U.S. psychologists' suicide rates have declined since the l960s

Archives of Suicide Research

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 11-26

  Phillips, Suzanne M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OCCUPATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIST; PSYCHOLOGY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUICIDE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033004892     PISSN: 13811118     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009682521581     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs. (1986). Physician mortality and suicide: Results and implications of the AMA-APA Pilot Study. Connecticut Medicine, 50, 37-43.
2. American Psychological Association. (1981). Membership directory. Washington, DC: Author.
3. Arnetz, B.B., Horte, L.G., Hedberg, A., Theorell, T., Allander, E., & Malker, H. (1987). Suicide patterns among physicians related to other academics as well as to the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 139-143.
4. Austin, R.L., Bologna, M., & Dodge, H.H. (1992). Sex role change, anomie, and female suicide: A test of alternative Durkheimian explanations. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 22, 197-225.
5. Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
6. Comstock, G.W., & Markush, R.E. (1986). Further comments on problems in death certification. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 180-181.
7. Council on Scientific Affairs. (1987). Results and implications of the AMA-APA Physician Mortality Project. JAMA, 257, 2949-2953.
8. Craig, A.G., & Pitts, EN. (1968). Suicide by physicians. Diseases of the Nervous System, 219, 763-772.
9. Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A study in sociology. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
10. Epstein, C.F. (1970). Encountering the male establishment: Sex-status limits of women's careers in the professions. American Journal of Sociology, 75, 965-982.
11. Evenson, R.C., Cho, D.W., & Holland, R. (1988). Identifying psychiatric suicides for research purposes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 1029-1032.
12. Fenster, S., Phillips, S.B., & Rapaport, E.R.G. (1986). The therapist's pregnancy: Intrusion into the analytic space. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
13. Glasser, J.H. (1981). The quality and utility of death certificate data. American Journal of Public Health, 71, 231-233.
14. Guze, S.B., & Robins, E. (1970). Suicide and primary affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 437-438.
15. Hastrup, J.L., Phillips, S.M., Scheiner, J., McAfee, M.P., & Kraemer, D.L. (1986). Individual differences in natural crying frequency among psychologists and the general public. Paper presented at Eastern Psychological Association, New York City.
16. Henriksson, M.M., Aro, H.M., Marttunen, M.J., Heikkinen, M.E., Isometsa, E.T., Kuoppasalmi, K.I., & Lonnqvist, J.K. (1993). Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 935-940.
17. Hill, M.D. (1984). Faculty sex composition and job satisfaction of academic women. International Journal of Women's Studies, 7, 179-188.
18. Howard, A., Pion, G.P., Gottfredson, G.D., Flattau, P.E., Oskamp, S., Pfafflin, S.M., Bray, D.W., & Burstein, A.G. (1986). The changing face of American psychology. American Psychologist, 41, 1311-1327.
19. Izraeli, D.N. (1983). Sex effects or structure effects? An empirical test of Kanter's theory of proportions. Social Forces, 62, 153-165.
20. Jarvis, G.K., Boldt, M., & Butt, J. (1991). Medical examiners and manner of death. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 21, 115-133.
21. Kanter, R.M. (1977a). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 965-990.
22. Kanter, R.M. (1977b). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
23. Lester, D. (1989). Suicide among psychologists and a proposal for the American Psychological Association. Psychological Reports, 64, 65-66.
24. Li, F.P. (1969). Suicide among chemists. Archives of Environmental Health, 19, 518-520.
25. Mausner, J.S., & Steppacher, R.C. (1973). Suicide in professionals: A study of male and female psychologists. American Journal of Epidemiology, 98, 436-445.
26. Office of Demographic, Employment, and Educational Research. (1993). Profile of all APA members. Washington, DC: APA Education Directorate.
27. Ott, E.M. (1989). Effects of the male-female ratio at work: Policemen and male nurses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 41-57.
28. Pepitone-Arreola-Rockwell, F., Rockwell, D., & Core, N. (1981). Fifty-two medical student suicides. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 198-201.
29. Pescosolido, B.A., & Mendelsohn, R. (1986). Social causation of social construction of suicide? An investigation into the social organization of official rates. American Sociological Review, 51, 80-101.
30. Phillips, S.M. (1987). The effect of gender ratio on the work environment and health of professionals. Unpublished MA thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo.
31. Pitts, F.N., Schuller, A.B., Rich, C.L., & Pitts, A.F. (1979). Suicide among U.S. women physicians, 1967-1972. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 694-696.
32. Pope, W. (1982). Durkheim's suicide: A classic analyzed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
33. Richings, J.C., Khara, G.S., & McDowell, M. (1986). Suicide in young doctors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 475-478.
34. Rogers, C. (1994). The group and the group analyst's pregnancies. Group Analysis, 27, 51-61.
35. Simonis-Gayed, D., & Levin, L.A. (1994). The therapist's pregnancy: Children's transference and countertransference reactions. Psychotherapy, 31, 196-200.
36. Sonneck, G., & Wagner, R. (1996). Suicide and burnout of physicians. Omega, 33, 255-263.
37. Stack, S. (1987). The effect of female participation in the labor force on suicide: A time series analysis, 1948-1980. Sociological Forum, 2, 257-277.
38. Stapp, J., Tucker, A.M., & VandenBos, G.R. (1985). Census of psychological personnel: 1983. American Psychologist, 40, 1317-1351.
39. Stefansson, C.G., & Wicks, S. (1991). Health care occupations and suicide in Sweden 1961-1985. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26, 259-264.
40. Steppacher, R.C., & Mausner, J.S. (1974). Suicide in male and female physicians. JAMA, 228, 323-328.
41. Walrath, J., Li, F.P., Hoar, S.K., Mead, M.W., & Fraumeni, J.F. (1985). Causes of death among female chemists. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 883-885.
42. Wechsler, H., & Pugh, T.F. (1967). Fit of individual and community characteristics and rate of psychiatric hospitalization. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 331-338.
43. Welner, A., Marten, S., Wochnick, E., Davis, M.A., Fishman, R., & Clayton, P.J. (1979). Psychiatric disorders among professional women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 169-173.
44. Wolman, C., & Frank, H. (1975). The solo woman in a professional peer group. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 164-171.
45. Yang, B., & Lester, D. (1995). Suicidal behavior and unemployment. In S.S. Canetto & D. Lester (Eds.), Women and suicidal behavior, ch. 7 (pp. 97-108). New York: Springer Publishing Company.