Snowshoe hare demography during a cyclic population low

Journal of Animal Ecology

Volumn 68, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 581-594

  Hodges, K E ^a   Krebs, C J ^a   Sinclair, A R E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Body condition; Food addition; Population density; Predator reduction; Survival

Indexed keywords

FOOD AVAILABILITY; MAMMAL; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATOR; RECRUITMENT; SURVIVAL;

LEPUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 0032996851     PISSN: 00218790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00310.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Boonstra, R. & Singleton, G.R. (1993) Population declines in the snowshoe hare and the role of stress. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 91, 126-143.
2. Boulanger, J. & Krebs, C.J. (1994) Comparison of capture-recapture estimators of snowshoe hare populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1800-1807.
3. Boutin, S., Krebs, C.J., Boonstra, R., Dale, M.R.T., Hannon, S.J., Martin, K., Sinclair, A.R.E., Smith, J.N.M., Turkington, R., Blower, M., Byrom, A., Doyle, F.I., Doyle, C., Hik, D., Hofer, L., Hubbs, A., Karels, T., Murray, D.L., O'Donoghue, M., Rohner, C. & Schweiger, S. (1995) Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos, 74, 69-80.
4. Brown, J.S., Kotler, B.P., Smith, R.J., Wirtz, W.O. II (1988) The effects of owl predation on the foraging predation of heteromyid rodents. Oecologia, 76, 408-415.
5. Bryant, J.P. (1981) The regulation of snowshoe hare feeding behaviour during winter by plant antiherbivore chemistry. Proceedings of the World Lagomorph Conference (eds K. Myers & C. D. MacInnes), pp. 720-731. University of Guelph, Guelph.
6. Cary, J.R. & Keith, L.B. (1979) Reproductive changes in the 10-year cycle of snowshoe hares. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57, 375-390.
7. Cox, D.R. & Oakes, D. (1984) Analysis of Survival Data. Chapman and Hall, New York.
8. Desy, E.A., Batzli, G.O. & Liu, J. (1990) Effects of food and predation on behaviour of prairie voles: a field experiment. Oikos, 58, 159-168.
9. Doyle, F.I. & Smith, J.N.M. (1994) Population responses of northern goshawks to the 10-year cycle in numbers of snowshoe hares. Studies in Avian Biology, 16, 122-129.
10. Elton, C. & Nicholson, M. (1942) The ten-year cycle in numbers of the lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology, 11, 96-126.
11. Finerty, J.P. (1980) The Population Ecology of Cycles in Small Mammals. Yale University Press, New Haven.
12. Fox, J.F. & Bryant, J.P. (1984) Instability of the snowshoe hare and woody plant interaction. Oecologia, 63, 128-135.
13. Gilbert, B.S. & Boutin, S. (1991) Effect of moonlight on winter activity of snowshoe hares. Arctic and Alpine Research, 23, 61-65.
14. Gillis, E.A. (1997) Natal dispersal and post-weaning survival of juvenile snowshoe hares during a cyclic population increase. MSc thesis, University of British Columbia.
15. Green, R.G. & Evans, C.A. (1940) Studies on a population cycle of snowshoe hares on the Lake Alexander area. I. Gross annual censuses, 1932-39. Journal of Wildlife Management, 4, 220-238.
16. Hik, D.S. (1994) Predation risk and the 10-year snowshoe hare cycle. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia.
17. Hik, D.S. (1995) Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares. Wildlife Research, 22, 115-129.
18. Keith, L.B. (1974) Some features of population dynamics of mammals. Proceedings of the International Congress of Game Biologists, 11, 17-58.
19. Keith, L.B. (1990) Dynamics of snowshoe hare populations. Current Mammalogy (ed. H. H. Genoways), pp. 119-195. Plenum Press, New York.
20. Keith, L.B. & Windberg, L.A. (1978) A demographic analysis of the snowshoe hare cycle. Wildlife Monographs, 58, 1-70.
21. Keith, L.B., Todd, A.W., Brand, C.J., Adamcik, R.S. & Rusch, D.H. (1977) An analysis of predation during a cyclic fluctuation of snowshoe hares. Proceedings of the International Congress of Game Biologists, 13, 151-175.
22. Keith, L.B., Cary, J.R., Rongstad, O.J. & Brittingham, M.C. (1984) Demography and ecology of a declining snowshoe hare population. Wildlife Monographs, 90, 1-43.
23. Krebs, C.J. (1989) Ecological Methodology. HarperCollins, New York.
24. Krebs, C.J. (1996) Population cycles revisited. Journal of Mammalogy, 77, 8-24.
25. Krebs, C.J. & Singleton, G.R. (1993) Indices of condition for small mammals. Australian Journal of Zoology, 41, 317-323.
26. Krebs, C.J., Gilbert, B.S., Boutin, S., Sinclair, A.R.E. & Smith, J.N.M. (1986) Population biology of snowshoe hares. I. Demography of food-supplemented populations in the southern Yukon, 1976-84. Journal of Animal Ecology, 55, 963-982.
27. Krebs, C.J., Boonstra, R., Boutin, S., Dale, M., Hannon, S., Martin, K., Sinclair, A.R.E., Smith, J.N.M. & Turkington, R. (1992) What drives the snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's Yukon? Wildlife 2001: Populations (eds D. R. McCullough & R. H. Barrett), pp. 886-896. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
28. Krebs, C.J., Boutin, S., Boonstra, R., Sinclair, A.R.E., Smith, J.N.M., Dale, M.R.T., Martin, K. & Turkington, R. (1995) Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science, 269, 1112-1115.
29. Krebs, C.J., Sinclair, A.R.E. & Boutin, S. (1996) Vertebrate community dynamics in the boreal forest of north-western Canada. Frontiers of Population Ecology (eds R. B. Floyd, A. W. Sheppard & P. J. DeBarro), pp. 155-161. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
30. Lagos, V.O., Contreras, L.C., Meserve, P.L., Gutiérrez, J.R. & Jaksic, F.M. (1995) Effects of predation risk on space use by small mammals: a field experiment with a Neotropical rodent. Oikos, 74, 259-264.
31. Lebreton, J.-D. & Clobert, J. (1991) Bird population dynamics, management, and conservation: the role of mathematical modelling. Bird Population Studies: Relevance to Conservation and Management (eds C. M. Perrins, J.-D. Lebreton & G. J. M. Hirons), pp. 105-125. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
32. Lima, S.L. & Dill, L.M. (1990) Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 619-640.
33. McNamara, J.M. & Houston, A.I. (1987) Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology, 68, 1515-1519.
34. May, R.M. (1981) Models for single populations. Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications, 2nd edn. (ed. R. M. May), pp. 5-29. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
35. O'Donoghue, M. & Boutin, S. (1995) Does reproductive synchrony affect juvenile survival rates of northern mammals? Oikos, 74, 115-121.
36. O'Donoghue, M. & Krebs, C.J. (1992) Effects of supplemental food on snowshoe hare reproduction and juvenile growth at a cyclic population peak. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 631-641.
37. O'Donoghue, M., Boutin, S., Krebs, C.J. & Hofer, E.J. (1997) Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos, 80, 150-162.
38. Otis, D., Burnham, K., White, G. & Anderson, D. (1978) Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations. Wildlife Monographs, 62, 1-135.
39. Pease, J.L., Vowles, R.H. & Keith, L.B. (1979) Interaction of snowshoe hares and woody vegetation. Journal of Wildlife Management, 43, 43-60.
40. Rohner, C. (1996) The numerical response of great horned owls to the snowshoe hare cycle: consequences of non-territorial 'floaters' on demography. Journal of Animal Ecology, 65, 359-370.
41. Rohner, C. & Doyle, F.I. (1992) Methods of locating great horned owl nests in the boreal forest. The Journal of Raptor Research, 26, 33-35.
42. Rohner, C. & Krebs, C.J. (1996) Owl predation on snowshoe hares:consequences of antipredator behaviour. Oecologia, 108, 303-310.
43. Royama, T. (1992) Analytical Population Dynamics. Chapman & Hall, London.
44. Seber, G.A.F. (1982) The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters, 2nd edn. Charles Griffin & Co., London.
45. Sinclair, A.R.E. & Arcese, P. (1995) Population consequences of predation sensitive foraging: the Serengeti wildebeest. Ecology, 76, 882-891.
46. Sinclair, A.R.E. & Gosline, J.M. (1997) Solar activity and mammal cycles in the Northern hemisphere. American Naturalist, 149, 776-784.
47. Sinclair, A.R.E., Krebs, C.J., Smith, J.N.M. & Boutin, S. (1988) Population biology of snowshoe hares. III. Nutrition, plant secondary compounds and food limitation. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 787-806.
48. Sinclair, A.R.E., Gosline, J.M., Holdsworth, G., Krebs, C.J., Boutin, S., Smith, J.N.M., Boonstra, R. & Dale, M. (1993) Can the solar cycle and climate synchronize the snowshoe hare cycle in Canada? Evidence from tree rings and ice cores. American Naturalist, 141, 173-198.
49. Smith, C.H. (1983) Spatial trends in Canadian snowshoe hare. Lepus americanus, population cycles. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 97, 151-160.
50. Smith, J.N.M., Krebs, C.J., Sinclair, A.R.E. & Boonstra, R. (1988) Population biology of snowshoe hares. II. Interactions with winter food plants. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 269-286.
51. StatSoft, Inc. (1995) Statistica for Windows, version 5. Tulsa, OK.
52. Stefan, C.I. (1998) Reproduction and pre-weaning juvenile survival in a cyclic population of snowshoe hares. MSc Thesis, University of British Columbia.
53. Trostel, K., Sinclair, A.R.E., Walters, C.J. & Krebs, C.J. (1987) Can predation cause the 10-year hare cycle? Oecologia, 74, 185-192.
54. Vaughan, M.R. & Keith, L.B. (1981) Demographic response of experimental snowshoe hare populations to overwinter food shortage. Journal of Wildlife Management, 45, 354-380.
55. Wolff, J.O. (1980) The role of habitat patchiness in the population dynamics of snowshoe hares. Ecological Monographs, 50, 111-130.
56. Wolff, J.O. (1981) Refugia, dispersal, predation, and geographic variation in snowshoe hare cycles. Proceedings of the World Lagomorph Conference (eds K. Myers & C. D. MacInnes), pp. 441-449. University of Guelph, Guelph.