메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 276, Issue 6 45-6, 1999, Pages

Parasympathetic modulation of sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in rabbit heart: A unifying model

Author keywords

Action potential simulation; Cardiac pacemaker cell; Extrajunctional receptor; Hodgkin Huxley model; Isoprenaline; Junctional receptor; Muscarinic receptors; Phase sensitivity; Phase response curve; Steady state entrainment; Whole cell voltage clamp

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ISOPRENALINE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR;

EID: 0033001517     PISSN: 03636135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.6.h2221     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (89)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 0025977319 scopus 로고
    • Phase resetting and entrainment of pacemaker activity in single sinus nodal cells
    • Anumonwo, J., M. Delmar, V. A. D. Michaels, and J. Jalife. Phase resetting and entrainment of pacemaker activity in single sinus nodal cells. Circ. Res. 68: 1138-1153, 1991.
    • (1991) Circ. Res. , vol.68 , pp. 1138-1153
    • Anumonwo, J.1    Delmar, M.2    Michaels, V.A.D.3    Jalife, J.4
  • 3
    • 0023191072 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes
    • Bonner, T., N. Buckley, A. Young, and M. Brann. Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. Science 237: 527-532, 1987.
    • (1987) Science , vol.237 , pp. 527-532
    • Bonner, T.1    Buckley, N.2    Young, A.3    Brann, M.4
  • 5
    • 0028132898 scopus 로고
    • Ionophoretically applied acetylcholine and vagal stimulation in the arrested sinus venosus of the toad, Bufo marinus
    • Bramich, N., J. Brock, F. Edwards, and G. Hirst. Ionophoretically applied acetylcholine and vagal stimulation in the arrested sinus venosus of the toad, Bufo marinus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 478: 289-300, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.478 , pp. 289-300
    • Brock, J.1    Edwards, F.2    Hirst, G.3
  • 6
    • 0022350208 scopus 로고
    • Uncoupling of cardiac muscarinic and β-adrenergic receptors from ion channels by a guanine nucleotide analogue
    • Breitwieser, G., and G. Szabo. Uncoupling of cardiac muscarinic and β-adrenergic receptors from ion channels by a guanine nucleotide analogue. Nature 317: 538-540, 1985.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.317 , pp. 538-540
    • Breitwieser, G.1    Szabo, G.2
  • 7
    • 0023940032 scopus 로고
    • + channel activation as revealed by hydrolysis-resistant GTP analogues
    • + channel activation as revealed by hydrolysis-resistant GTP analogues. J. Gen. Physiol. 91: 469-493, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.91 , pp. 469-493
    • Szabo, G.1
  • 8
    • 0020695564 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model of the vagally driven primary pacemaker
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 13
    • Bristow, D., and J. Clark. A mathematical model of the vagally driven primary pacemaker. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 13): H150-H161, 1983.
    • (1983) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.244
    • Clark, J.1
  • 9
    • 0000989314 scopus 로고
    • The action of a single vagal volley on the rhythm of the heart beat
    • a. Brown, G., and J. Eccles. The action of a single vagal volley on the rhythm of the heart beat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 82: 211-240, 1934.
    • (1934) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.82 , pp. 211-240
    • Brown, G.1    Eccles, J.2
  • 10
    • 84944495783 scopus 로고
    • Further experiments on vagal inhibition of the heart beat
    • Brown, G., and J. Eccles. Further experiments on vagal inhibition of the heart beat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 82: 242-257, 1934.
    • (1934) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.82 , pp. 242-257
    • Brown, G.1    Eccles, J.2
  • 11
    • 0002825369 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose acetylcholine reduces calcium current in isolated sino-atrial node cells of rabbit
    • 65P
    • a. Brown, H., and J. Denyer. Low-dose acetylcholine reduces calcium current in isolated sino-atrial node cells of rabbit (Abstract). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 410: 65P, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.410
    • Brown, H.1    Denyer, J.2
  • 12
    • 0018387132 scopus 로고
    • How does adrenaline accelerate the heart?
    • Brown, H., D. DiFrancesco, and S. Noble. How does adrenaline accelerate the heart? Nature 280: 235-236, 1979.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.280 , pp. 235-236
    • Brown, H.1    DiFrancesco, D.2    Noble, S.3
  • 13
    • 0025303085 scopus 로고
    • Effects of vagal stimulation and applied acetylcholine on the arrested sinus venosus of the toad
    • Bywater, R., G. Campbell, F. Edwards, and G. Hirst. Effects of vagal stimulation and applied acetylcholine on the arrested sinus venosus of the toad. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 425: 1-27, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.425 , pp. 1-27
    • Bywater, R.1    Campbell, G.2    Edwards, F.3    Hirst, G.4
  • 14
    • 0024391383 scopus 로고
    • Effects of vagal stimulation and applied acetylcholine on pacemaker potentials in the guinea-pig heart
    • Campbell, G., F. Edwards, G. Hirst, and J. O'Shea. Effects of vagal stimulation and applied acetylcholine on pacemaker potentials in the guinea-pig heart. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 415: 57-68, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.415 , pp. 57-68
    • Campbell, G.1    Edwards, F.2    Hirst, G.3    O'Shea, J.4
  • 17
    • 0027431136 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the sino-atrial node of the guinea-pig
    • Choate, J., F. Edwards, G. Hirst, and J. O'Shea. Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the sino-atrial node of the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 471: 707-727, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.471 , pp. 707-727
    • Choate, J.1    Edwards, F.2    Hirst, G.3    O'Shea, J.4
  • 18
    • 0027304535 scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic neuro-muscular junctions in the guinea-pig sino-atrial node
    • Choate, J., M. Klemm, and G. Hirst. Sympathetic and parasympathetic neuro-muscular junctions in the guinea-pig sino-atrial node. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 44: 1-16, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. , vol.44 , pp. 1-16
    • Choate, J.1    Klemm, M.2    Hirst, G.3
  • 19
    • 0028115490 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model of a rabbit sinoatrial node cell
    • Cell Physiol. 35
    • Demir, S., J. Clark, C. Murphey, and W. Giles. A mathematical model of a rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Cell Physiol. 35): C832-C852, 1994.
    • (1994) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.266
    • Demir, S.1    Clark, J.2    Murphey, C.3    Giles, W.4
  • 21
    • 0345311989 scopus 로고
    • + pump in isolated cardiac myocytes
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 20
    • + pump in isolated cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 251 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 20): H218-H225, 1986.
    • (1986) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.251
    • Desilets, M.1    Baumgarten, C.2
  • 22
    • 0024442611 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical model of the changes in heart rate elicited by vagal stimulation
    • Dexter, F., M. Levy, and Y. Rudy. Mathematical model of the changes in heart rate elicited by vagal stimulation. Circ. Res. 65: 1330-1339, 1989.
    • (1989) Circ. Res. , vol.65 , pp. 1330-1339
    • Dexter, F.1    Levy, M.2    Rudy, Y.3
  • 23
    • 0024562582 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical model of dependence of heart rate on tissue concentration of ACh
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 25
    • Dexter, F., G. Saidel, and M. Levy. Mathematical model of dependence of heart rate on tissue concentration of ACh. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 25): H520-H526, 1989.
    • (1989) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.256
    • Dexter, F.1    Saidel, G.2    Levy, M.3
  • 24
    • 0009648627 scopus 로고
    • f and the neuronal modulation of heart rate
    • edited by D. Zipes and J. Jalife. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, chapt. 4
    • f and the neuronal modulation of heart rate. In: Cardiac Electrophysiology, edited by D. Zipes and J. Jalife. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1990, chapt. 4, p. 28-35.
    • (1990) Cardiac Electrophysiology , pp. 28-35
    • DiFrancesco, D.1
  • 25
    • 0024598929 scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic modulation of cardiac rate at low acetylcholine concentrations
    • DiFrancesco, D., P. Ducouret, and R. Robinson. Muscarinic modulation of cardiac rate at low acetylcholine concentrations. Science 243: 669-671, 1989.
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 669-671
    • DiFrancesco, D.1    Ducouret, P.2    Robinson, R.3
  • 26
    • 0022422465 scopus 로고
    • A model of cardiac electrical activity incorporating ionic pumps and concentration changes
    • DiFrancesco, D., and D. Noble. A model of cardiac electrical activity incorporating ionic pumps and concentration changes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 307: 353-398, 1985.
    • (1985) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.307 , pp. 353-398
    • DiFrancesco, D.1    Noble, D.2
  • 27
    • 0025782740 scopus 로고
    • Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP
    • DiFrancesco, D., and P. Tortora. Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP. Nature 351: 145-147, 1991.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 145-147
    • DiFrancesco, D.1    Tortora, P.2
  • 29
    • 0023795120 scopus 로고
    • f) induced by acetylcholine in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes
    • f) induced by acetylcholine in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 405: 477-491, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.405 , pp. 477-491
    • Tromba, C.1
  • 30
    • 0027624491 scopus 로고
    • Modification of DiFrancesco-Noble equations to simulate the effects of vagal stimulation on in vivo mammalian sinoatrial node electrical activity
    • Dokos, S., B. Celler, and N. Lovell. Modification of DiFrancesco-Noble equations to simulate the effects of vagal stimulation on in vivo mammalian sinoatrial node electrical activity. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 21: 321-335, 1993.
    • (1993) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.21 , pp. 321-335
    • Dokos, S.1    Celler, B.2    Lovell, N.3
  • 31
    • 0014879957 scopus 로고
    • Effect of timing of vagal stimulation on heart rate in the dog
    • Dong, E., and B. Reitz. Effect of timing of vagal stimulation on heart rate in the dog. Circ. Res. 27: 635-646, 1970.
    • (1970) Circ. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 635-646
    • Dong, E.1    Reitz, B.2
  • 32
    • 0027925830 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the effects of vagal stimulation on the sinus venosus of the toad
    • Edwards, F., N. Bramich, and G. Hirst. Analysis of the effects of vagal stimulation on the sinus venosus of the toad. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 341: 149-162, 1993.
    • (1993) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.341 , pp. 149-162
    • Edwards, F.1    Bramich, N.2    Hirst, G.3
  • 33
    • 0023262627 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine and the mammalian "slow inward" current: A computer investigation
    • Egan, T., and S. Noble. Acetylcholine and the mammalian "slow inward" current: a computer investigation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 230: 315-337, 1987.
    • (1987) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.230 , pp. 315-337
    • Egan, T.1    Noble, S.2
  • 34
    • 0027330204 scopus 로고
    • 1 muscarinic receptors increase calcium current and phosphoinositide turnover in guinea-pig ventricular cardiocytes
    • 1 muscarinic receptors increase calcium current and phosphoinositide turnover in guinea-pig ventricular cardiocytes. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 471: 41-60, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.471 , pp. 41-60
    • Gallo, M.1    Alloatti, G.2    Eva, C.3    Oberto, A.4    Levi, R.5
  • 35
    • 0028179841 scopus 로고
    • + pump current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes by a cAMP-dependent PKA pathway
    • + pump current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes by a cAMP-dependent PKA pathway. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 477: 373-380, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.477 , pp. 373-380
    • Gao, J.1    Cohen, I.2    Mathias, R.3    Baldo, G.4
  • 37
    • 0019792943 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic transmitter actions on cardiac pacemaker tissue: A brief review
    • Giles, W., and E. Shibata. Autonomic transmitter actions on cardiac pacemaker tissue: a brief review. Federation Proc. 40: 2618-2624, 1981.
    • (1981) Federation Proc. , vol.40 , pp. 2618-2624
    • Giles, W.1    Shibata, E.2
  • 39
    • 0025357412 scopus 로고
    • Phase resetting in a model of sinoatrial nodal membrane: Ionic and topological aspects
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 27
    • Guevara, M., and H. Jongsma. Phase resetting in a model of sinoatrial nodal membrane: ionic and topological aspects. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 27): H734-H747, 1990.
    • (1990) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.258
    • Guevara, M.1    Jongsma, H.2
  • 40
    • 0026752518 scopus 로고
    • Three ways of abolishing automaticity in sinoatrial node: Ionic modeling and nonlinear dynamics
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 31
    • Guevara, M., and H. Jongsma. Three ways of abolishing automaticity in sinoatrial node: ionic modeling and nonlinear dynamics. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 31): H1268-H1286, 1992.
    • (1992) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.262
    • Guevara, M.1    Jongsma, H.2
  • 41
    • 0024471765 scopus 로고
    • Modulation by intracellular calcium of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current in rabbit single sino-atrial node cells
    • Hagiwara, N., and H. Irisawa. Modulation by intracellular calcium of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current in rabbit single sino-atrial node cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 409: 121-141, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.409 , pp. 121-141
    • Hagiwara, N.1    Irisawa, H.2
  • 42
    • 0343733756 scopus 로고
    • Transient-type calcium current contributes to the pace-maker potential in isolated rabbit sino-atrial node cells
    • 104P
    • Hagiwara, N., H. Irisawa, and M. Kameyama. Transient-type calcium current contributes to the pace-maker potential in isolated rabbit sino-atrial node cells (Abstract). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 382: 104P, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.382
    • Hagiwara, N.1    Irisawa, H.2    Kameyama, M.3
  • 43
    • 0023874297 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino-atrial node cells
    • Hagiwara, N., H. Irisawa, and M. Kameyama. Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino-atrial node cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 395: 233-253, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.395 , pp. 233-253
    • Hagiwara, N.1    Irisawa, H.2    Kameyama, M.3
  • 44
    • 0028316965 scopus 로고
    • An obligatory role for nitric oxide in autonomic control of mammalian heart rate
    • Han, X., Y. Shimoni, and W. Giles. An obligatory role for nitric oxide in autonomic control of mammalian heart rate. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 476: 309-314, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.476 , pp. 309-314
    • Han, X.1    Shimoni, Y.2    Giles, W.3
  • 45
    • 0029083986 scopus 로고
    • A cellular mechanism for nitric oxide-mediated cholinergic control of mammalian heart rate
    • Han, X., Y. Shimoni, and W. Giles. A cellular mechanism for nitric oxide-mediated cholinergic control of mammalian heart rate. J. Gen. Physiol. 106: 45-65, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.106 , pp. 45-65
    • Han, X.1    Shimoni, Y.2    Giles, W.3
  • 46
    • 0019314524 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and presynaptic nerve terminals in the amphibian heart
    • Hartzell, H. Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and presynaptic nerve terminals in the amphibian heart. J. Cell Biol. 86: 6-20, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Cell Biol. , vol.86 , pp. 6-20
    • Hartzell, H.1
  • 47
    • 0024154085 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of cardiac ion channels by catecholamines, acetylcholine and second messenger system
    • Hartzell, H. Regulation of cardiac ion channels by catecholamines, acetylcholine and second messenger system. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 52: 165-247, 1988.
    • (1988) Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 165-247
    • Hartzell, H.1
  • 48
    • 0022445997 scopus 로고
    • On the mechanism of muscarinic inhibition of the cardiac Ca current
    • Hescheler, J., M. Kameyama, and W. Trautwein. On the mechanism of muscarinic inhibition of the cardiac Ca current. Pflügers Arch. 407: 182-189, 1986.
    • (1986) Pflügers Arch. , vol.407 , pp. 182-189
    • Kameyama, M.1    Trautwein, W.2
  • 49
    • 0008035342 scopus 로고
    • Effect of vagal stimulation on the sinus venosus of the frog's heart
    • Hutter, O., and W. Trautwein. Effect of vagal stimulation on the sinus venosus of the frog's heart. Nature 176: 512-513, 1955.
    • (1955) Nature , vol.176 , pp. 512-513
    • Hutter, O.1    Trautwein, W.2
  • 50
    • 0000732951 scopus 로고
    • Vagal and sympathetic effects on the pacemaker fibers in the sinus venosus of the heart
    • Hutter, O., and W. Trautwein. Vagal and sympathetic effects on the pacemaker fibers in the sinus venosus of the heart. J. Gen. Physiol. 39: 715-733, 1956.
    • (1956) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.39 , pp. 715-733
    • Hutter, O.1    Trautwein, W.2
  • 51
    • 0024379399 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine increases intracellular sodium activity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fiber
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 25
    • Iacono, G., and M. Vassalle. Acetylcholine increases intracellular sodium activity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fiber. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 25): H1407-H1416, 1989.
    • (1989) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.256
    • Iacono, G.1    Vassalle, M.2
  • 52
    • 0011928870 scopus 로고
    • An acceleratory component of the parasympathetic control of heart rate
    • Iano, T., M. Levy, and M. Lee. An acceleratory component of the parasympathetic control of heart rate. Am. J. Physiol. 224: 997-1005, 1973.
    • (1973) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.224 , pp. 997-1005
    • Iano, T.1    Levy, M.2    Lee, M.3
  • 53
    • 0027509511 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node
    • Irisawa, H., H. Brown, and W. Giles. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node. Physiol. Rev. 73: 197-227, 1993.
    • (1993) Physiol. Rev. , vol.73 , pp. 197-227
    • Irisawa, H.1    Brown, H.2    Giles, W.3
  • 54
    • 0027305118 scopus 로고
    • + pump function in voltage-clamped ventricular myocytes of the rat heart
    • + pump function in voltage-clamped ventricular myocytes of the rat heart. Pflügers Arch. 424: 361-363, 1993.
    • (1993) Pflügers Arch. , vol.424 , pp. 361-363
    • Ishizuka, N.1    Berlin, J.2
  • 55
    • 0018603040 scopus 로고
    • Phasic effects of vagal stimulation on pacemaker activity of the isolated sinus node of the young cat
    • Jalife, J., and G. Moe. Phasic effects of vagal stimulation on pacemaker activity of the isolated sinus node of the young cat. Circ. Res. 45: 595-607, 1979.
    • (1979) Circ. Res. , vol.45 , pp. 595-607
    • Jalife, J.1    G, M.2
  • 56
    • 0020622616 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic vagal control of pacemaker activity in the mammalian sinoatrial node
    • Jalife, J., V. Slenter, J. Salata, and D. Michaels. Dynamic vagal control of pacemaker activity in the mammalian sinoatrial node. Circ. Res. 52: 642-656, 1983.
    • (1983) Circ. Res. , vol.52 , pp. 642-656
    • Slenter, V.1    Salata, J.2    Michaels, D.3
  • 57
    • 0026780283 scopus 로고
    • Structure of autonomic neuromuscular junctions in the sinus venosus of the toad
    • Klemm, M., G. Hirst, and G. Campbell. Structure of autonomic neuromuscular junctions in the sinus venosus of the toad. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 39: 139-150, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. , vol.39 , pp. 139-150
    • Klemm, M.1    Hirst, G.2    Campbell, G.3
  • 58
    • 0021844035 scopus 로고
    • Regional differences in the electrical activity of the rabbit sinus node
    • Kodama, I., and M. Boyett. Regional differences in the electrical activity of the rabbit sinus node. Pflügers Arch. 404: 214-226, 1985.
    • (1985) Pflügers Arch. , vol.404 , pp. 214-226
    • Kodama, I.1    Boyett, M.2
  • 59
    • 0018126958 scopus 로고
    • Sinus node extracellular potassium transients following vagal stimulation
    • Kronhaus, K. D., J. Spear, and E. Moore. Sinus node extracellular potassium transients following vagal stimulation. Nature 275: 322-324, 1978.
    • (1978) Nature , vol.275 , pp. 322-324
    • Kronhaus, K.D.1    Spear, J.2    Moore, E.3
  • 60
    • 0014575616 scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical effect of vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate in dogs
    • Levy, M., P. Martin, T. Iano, and H. Zieske. Paradoxical effect of vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate in dogs. Circ. Res. 25: 303-314, 1969.
    • (1969) Circ. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 303-314
    • Levy, M.1    Martin, P.2    Iano, T.3    Zieske, H.4
  • 61
    • 0018855414 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of adrenaline and acetylcholine on cardiac pacemaker function. Functional inhomogeneity of the rabbit sinus node
    • Mackaay, A., T. Op't Hof, W. Bleeker, H. Jongsma, and L. Bouman. Interaction of adrenaline and acetylcholine on cardiac pacemaker function. Functional inhomogeneity of the rabbit sinus node. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 214: 417-422, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.214 , pp. 417-422
    • Mackaay, A.1    Op't Hof, T.2    Bleeker, W.3    Jongsma, H.4    Bouman, L.5
  • 62
    • 0021215527 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model of the effects of acetylcholine pulses on sinoatrial pacemaker activity
    • Michaels, D., E. Matyas, and J. Jalife. A mathematical model of the effects of acetylcholine pulses on sinoatrial pacemaker activity. Circ. Res. 55: 89-101, 1984.
    • (1984) Circ. Res. , vol.55 , pp. 89-101
    • Michaels, D.1    Matyas, E.2    Jalife, J.3
  • 63
    • 18844476869 scopus 로고
    • A model of dynamic vagus-sinoatrial node interactions
    • Heart Circ. Physiol. 14
    • Michaels, D., V. Slenter, and J. Salata. A model of dynamic vagus-sinoatrial node interactions. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 14): H1043-H1053, 1983.
    • (1983) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.245
    • Michaels, D.1    Slenter, V.2    Salata, J.3
  • 65
    • 0002618638 scopus 로고
    • Parasympathetic control of the SA node cell in rabbit heart - A model
    • edited by S. Sideman and R. Beyar. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhof
    • Murphey, C., and J. Clark. Parasympathetic control of the SA node cell in rabbit heart - a model. In: Activation, Metabolism and Perfusion of the Heart, edited by S. Sideman and R. Beyar. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhof, 1987, p. 41-59.
    • (1987) Activation, Metabolism and Perfusion of the Heart , pp. 41-59
    • Murphey, C.1    Clark, J.2
  • 66
    • 0023161083 scopus 로고
    • Molecular properties of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
    • Nathanson, N. Molecular properties of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 10: 195-236, 1987.
    • (1987) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.10 , pp. 195-236
    • Nathanson, N.1
  • 67
    • 0021226282 scopus 로고
    • A model of sino-atrial node electrical activity based on a modification of the DiFrancesco-Noble (1984) equations
    • Noble, D., and S. Noble. A model of sino-atrial node electrical activity based on a modification of the DiFrancesco-Noble (1984) equations. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 222: 295-304, 1984.
    • (1984) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.222 , pp. 295-304
    • Noble, D.1    Noble, S.2
  • 68
    • 0022646455 scopus 로고
    • GTP-binding proteins couple cardiac muscarinic receptors to potassium channels
    • Noma, A. GTP-binding proteins couple cardiac muscarinic receptors to potassium channels. Trends Neurosci. 9: 142-143, 1986.
    • (1986) Trends Neurosci. , vol.9 , pp. 142-143
    • Noma, A.1
  • 69
    • 0016415110 scopus 로고
    • + on the resting membrane potential of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell
    • + on the resting membrane potential of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Jpn. J. Physiol. 25: 287-302, 1975.
    • (1975) Jpn. J. Physiol. , vol.25 , pp. 287-302
    • Irisawa, H.1
  • 70
    • 0004080689 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium fluxes and sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • New York: Raven, chapt. 6
    • Opie, L. Intracellular calcium fluxes and sarcoplasmic reticulum. In: The Heart: Physiology and Metabolism. New York: Raven, 1991, chapt. 6, p. 127-146.
    • (1991) The Heart: Physiology and Metabolism , pp. 127-146
    • Opie, L.1
  • 71
    • 0019040645 scopus 로고
    • On the kinetics of the potassium current activated by acetylcholine in the SA node of the rabbit heart
    • Osterrieder, W., A. Noma, and W. Trautwein. On the kinetics of the potassium current activated by acetylcholine in the SA node of the rabbit heart. Pflügers Arch. 386: 101-109, 1980.
    • (1980) Pflügers Arch. , vol.386 , pp. 101-109
    • Osterrieder, W.1    Noma, A.2    Trautwein, W.3
  • 72
    • 0019999707 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis and improved identification of a systemic arterial model
    • Paulsen, R., J. Clark, P. Murphy, and J. Burdine. Sensitivity analysis and improved identification of a systemic arterial model. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 29: 164-178, 1982.
    • (1982) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.29 , pp. 164-178
    • Paulsen, R.1    Clark, J.2    Murphy, P.3    Burdine, J.4
  • 73
    • 0023661365 scopus 로고
    • Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
    • Peralta, E., A. Ashkenazi, J. Winslow, D. Smith, J. Ramachandran, and D. Capon. Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. EMBO J. 6: 3923-3929, 1987.
    • (1987) EMBO J. , vol.6 , pp. 3923-3929
    • Peralta, E.1    Ashkenazi, A.2    Winslow, J.3    Smith, D.4    Ramachandran, J.5    Capon, D.6
  • 74
    • 0027394464 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of muscarinic control of the high-threshold calcium current in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes
    • Petit-Jacques, J., P. Bois, J. Bescond, and J. Lenfant. Mechanism of muscarinic control of the high-threshold calcium current in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes. Pflügers Arch. 423: 21-27, 1993.
    • (1993) Pflügers Arch. , vol.423 , pp. 21-27
    • Petit-Jacques, J.1    Bois, P.2    Bescond, J.3    Lenfant, J.4
  • 75
    • 0017338668 scopus 로고
    • The time course of cellular responses to iontophoretically applied drugs
    • Purves, R. The time course of cellular responses to iontophoretically applied drugs. J. Theor. Biol. 65: 327-344, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.65 , pp. 327-344
    • Purves, R.1
  • 76
    • 0014540834 scopus 로고
    • The cardiac pacemaker: Effects of regularly spaced nervous input
    • Reid, J. The cardiac pacemaker: effects of regularly spaced nervous input. Am. Heart J. 78: 58-64, 1969.
    • (1969) Am. Heart J. , vol.78 , pp. 58-64
    • Reid, J.1
  • 78
    • 0024413660 scopus 로고
    • Morphological study of the innervation pattern of the rabbit sinoatrial node
    • Roberts, L. A., G. R. Slocum, and D. Riley. Morphological study of the innervation pattern of the rabbit sinoatrial node. Am. J. Anat. 185: 74-88, 1989.
    • (1989) Am. J. Anat. , vol.185 , pp. 74-88
    • Roberts, L.A.1    Slocum, G.R.2    Riley, D.3
  • 79
    • 0020575547 scopus 로고
    • + channels in isolated pacemaker cells of the mammalian heart
    • + channels in isolated pacemaker cells of the mammalian heart. Nature 303: 250-253, 1983.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.303 , pp. 250-253
    • Sakmann, B.1    Noma, A.2    Trautwein, W.3
  • 80
    • 0024536225 scopus 로고
    • Structure and regulation of muscarinic receptors
    • Schimerlik, M. Structure and regulation of muscarinic receptors. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 51: 217-227, 1989.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Physiol. , vol.51 , pp. 217-227
    • Schimerlik, M.1
  • 81
    • 0029873645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of an inwardly-rectifying K channel by G-protein α-subunits
    • a.Schreibmayer, W., W. Dessauer, D. Vorobiov, A. Gilman, H. Lester, N. Davidson, and N. Dascal. Inhibition of an inwardly-rectifying K channel by G-protein α-subunits. Nature 380: 624-627, 1996.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 624-627
    • Dessauer, W.1    Vorobiov, D.2    Gilman, A.3    Lester, H.4    Davidson, N.5    Dascal, N.6
  • 82
    • 0018651784 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of the anion channel in the sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit
    • Seyama, I. Characteristics of the anion channel in the sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 294: 447-460, 1979.
    • (1979) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.294 , pp. 447-460
    • Seyama, I.1
  • 83
    • 0021886436 scopus 로고
    • Threshold effects of acetylcholine on primary pacemaker cells of the rabbit sino-atrial node
    • Shibata, E., W. Giles, and G. Pollack. Threshold effects of acetylcholine on primary pacemaker cells of the rabbit sino-atrial node. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 223: 355-378, 1985.
    • (1985) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.223 , pp. 355-378
    • Shibata, E.1    Giles, W.2    Pollack, G.3
  • 84
    • 0025912511 scopus 로고
    • A model of phase sensitivity of the pacemaking cell in the bullfrog heart
    • Shumaker, J., J. Clark, and W. Giles. A model of phase sensitivity of the pacemaking cell in the bullfrog heart. J. Theor. Biol. 151: 193-230, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.151 , pp. 193-230
    • Shumaker, J.1    Clark, J.2    Giles, W.3
  • 85
    • 0021347668 scopus 로고
    • Vagal control of pacemaker periodicity and intranodal conduction in the rabbit sinoatrial node
    • Slenter, V., J. Salata, and J. Jalife. Vagal control of pacemaker periodicity and intranodal conduction in the rabbit sinoatrial node. Circ. Res. 54: 436-446, 1984.
    • (1984) Circ. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 436-446
    • Slenter, V.1    Salata, J.2    Jalife, J.3
  • 86
    • 0018346156 scopus 로고
    • The effect of brief vagal stimulation on the isolated rabbit sinus node
    • Spear, J., K. D. Kronhaus, E. Moore, and R. Kline. The effect of brief vagal stimulation on the isolated rabbit sinus node. Circ. Res. 44: 75-88, 1979.
    • (1979) Circ. Res. , vol.44 , pp. 75-88
    • Kronhaus, K.D.1    Moore, E.2    Kline, R.3
  • 87
    • 0015537545 scopus 로고
    • Influence of brief vagal and stellate nerve stimulation on pacemaker activity and conduction within the atrioventricular conduction system of the dog
    • Spear, J., and E. Moore. Influence of brief vagal and stellate nerve stimulation on pacemaker activity and conduction within the atrioventricular conduction system of the dog. Circ. Res. 32: 27-41, 1973.
    • (1973) Circ. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 27-41
    • Spear, J.1    Moore, E.2
  • 88
    • 0012979382 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of atrial responses following vagally induced reentry in the isolated sinus node of the rabbit
    • edited by P. Schwartz, A. Brown, A. Malliani, and A. Zanchetti. New York: Raven
    • Spear, J., and E. Moore. Patterns of atrial responses following vagally induced reentry in the isolated sinus node of the rabbit. In: Neural Mechanisms in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Perspectives in Cardiovascular Research, edited by P. Schwartz, A. Brown, A. Malliani, and A. Zanchetti. New York: Raven, 1978, p. 167-178.
    • (1978) Neural Mechanisms in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Perspectives in Cardiovascular Research , pp. 167-178
    • Spear, J.1    Moore, E.2
  • 89
    • 0017999643 scopus 로고
    • Phase-related sensitivity of the sinoatrial node to vagal stimuli in the isolated rat atrium
    • Stuesse, S., M. Levy, and H. Zieske. Phase-related sensitivity of the sinoatrial node to vagal stimuli in the isolated rat atrium. Circ. Res. 43: 217-224, 1978.
    • (1978) Circ. Res. , vol.43 , pp. 217-224
    • Stuesse, S.1    Levy, M.2    Zieske, H.3
  • 90
    • 0026532757 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the isoprenaline-induced chloride current in rabbit heart
    • Takano, M., and A. Noma. Distribution of the isoprenaline-induced chloride current in rabbit heart. Pflügers Arch. 420: 223-226, 1992.
    • (1992) Pflügers Arch. , vol.420 , pp. 223-226
    • Takano, M.1    Noma, A.2
  • 91
    • 0344554517 scopus 로고
    • Changes in sino-atrial node transmembrane potentials on vagal stimulation of the isolated rabbit atrium
    • Toda, N., and T. West. Changes in sino-atrial node transmembrane potentials on vagal stimulation of the isolated rabbit atrium. Nature 205: 808-809, 1965.
    • (1965) Nature , vol.205 , pp. 808-809
    • Toda, N.1    West, T.2
  • 92
    • 0014051226 scopus 로고
    • +, and vagal stimulation in S-A node of the rabbit
    • +, and vagal stimulation in S-A node of the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. 212: 416-423, 1967.
    • (1967) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.212 , pp. 416-423
    • Toda, N.1    West, T.2
  • 93
    • 0000627758 scopus 로고
    • Effects of acetylcholine on SA node of the heart
    • edited by D. Carpenter. New York: Wiley
    • Trautwein, W. Effects of acetylcholine on SA node of the heart. In: Cellular Pacemakers. I. Mechanisms and Pacemaker Generation, edited by D. Carpenter. New York: Wiley, 1981, p. 127-160.
    • (1981) Cellular Pacemakers. I. Mechanisms and Pacemaker Generation , pp. 127-160
    • Trautwein, W.1
  • 95
    • 0025173667 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate regulation by g proteins acting on the cardiac pacemaker channel
    • Yatani, A., K. Okabe, J. Codina, L. Birnbaumer, and A. Brown. Heart rate regulation by G proteins acting on the cardiac pacemaker channel. Science 249: 1163-1166, 1990.
    • (1990) Science , vol.249 , pp. 1163-1166
    • Yatani, A.1    Okabe, K.2    Codina, J.3    Birnbaumer, L.4    Brown, A.5
  • 96
    • 0023835935 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of the Na,K-ATPase by Ca and intracellular proteins
    • Yingst, D. Modulation of the Na,K-ATPase by Ca and intracellular proteins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 50: 291-303, 1988.
    • (1988) Annu. Rev. Physiol. , vol.50 , pp. 291-303
    • Yingst, D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.