The adaptive significance of spines on pine cones

Ecology

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1221-1229

  Coffey, Kimberly ^a   Benkman, Craig W ^a   Milligan, Brook G ^a  

^a NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Evolutionary models; Foraging behavior; Hard pines; Loxia curvirostra; Phylogenetic analysis; Pine cone spines; Pinus; Predation; Seed defenses; Seed retention

Indexed keywords

ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSE; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; SEED PREDATION;

LOXIA; LOXIA CURVIROSTRA; PINUS (SUBGENUS); PINUS MUGO; PINUS PONDEROSA; PINUS PUNGENS;

EID: 0033003519     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1221:TASOSO]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

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