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2 Gilbert C, Rahi J, Eckstein M, O'Sullivan J, Foster A: Retinopathy of prematurity in middle-income countries. Lancet 1997, 350:12-14. Documentation of high rates of blindness from ROP in middle-income countries that have introduced neonatal intensive care for preterm infants but often have inadequate monitoring of blood gases and screening for ROP. The world may be experiencing a "third epidemic" of ROP as a result.
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4 Crofts BJ, King R, Johnson A: The contribution of low birth weight to severe vision loss in a geographically defined population. Br J Ophthalmol 1998, 82:9-13. A population-based study that provides reliable data on the time of origin (pre-, peri-, or postnatal) of significant visual impairment in preschool children and the contribution of low birth weight. ROP accounted for 5.4% of cases.
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6 Ek U, Fernell E, Jacobson L, Gillberg C: Relation between blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity and autistic spectrum disorders: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998, 40:297-301.
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7 Jacobson L, Fernell E, Broberger U, Ek U, Gillberg C: Children with blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity: a population-based study: perinatal data, neurological and ophthalmological outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998, 40:155-159.
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8 Joint Working Party of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists and the British Association of Perinatal Medicine: Retinopathy of prematurity: guidelines for screening and treatment. Early Hum Dev 1996, 46:239-258.
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9 A Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology: Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:888-889. The most recent US recommendations on screening for ROP. (Clarification appears in the report by Fierson et al., Ophthalmology 1998, 105:941.)
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10
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9 A Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology: Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:888-889. The most recent US recommendations on screening for ROP. (Clarification appears in the report by Fierson et al., Ophthalmology 1998, 105:941.)
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Fierson1
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10 Fierson WM, Palmer EA, Biglan AW, Flynn JT, Petersen RA, Phelps DL: Retinopathy of prematurity guidelines. Ophthalmology 1998, 105:941.
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Fierson, W.M.1
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11 Javitt J, Cas RD, Chiang Y; Cost-effectiveness of screening and cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 1993, 91:859-866.
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0029562110
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An audit of the 1995 Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidelines for screening for retinopathy of prematurity applied retrospectively in one regional neonatal intensive care unit
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12 Fleck BW, Wright E, Dhillon B, Millar GT, Laing IA: An audit of the 1995 Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidelines for screening for retinopathy of prematurity applied retrospectively in one regional neonatal intensive care unit. Eye 1995, 9(suppl):31-35.
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Fleck, B.W.1
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Are we screening too many babies for retinopathy of prematurity?
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13 Goble RS, Jones HS, Fielder AR: Are we screening too many babies for retinopathy of prematurity? Eye 1997, 11:509-514. Reports 5 years' experience of screening 1611 infants tor ROP by one examiner. All 39 infants with stage 3 ROP had birth weights of 1250 g or less or gestational age of 29 weeks or less, but both criteria would be required to detect all cases.
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Goble, R.S.1
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Should fewer premature infants be screened for retinopathy of prematurity in the managed care era?
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14 Wright K, Anderson ME, Walker E, Lorch V: Should fewer premature infants be screened for retinopathy of prematurity in the managed care era? Pediatrics 1998, 102:31-34. A study based on 6 years' experience of screening for ROP in a single unit, which supports the need for both birth weight and gestational age screening criteria. All cases of threshold disease were confined to infants of less than 1200 g birth weight or of 30 weeks' or less gestation, but a cutoff of 28 weeks or less (per the current US recommendations) may miss some cases of advanced ROP.
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Pediatrics
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Wright, K.1
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Lorch, V.4
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16
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Timing of initial screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity
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15 Hutchinson AK, Saunders RA, O'Neil JW, Lovering A, Wilson ME: Timing of initial screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1998, 116:608-612. This report focuses on the timing of initial screening and suggests this can be safely carried out at 7 weeks of age or 34 weeks postmenstrual age, whichever comes first, but not before 5 weeks of age. This timing is within the US guidelines but is more specific.
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Arch Ophthalmol
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Hutchinson, A.K.1
Saunders, R.A.2
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17
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Retinopathy of prematurity in infants of birth weight >2000g after haemorrhagic shock at birth
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16 Jandeck C, Kellner U, Kössel H, Bartsch M, Versmold HT, Foerster MH: Retinopathy of prematurity in infants of birth weight >2000g after haemorrhagic shock at birth. Br J Ophthalmol 1996, 80:728-731.
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Jandeck, C.1
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Foerster, M.H.6
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18
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Retinopathy of prematurity screening, stress related responses, the role of nesting
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17 Slevin M, Murphy JFA, Daly L, O'Keefe M: Retinopathy of prematurity screening, stress related responses, the role of nesting. Br J Ophthalmol 1997, 81:762-764.
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Br J Ophthalmol
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Slevin, M.1
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O'Keefe, M.4
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20
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0032449622
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Disinfection of eyelid speculums for retinopathy examination
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19 Woodman TJ, Coats DK, Paysse EA, Demmler GJ, Rossman SN: Disinfection of eyelid speculums for retinopathy examination. Arch Ophthalmol 1998, 116:1195-1198. This study found 70% isopropyl alcohol swabbing of eyelid speculum to be inadequate disinfection against some bacteria and viruses.
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Arch Ophthalmol
, vol.116
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Woodman, T.J.1
Coats, D.K.2
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Demmler, G.J.4
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21
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0031027679
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Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 weeks' gestation in the north of England between 1983 and 1994
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20 Tin W, Wariyar U, Hey E: Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 weeks' gestation in the north of England between 1983 and 1994. BMJ 1997, 314:107-111.
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22
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A quantitative review of mortality and developmental disability in extremely premature newborns
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21 Lorenz JM, Wooliever DE, Jetton JR, Paneth N: A quantitative review of mortality and developmental disability in extremely premature newborns. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998, 152:425-435.
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23
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0030972767
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Outcome at 2 years of children 23-27 weeks' gestation born in Victoria in 1991-1992
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22 The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group: Outcome at 2 years of children 23-27 weeks' gestation born in Victoria in 1991-1992. J Paediatr Child Health 1997, 33:161-165. In recent years some of the most comprehensive population-based follow-up data on extremely premature infants have been provided by researchers in the state of Victoria, Australia. This study documents declining rates of blindness from ROP over two eras (1985 to 1987 and 1991 to 1992) despite improved survival.
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J Paediatr Child Health
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, pp. 161-165
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24
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0031893215
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Retinopathy of prematurity in infants <29 weeks' gestation at birth in New South Wales from 1986-92
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23 Todd DA, Kennedy J, Cassell C, Roberts S, John E: Retinopathy of prematurity in infants <29 weeks' gestation at birth in New South Wales from 1986-92. J Paediatr Child Health 1998, 34:32-36. A population-based Australian study suggesting that with improved survival of extremely premature infants there may be a higher incidence of stage 3 ROP but that with adequate screening and treatment the incidence of blindness can be minimized.
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J Paediatr Child Health
, vol.34
, pp. 32-36
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Todd, D.A.1
Kennedy, J.2
Cassell, C.3
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25
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The Swedish national prospective study on extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants: Incidence, mortality, morbidity and survival in relation to level of care
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24 Finnström O, Otterblad Olausson P, Sedin G, Serenius F, Svenningsen N, Thiringer K, et al.: The Swedish national prospective study on extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants: incidence, mortality, morbidity and survival in relation to level of care. Acta Paediatr 1997, 86:503-511.
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Acta Paediatr
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Finnström, O.1
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Thiringer, K.6
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26
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0031943477
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Increased survival and deteriorating developmental outcome in 23 to 25 week old gestation infants, 1990-1994 compared with 1984-9
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25 Emsley HCA, Wardle SP, Sims DG, Chiswick ML, D'Souza SW: Increased survival and deteriorating developmental outcome in 23 to 25 week old gestation infants, 1990-1994 compared with 1984-9. Arch Dis Child 1998, 78:F99-F104.
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Arch Dis Child
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Emsley, H.C.A.1
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27
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0032006246
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Retinopathy of prematurity in multiple gestation pregnancies
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26 Blumenfeld LC, Siatkowski RM, Johnson RA, Feuer WJ. Flynn JT: Retinopathy of prematurity in multiple gestation pregnancies. Am J Ophthalmol 1998, 125:197-203.
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Am J Ophthalmol
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Blumenfeld, L.C.1
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28
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0031710707
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Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased seventy of retinopathy of prematurity
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27 Higgins RD, Mendelsohn AL, DeFeo MJ, Ucsel R, Hendricks-Munoz KD: Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased seventy of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1998, 116:601-605. An uncontrolled retrospective study showing that receipt of antenatal steroids by the mother was associated with a significantly decreased risk of stage 2 or higher ROP. The case for using antenatal steroids is compelling and may preclude future prospective randomized controlled trials on this question.
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Arch Ophthalmol
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Higgins, R.D.1
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29
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28 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on the Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes: The effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. JAMA 1995, 273: 413-418.
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Comparative efficacy of exosurf and Survanta surfactants on early clinical course of respiratory distress syndrome and complications of prematurity
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29 Modanlou HD, Boharry K, Padilla G, Norris K, Safvati S, Aranda J: Comparative efficacy of Exosurf and Survanta surfactants on early clinical course of respiratory distress syndrome and complications of prematurity. J Perinatol 1997, 17:455-460.
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Modanlou, H.D.1
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31
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Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 1/2 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity
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30 Quinn GE, Dobson V, Kilvin J, Kaufman LM, Repka MX, Reynolds JD, et al.: Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 1/2 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 1998, 105: 1292-1300. Further information from the natural history arm of the CRYO-ROP study on the development of myopia following acute-phase ROP. Myopia at 5.5 years of age was twice as likely in eyes with acute-phase ROP compared with eyes with no ROP. Birth weight, highest stage of ROP, and degree of myopia at 3 months predicted presence and degree of myopia at 5.5 years.
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Ophthalmology
, vol.105
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Quinn, G.E.1
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Kilvin, J.3
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32
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Development of myopia in infants with birth weights of less than 1251 grams
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31 Quinn GE, Dobson V, Repka MX, Reynolds JD, Kilvin J, Davis B, et al.: Development of myopia in infants with birth weights of less than 1251 grams. Ophthalmology 1992, 99:329-340.
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Quinn, G.E.1
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33
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0031939943
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Strabismus in premature infants in the first year of life
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32 Bremer DL, Palmer EA, Fellows RR, Baker JD, Hardy RJ, Tung B, Rogers GL: Strabismus in premature infants in the first year of life. Arch Ophthalmol 1998, 116:329-333. Report on the incidence of strabismus at 3 and 12 months in infants enrolled in the CRYO-ROP study. At 12 months, 11.8% had strabismus, and the risk was greater with more posterior or higher-stage acute-phase ROP.
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Arch Ophthalmol
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Bremer, D.L.1
Palmer, E.A.2
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34
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Prospective study of New Zealand infants with birth weight less than 1500g and screened for retinopathy of prematurity: Visual outcome at age 7-8 years
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33 Darlow BA, Clemett RS, Horwood LJ, Mogridge N: Prospective study of New Zealand infants with birth weight less than 1500g and screened for retinopathy of prematurity: visual outcome at age 7-8 years. Br J Ophthalmol 1997, 81:935-940. This study reports long-term visual outcome in a national cohort of infants with birth weights of less than 1500 g born in 1986 and screened for acute-phase ROP. The study confirms that birth weight of less than 1500 g increases the risk of childhood visual disorders, and a history of ROP adds further risk, including a near doubling of poor distance acuity, myopia, and strabismus.
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Br J Ophthalmol
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Darlow, B.A.1
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34 Laws D: Premature infants: how long to follow up? [editorial]. Br J Ophthalmol 1997, 81:929.
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Br J Ophthalmol
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Laws, D.1
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Refractive errors in children born before 32 weeks gestation
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35 Pennefather PM, Tin W, Strong NP, Clarke MP, Dutton J, Cottrell DG: Refractive errors in children born before 32 weeks gestation. Eye 1997, 11: 736-743.
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37
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Ocular sequelae in extremely premature infants at 5 years of age
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36 Hebbandi SB, Bowen JR, Hipwell GC, Ma PJ, Leslie GI, Arnold JD: Ocular sequelae in extremely premature infants at 5 years of age. J Paediatr Child Health 1997, 33:339-342.
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Hebbandi, S.B.1
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38
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0031419891
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Visual impairment in very low birthweight children
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37 Powls A, Botting N, Cooke RWI, Stephenson G, Marlow N: Visual impairment in very low birthweight children. Arch Dis Child 1997, 76:F82-F87.
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39
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The continuing threat of retinopathy of prematurity
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38 Palmer EA: The continuing threat of retinopathy of prematurity [editorial]. Am J Ophthalmol 1996, 122:420-423.
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Palmer, E.A.1
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39 Fielder AR, Quinn GE: Myopia of prematurity: nature, nurture, or disease? Br J Ophthalmol 1997, 81:2-3.
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40 Laws F, Laws D, Clark D: Cryotherapy and laser treatment for acute retinopathy of prematurity: refractive outcomes, a longitudinal study. Br J Ophthalmol 1997, 81:12-15. This nonrandomizod study compares refractive errors at 3 and 12 months in eyes treated with either cryotherapy or laser for threshold ROP. Laser treatment was associated with lower degrees of myopia at both time periods.
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Br J Ophthalmol
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Laws, F.1
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A comparison of laser photocoagulation with trans-scleral cryotherapy in the treatment of threshold retinopathy of prematurity
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41 Connolly BP, McNamara JA, Sharma S, Regillo CD, Tasman W: A comparison of laser photocoagulation with trans-scleral cryotherapy in the treatment of threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 1998, 105:1628-1631. Randomized controlled trial of cryotherapy to one eye and laser therapy to the other that found a 7 times greater chance of good visual outcome with laser therapy.
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Connolly, B.P.1
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43
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Cataract following diode laser photoablation for retinopathy of prematurity
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42 Christiansen SP, Bradford JD: Cataract following diode laser photoablation for retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1997, 115:275-276.
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Arch Ophthalmol
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Bilateral hyphemas and cataracts after diode laser retinal photoablation for retinopathy of prematurity
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43 Simons BD, Wilson MC, Hertle RW, Schaefer DB: Bilateral hyphemas and cataracts after diode laser retinal photoablation for retinopathy of prematurity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1998, 35:185-187.
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44 Vander JF, Handa J, McNamara JA, Trese M, Spencer R, Repka MX, et al.: Early treatment of posterior retinopathy of prematurity: a controlled trial. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:1731-1736. Small multicenter randomized controlled trial of early (stage 1) laser treatment of posterior ROP compared with treatment delayed until threshold is reached. There was no advantage for early treatment. Progression to threshold disease in control eyes was usually rapid, but two of 17 did not progress to threshold.
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