메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 215-227

Assessing Frankia populations in plants and soil using molecular methods

Author keywords

Diversity; In situ hybridization; Polymerase chain reaction; Probe; Ribosomal DNA; Ribosomal RNA; Root nodule; Soil

Indexed keywords

RIBOSOME DNA;

EID: 0033006588     PISSN: 01686496     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-6496(99)00020-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (50)
  • 2
    • 0001786486 scopus 로고
    • Relationships among pure cultured strains of Frankia based on host specificity
    • Baker D.D. Relationships among pure cultured strains of Frankia based on host specificity. Physiol. Plant. 70:1987;245-248.
    • (1987) Physiol. Plant. , vol.70 , pp. 245-248
    • Baker, D.D.1
  • 3
    • 0026616564 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that some Frankia sp. strains are able to cross boundaries between Alnus and Elaeagnus host specificity groups
    • Bosco M., Fernandez M.P., Simonet P., Materassi R., Normand P. Evidence that some Frankia sp. strains are able to cross boundaries between Alnus and Elaeagnus host specificity groups. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1992;1569-1576.
    • (1992) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.58 , pp. 1569-1576
    • Bosco, M.1    Fernandez, M.P.2    Simonet, P.3    Materassi, R.4    Normand, P.5
  • 4
    • 0000184732 scopus 로고
    • Variable compatibility of cloned Alnus glutinosa ecotypes against ineffective Frankia strains
    • Hahn D., Starrenburg M.J.C., Akkermans A.D.L. Variable compatibility of cloned Alnus glutinosa ecotypes against ineffective Frankia strains. Plant Soil. 107:1988;233-243.
    • (1988) Plant Soil , vol.107 , pp. 233-243
    • Hahn, D.1    Starrenburg, M.J.C.2    Akkermans, A.D.L.3
  • 5
    • 0027191394 scopus 로고
    • Biology of Frankia strains, actinomycete symbionts of actinorhizal plants
    • Benson D.R., Silvester W.B. Biology of Frankia strains, actinomycete symbionts of actinorhizal plants. Microbiol. Rev. 57:1993;293-319.
    • (1993) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 293-319
    • Benson, D.R.1    Silvester, W.B.2
  • 7
    • 0002753011 scopus 로고
    • A modified sucrose fractionation procedure for the isolation of frankiae from actinorhizal root nodules and soil samples
    • Baker D., O'Keefe D. A modified sucrose fractionation procedure for the isolation of frankiae from actinorhizal root nodules and soil samples. Plant Soil. 78:1984;23-28.
    • (1984) Plant Soil , vol.78 , pp. 23-28
    • Baker, D.1    O'Keefe, D.2
  • 8
    • 38149146761 scopus 로고
    • Intrageneric variation in nodulation of Alnus: Consequences for quantifying Frankia nodulation units in soil
    • Huss-Danell K., Myrold D.D. Intrageneric variation in nodulation of Alnus: consequences for quantifying Frankia nodulation units in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1994;525-531.
    • (1994) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.26 , pp. 525-531
    • Huss-Danell, K.1    Myrold, D.D.2
  • 9
    • 0002616247 scopus 로고
    • Use of molecular methods to enumerate Frankia in soil
    • (Ritz, K., Dighton, J. and Giller, K.E., Eds.), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK
    • Myrold, D.D., Hilger, A.B., Huss-Danell, K. and Martin, K.J. (1994) Use of molecular methods to enumerate Frankia in soil. In: Beyond the Biomass (Ritz, K., Dighton, J. and Giller, K.E., Eds.), pp. 127-136. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • (1994) In: Beyond the Biomass , pp. 127-136
    • Myrold, D.D.1    Hilger, A.B.2    Huss-Danell, K.3    Martin, K.J.4
  • 10
    • 34249961317 scopus 로고
    • Frankia populations in soils under different tree species - With special emphasis on soils under Betula pendula
    • Smolander A. Frankia populations in soils under different tree species - with special emphasis on soils under Betula pendula. Plant Soil. 121:1990;1-10.
    • (1990) Plant Soil , vol.121 , pp. 1-10
    • Smolander, A.1
  • 13
    • 0027545466 scopus 로고
    • 2-fixing bacteria based on PCR-RFLP-application to the characterization of Frankia strains
    • 2-fixing bacteria based on PCR-RFLP-application to the characterization of Frankia strains. Mol. Ecol. 2:1993;17-26.
    • (1993) Mol. Ecol. , vol.2 , pp. 17-26
    • Jamann, S.1    Fernandez, M.P.2    Normand, P.3
  • 14
    • 0001491263 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a spontaneous thiostrepton-resistant Frankia alni infective isolate using PCR-RFLP of nif and glnII genes
    • Cournoyer B., Normand P. Characterization of a spontaneous thiostrepton-resistant Frankia alni infective isolate using PCR-RFLP of nif and glnII genes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1994;553-559.
    • (1994) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.26 , pp. 553-559
    • Cournoyer, B.1    Normand, P.2
  • 16
    • 0025816357 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships among Frankia genomic species determined by use of amplified 16S rRNA sequences
    • Nazaret S., Cournoyer B., Normand P., Simonet P. Phylogenetic relationships among Frankia genomic species determined by use of amplified 16S rRNA sequences. J. Bacteriol. 173:1991;4072-4078.
    • (1991) J. Bacteriol. , vol.173 , pp. 4072-4078
    • Nazaret, S.1    Cournoyer, B.2    Normand, P.3    Simonet, P.4
  • 17
    • 0028566699 scopus 로고
    • A hypervariable 23S rRNA region provides a discriminating target for specific characterization of uncultured and cultured Frankia
    • Hönerlage W., Hahn D., Zepp K., Zeyer J., Normand P. A hypervariable 23S rRNA region provides a discriminating target for specific characterization of uncultured and cultured Frankia. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 17:1994;433-443.
    • (1994) Syst. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.17 , pp. 433-443
    • Hönerlage, W.1    Hahn, D.2    Zepp, K.3    Zeyer, J.4    Normand, P.5
  • 18
    • 0028306587 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic studies on uncultured Frankia populations in nodules of Datisca cannabina
    • Mirza M.S., Hahn D., Dobritsa S.V., Akkermans A.D.L. Phylogenetic studies on uncultured Frankia populations in nodules of Datisca cannabina. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:1994;313-318.
    • (1994) Can. J. Microbiol. , vol.40 , pp. 313-318
    • Mirza, M.S.1    Hahn, D.2    Dobritsa, S.V.3    Akkermans, A.D.L.4
  • 19
    • 0030959870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of PCR-based typing methods to assess the diversity of Frankia nodule endophytes of the actinorhizal shrub Ceanothus
    • Murry M.A., Konopka A.S., Pratt S.D., Vandergon T.L. The use of PCR-based typing methods to assess the diversity of Frankia nodule endophytes of the actinorhizal shrub Ceanothus. Physiol. Plant. 99:1997;714-721.
    • (1997) Physiol. Plant. , vol.99 , pp. 714-721
    • Murry, M.A.1    Konopka, A.S.2    Pratt, S.D.3    Vandergon, T.L.4
  • 20
    • 0029783415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from Frankia strains in root nodules of Ceanothus griseus, Coriaria arborea, Coriaria plumosa, Discaria toumatou and Purshia tridentata
    • Benson D.R., Stephens D.W., Clawson M.L., Silvester W.B. Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from Frankia strains in root nodules of Ceanothus griseus, Coriaria arborea, Coriaria plumosa, Discaria toumatou and Purshia tridentata. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1996;2904-2909.
    • (1996) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.62 , pp. 2904-2909
    • Benson, D.R.1    Stephens, D.W.2    Clawson, M.L.3    Silvester, W.B.4
  • 21
    • 0026936708 scopus 로고
    • The nodular endophytes of Coriaria spp. form a distinct lineage within the genus Frankia
    • Nick G., Paget E., Simonet P., Moiroud A., Normand P. The nodular endophytes of Coriaria spp. form a distinct lineage within the genus Frankia. Mol. Ecol. 1:1992;175-181.
    • (1992) Mol. Ecol. , vol.1 , pp. 175-181
    • Nick, G.1    Paget, E.2    Simonet, P.3    Moiroud, A.4    Normand, P.5
  • 22
    • 0031711117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of Frankia sp. strains in root nodules of plants from the Elaeagnaceae and Rhamnaceae
    • Clawson M.L., Caru M., Benson D.R. Diversity of Frankia sp. strains in root nodules of plants from the Elaeagnaceae and Rhamnaceae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1998;3539-3543.
    • (1998) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.64 , pp. 3539-3543
    • Clawson, M.L.1    Caru, M.2    Benson, D.R.3
  • 23
    • 0030907368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nodular microsymbionts of Gymnostoma spp. are Elaeagnus-infective Frankia strains
    • Navarro E., Nalin R., Gauthier D., Normand P. The nodular microsymbionts of Gymnostoma spp. are Elaeagnus-infective Frankia strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1997;1610-1616.
    • (1997) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.63 , pp. 1610-1616
    • Navarro, E.1    Nalin, R.2    Gauthier, D.3    Normand, P.4
  • 25
    • 0031260052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic characterization of ineffective Frankia in Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn nodules from wetland soil inoculants
    • Wolters D.J., Van Dijk C., Zoetendal E.G., Akkermans A.D.L. Phylogenetic characterization of ineffective Frankia in Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn nodules from wetland soil inoculants. Mol. Ecol. 6:1997;971-981.
    • (1997) Mol. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 971-981
    • Wolters, D.J.1    Van Dijk, C.2    Zoetendal, E.G.3    Akkermans, A.D.L.4
  • 26
    • 0025234996 scopus 로고
    • Oligonucleotide probes that hybridize with rRNA as a tool to study Frankia strains in root nodules
    • Hahn D., Starrenburg M.J.C., Akkermans A.D.L. Oligonucleotide probes that hybridize with rRNA as a tool to study Frankia strains in root nodules. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1990;1342-1346.
    • (1990) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.56 , pp. 1342-1346
    • Hahn, D.1    Starrenburg, M.J.C.2    Akkermans, A.D.L.3
  • 27
    • 0031055194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a 23S rRNA insertion as target for the analysis of uncultured Frankia populations in root nodules of alders by whole cell hybridization
    • Zepp K., Hahn D., Zeyer J. Evaluation of a 23S rRNA insertion as target for the analysis of uncultured Frankia populations in root nodules of alders by whole cell hybridization. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 20:1997;124-132.
    • (1997) Syst. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.20 , pp. 124-132
    • Zepp, K.1    Hahn, D.2    Zeyer, J.3
  • 28
    • 38149146502 scopus 로고
    • Diversity of Frankia nodule endophytes of the actinorhizal shrub Ceanothus as assessed by RFLP patterns from single nodule lobes
    • Baker D.D., Mullin B.C. Diversity of Frankia nodule endophytes of the actinorhizal shrub Ceanothus as assessed by RFLP patterns from single nodule lobes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1994;547-552.
    • (1994) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.26 , pp. 547-552
    • Baker, D.D.1    Mullin, B.C.2
  • 29
    • 0001762126 scopus 로고
    • Strain discrimination of cultured and symbiotic Frankia by RFLP-PCR
    • McEwan N.R., Wheeler C.T., Milner J.J. Strain discrimination of cultured and symbiotic Frankia by RFLP-PCR. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1994;541-545.
    • (1994) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.26 , pp. 541-545
    • McEwan, N.R.1    Wheeler, C.T.2    Milner, J.J.3
  • 30
    • 0000976835 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Frankia isolates from Casuarina equisetifolia root nodules harvested in West Africa (Senegal and Gambia)
    • Maggia L., Nazaret S., Simonet P. Molecular characterization of Frankia isolates from Casuarina equisetifolia root nodules harvested in West Africa (Senegal and Gambia). Acta Œcol. 13:1992;453-461.
    • (1992) Acta Œcol. , vol.13 , pp. 453-461
    • Maggia, L.1    Nazaret, S.2    Simonet, P.3
  • 31
    • 0030925059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct characterization of Frankia and of close phyletic neighbors from an Alnus viridis rhizosphere
    • Normand P., Chapelon C. Direct characterization of Frankia and of close phyletic neighbors from an Alnus viridis rhizosphere. Physiol. Plant. 99:1997;722-731.
    • (1997) Physiol. Plant. , vol.99 , pp. 722-731
    • Normand, P.1    Chapelon, C.2
  • 32
    • 0030904910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-fixing activity of Frankia strains in relation to soil depth
    • 2-fixing activity of Frankia strains in relation to soil depth. Physiol. Plant. 99:1997;732-738.
    • (1997) Physiol. Plant. , vol.99 , pp. 732-738
    • Nalin, R.1    Normand, P.2    Domenach, A.M.3
  • 33
    • 0030458988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR-RFLP and total DNA homology revealed three related genomic species among broad-host-range Frankia strains
    • Lumini E., Bosco M., Fernandez M.P. PCR-RFLP and total DNA homology revealed three related genomic species among broad-host-range Frankia strains. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 21:1996;303-311.
    • (1996) FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , vol.21 , pp. 303-311
    • Lumini, E.1    Bosco, M.2    Fernandez, M.P.3
  • 34
    • 0030043863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity among Frankia strains nodulating members of the family Casuarinaceae in Australia revealed by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with crushed root nodules
    • Rouvier C., Prin Y., Reddell P., Normand P., Simonet P. Genetic diversity among Frankia strains nodulating members of the family Casuarinaceae in Australia revealed by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with crushed root nodules. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1996;979-985.
    • (1996) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.62 , pp. 979-985
    • Rouvier, C.1    Prin, Y.2    Reddell, P.3    Normand, P.4    Simonet, P.5
  • 35
    • 0026504992 scopus 로고
    • Identification of Casuarina-Frankia strains by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with arbitrary primers
    • Sellstedt A., Wullings B., Nyström U., Gustafsson P. Identification of Casuarina-Frankia strains by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with arbitrary primers. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 93:1992;1-6.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.93 , pp. 1-6
    • Sellstedt, A.1    Wullings, B.2    Nyström, U.3    Gustafsson, P.4
  • 36
    • 0001359468 scopus 로고
    • Use of repetitive sequences and the polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) to fingerprint the genomes of Frankia isolates
    • Murry M.A., Zhang D., Schneider M., De Bruijn F.J. Use of repetitive sequences and the polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) to fingerprint the genomes of Frankia isolates. Symbiosis. 19:1995;223-240.
    • (1995) Symbiosis , vol.19 , pp. 223-240
    • Murry, M.A.1    Zhang, D.2    Schneider, M.3    De Bruijn, F.J.4
  • 37
    • 0025190443 scopus 로고
    • Identification of Frankia strains in nodules by hybridization of polymerase chain reaction products with strain-specific oligonucleotide probes
    • Simonet P., Normand P., Moiroud A., Bardin R. Identification of Frankia strains in nodules by hybridization of polymerase chain reaction products with strain-specific oligonucleotide probes. Arch. Microbiol. 153:1990;235-240.
    • (1990) Arch. Microbiol. , vol.153 , pp. 235-240
    • Simonet, P.1    Normand, P.2    Moiroud, A.3    Bardin, R.4
  • 38
    • 0028211396 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Frankia microsymbionts from spore-positive and spore-negative nodules in a natural alder-stand
    • Simonet P., Bosco M., Chapelon C., Moiroud A., Normand P. Molecular characterization of Frankia microsymbionts from spore-positive and spore-negative nodules in a natural alder-stand. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1994;1335-1341.
    • (1994) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.60 , pp. 1335-1341
    • Simonet, P.1    Bosco, M.2    Chapelon, C.3    Moiroud, A.4    Normand, P.5
  • 39
    • 0028337814 scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity of Datisca cannabina-compatible Frankia strains as determined by sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene
    • Mirza M.S., Hameed S., Akkermans A.D.L. Genetic diversity of Datisca cannabina-compatible Frankia strains as determined by sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1994;2371-2376.
    • (1994) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.60 , pp. 2371-2376
    • Mirza, M.S.1    Hameed, S.2    Akkermans, A.D.L.3
  • 40
    • 0345416471 scopus 로고
    • Identification of Frankia strains by direct DNA hybridization of crushed nodules
    • Simonet P., Le N.T., Teissier du Cros E., Bardin R. Identification of Frankia strains by direct DNA hybridization of crushed nodules. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1988;2500-2503.
    • (1988) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.54 , pp. 2500-2503
    • Simonet, P.1    Le, N.T.2    Teissier Du Cros, E.3    Bardin, R.4
  • 41
    • 0040868163 scopus 로고
    • Identification and localization of Frankia strains in Alnus nodules by in situ hybridization of nifH mRNA with strain specific oligonucleotide probes
    • Prin Y., Mallein-Gerin F., Simonet P. Identification and localization of Frankia strains in Alnus nodules by in situ hybridization of nifH mRNA with strain specific oligonucleotide probes. J. Exp. Bot. 44:1993;815-820.
    • (1993) J. Exp. Bot. , vol.44 , pp. 815-820
    • Prin, Y.1    Mallein-Gerin, F.2    Simonet, P.3
  • 42
    • 0031238576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-situ analysis of introduced and indigenous Frankia populations in soil and root nodules obtained on Alnus glutinosa
    • Zepp K., Hahn D., Zeyer J. In-situ analysis of introduced and indigenous Frankia populations in soil and root nodules obtained on Alnus glutinosa. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29:1997;1595-1600.
    • (1997) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.29 , pp. 1595-1600
    • Zepp, K.1    Hahn, D.2    Zeyer, J.3
  • 43
    • 0025007673 scopus 로고
    • Extraction of ribosomal RNA from soil for detection of Frankia with oligonucleotide probes
    • Hahn D., Kester R., Starrenburg M.J.C., Akkermans A.D.L. Extraction of ribosomal RNA from soil for detection of Frankia with oligonucleotide probes. Arch. Microbiol. 154:1990;329-335.
    • (1990) Arch. Microbiol. , vol.154 , pp. 329-335
    • Hahn, D.1    Kester, R.2    Starrenburg, M.J.C.3    Akkermans, A.D.L.4
  • 44
    • 0028553365 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of Alnus-infective Frankia in a forest soil with and without host trees
    • Myrold D.D., Huss-Danell K. Population dynamics of Alnus-infective Frankia in a forest soil with and without host trees. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1994;533-540.
    • (1994) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.26 , pp. 533-540
    • Myrold, D.D.1    Huss-Danell, K.2
  • 45
    • 0026745065 scopus 로고
    • Detection and enumeration of bacteria in soil by direct DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction
    • Picard C., Ponsonnet C., Paget E., Nesme X., Simonet P. Detection and enumeration of bacteria in soil by direct DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1992;2717-2722.
    • (1992) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.58 , pp. 2717-2722
    • Picard, C.1    Ponsonnet, C.2    Paget, E.3    Nesme, X.4    Simonet, P.5
  • 46
    • 0029767963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of partial sequences of genes coding for 16S rRNA of actinomycetes isolated from Casuarina equisetifolia nodules in Mexico
    • Niner B.M., Brandt J.P., Villegas M., Marshall C.R., Hirsch A.M., Valdes M. Analysis of partial sequences of genes coding for 16S rRNA of actinomycetes isolated from Casuarina equisetifolia nodules in Mexico. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1996;3034-3036.
    • (1996) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.62 , pp. 3034-3036
    • Niner, B.M.1    Brandt, J.P.2    Villegas, M.3    Marshall, C.R.4    Hirsch, A.M.5    Valdes, M.6
  • 47
    • 0029748269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological, physiological, and molecular characterization of actinomycetes isolated from dry soil, rocks, and monument surfaces
    • Eppard M., Krumbein W.E., Koch C., Rhiel E., Staley J.T., Stackebrandt E. Morphological, physiological, and molecular characterization of actinomycetes isolated from dry soil, rocks, and monument surfaces. Arch. Microbiol. 166:1996;12-22.
    • (1996) Arch. Microbiol. , vol.166 , pp. 12-22
    • Eppard, M.1    Krumbein, W.E.2    Koch, C.3    Rhiel, E.4    Staley, J.T.5    Stackebrandt, E.6
  • 48
    • 0026740647 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of Frankia strains from Coriaria nepalensis
    • Mirza M.S., Hahn D., Akkermans A.D.L. Isolation and characterization of Frankia strains from Coriaria nepalensis. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 15:1992;289-295.
    • (1992) Syst. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.15 , pp. 289-295
    • Mirza, M.S.1    Hahn, D.2    Akkermans, A.D.L.3
  • 49
    • 0029347131 scopus 로고
    • Molecular structure of the Frankia spp. nifD-K intergenic spacer and design of Frankia genus compatible primers
    • Nalin R., Domenach A.-M., Normand P. Molecular structure of the Frankia spp. nifD-K intergenic spacer and design of Frankia genus compatible primers. Mol. Ecol. 4:1995;483-491.
    • (1995) Mol. Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 483-491
    • Nalin, R.1    Domenach, A.-M.2    Normand, P.3
  • 50
    • 0040261165 scopus 로고
    • Synthetic oligonucleotide probes for identification of Frankia strains
    • Hahn D., Dorsch M., Stackebrandt E., Akkermans A.D.L. Synthetic oligonucleotide probes for identification of Frankia strains. Plant Soil. 118:1989;211-219.
    • (1989) Plant Soil , vol.118 , pp. 211-219
    • Hahn, D.1    Dorsch, M.2    Stackebrandt, E.3    Akkermans, A.D.L.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.