997). Transcription factors of the NFAT family: regulation and function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15, 707-747.
108. SHAW, J.P., UTZ, P.J., DURAND, D.B., TOOLE, J.J., EMMEL, E.A., and CRABTREE, G.R. (1988). Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science 241, 202-205.
109. LUO, C., BURGEON, E., CAREW, J.A., McCAFFREY, P.G., BADALIAN, T.M., LANE, W.S., HOGAN, P.G., and RAO, A. (1996). Recombinant NFAT1 (NFATp) is regulated by calcineurin in T cells and mediates transcription of several cytokine genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3955-3966.
110. LUO, C., SHAW, K.T., RAGHAVAN, A., ARAMBURU, J., GARCIA-COZAR, F., PERRINO, B.A., HOGAN, P.G., and RAO, A. (1996). Interaction of calcineurin with a domain of the transcription factor NFAT1 that controls nuclear import. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8907-8912.
111. +-dependent production and release of IL-8 in human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 161, 4332-4339.
112. McCAFFREY, P.G., GOLDFELD, A.E., and RAO, A. (1994). The role of NFATp in cyclosporin A-sensitive tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30445-30450.
113. LUO, C., BURGEON, E., and RAO, A. (1996). Mechanisms of transactivation by nuclear factor of activated T cells-1. J. Exp. Med. 184, 141-147.
114. KERR, L.D., RANSONE, L.J., WAMSLEY, P., SCHMITT, M.J., BOYER, T.G., ZHOU, Q., BERK, A.J., and VERMA, I.M. (1993). Association between proto-oncoprotein Rel and TATA-binding protein mediates transcriptional activation by NF-kappa B. Nature 365, 412-419.
115. RANSONE, L.J., KERR, L.D., SCHMITT, M.J., WAMSLEY, P., and VERMA, I.M. (1993). The bZIP domains of Fos and Jun mediate a physical association with the TATA box-binding protein. Gene. Expr. 3, 37-48.
116. WU, G.D., LAI, E.J., HUANG, N., and WEN, X. (1997). Oct-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) bind to overlapping elements within the interleukin-8 promoter. The role of Oct-1 as a transcriptional repressor. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2396-2403.
117. MORI, N., MUKAIDA, N., BALLARD, D.W., MATSUSHIMA, K., and YAMAMOTO, N. (1998). Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax transactivates human interleukin 8 gene through acting concurrently on AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB-like sites. Cancer Res. 58, 3993-1000.
118. ZHU, Z., TANG, W., SWALTNEY, J.M., JR., WU, Y., and ELIAS, J.A. (1997). Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-8 in vivo and in vitro: role of NF-kappaB. Am. J. Physiol. 273, L814-L824.
119. SUGITA, N., KIMURA, A., MATSUKI, Y., YAMAMOTO, T., YOSHIE, H., and HARA, K. (1998). Activation of transcription factors and IL-8 expression in neutrophils stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Inflammation 22, 253-267.
120. SHARMA, S.A., TUMMURU, M.K., BLASER, M.J., and KERR, L.D. (1998). Activation of IL-8 gene expression by Helicobacter pylori is regulated by transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B in gastric epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 160, 2401-2407.
121. MAHE, Y., MUKAIDA, N., KUNO, K., AKIYAMA, M., IKEDA, N., MATSUSHIMA, K., and MURAKAMI, S. (1991). Hepatitis B virus X protein transactivates human interleukin-8 gene through acting on nuclear factor κB and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-like cis-elements. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13759-13763.
122. WAGNER, M., KLEIN, C.L., VAN KOOTEN, T.G., and KIRKPATRICK, C.J. (1998). Mechanisms of cell activation by heavy metal ions. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 42, 443-452.