Imperfections of the North Atlantic wind-driven ocean circulation: Continental geometry and windstress shape

Journal of Marine Research

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-28

  Dijkstra, Henk A ^a   Molemaker, M Jeroen ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIRCULATION MODELING; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION;

(NORTH); ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0032982338     PISSN: 00222402     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1357/002224099765038544     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Beckmann, A., C. W. Boning, J. Köberle and J. Willebrand. 1994. Effects of increased horizontal resolution in a simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 326-344.
2. Berloff, P. and S. Meacham. 1997. The dynamics of an equivalent barotropic model of the wind-driven circulation. J. Mar. Res., 55, 407-451.
3. Bryan, F. O., C. W. Boning and W. Holland. 1995. On the midlatitude circulation in a high-resolution model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 289-305.
4. Cessi, P., R. Vance Condie and W. R. Young. 1995. Dissipative dynamics of western boundary currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1196-1205.
5. Cessi, P. and G. R. Ierley. 1995. Symmetry-breaking multiple equilibria in quasi-geostrophic, wind-driven flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1196-1205.
6. Chassignet, E. P. and R. Bleck. 1993. The influence of layer outcropping on the separation of boundary currents. Part I: The wind-driven experiments. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1485-1507.
7. Dengg, J. 1993. The problem of Gulf Stream separation: A barotropic approach. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2182-2200.
8. Dengg, J., A. Beckmann and R. Gerdes. 1996. The Gulf Stream separation problem, in The Warm-Water Sphere of the North Atlantic Ocean, W. Kraus, ed., Borntraeger, Berlin-Stuttgart, 253-290.
9. Dijkstra, H. A. and C. A. Katsman. 1997. Temporal variability of the wind-driven quasi-geostrophic double gyre ocean circulation: Basic bifurcation diagrams. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 85, 195-232.
10. Dijkstra, H. A., M. J. Molemaker, A. J. Van der Ploeg and E. F. F. Botta. 1995. An efficient code to compute nonparallel flows and their linear stability. Comp. Fluids, 24, 415-434.
11. Fofonoff, N. P. 1954. Steady flow in a frictionless homogeneous ocean. J. Mar. Res., 13, 254-262.
12. Gangopadhyay, A., P. Cornillon and D. R. Watts. 1992. A test of the Parsons-Veronis hypothesis on the separation of the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1286-1301.
13. Golubitsky, M. and D. G. Schaeffer. 1985. Singularities and Groups in Bifurcation Theory, Volume I, Springer-Verlag, NY, 453 pp.
14. Guckenheimer, J. and P. Holmes. 1983. Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer-Verlag,
15. Hellerman, S. and M. Rosenstein. 1983. Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104.
16. Holland, W. R. 1978. The role of mesoscale eddies in the general circulation of the ocean - numerical experiments using a quasi-geostrophic model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 363-392.
17. Holland, W. R. and F. Bryan. 1994. Modeling the wind and thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and A. Robinson, eds; Kluwer Academic, Netherlands, 35-156.
18. Holland, W. and L. Lin. 1975. On the generation of mesoscale eddies and their contribution to the ocean general circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 642-669.
19. Holland, W. R. and W. J. Schmitz. 1985. Zonal penetration scale of model midlatitude jets. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1859-1875.
20. Jiang, S., F. F. Jin and M. Ghil. 1995. Multiple equilibria and aperiodic solutions in a wind-driven double gyre, shallow water model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 764-786.
21. Johns, W. E., T. J. Shay, J. M. Bane and D. R. Watts. 1995. Gulf Stream structure, transport and recirculation near 68W. J. Geoph. Res., 700, 817-838.
22. McWilliams, J. C. 1996. Modeling the ocean general circulation. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 28, 215-248.
23. Meacham, S. and P. Berloff. 1998. Barotropic, wind-driven circulation in a small basin. J. Mar. Res., 55, 523-563.
24. Meyers, P. G., A. F. Fanning and A. Weaver. 1996. JEBAR, bottom pressure torque and Gulf Stream separation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 671-683.
25. Miller, A., W. Holland and M. Hendershott. 1987. Open-ocean response and normal mode excitation in an eddy-resolving general circulation model. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 37, 253-278.
26. Molemaker, M. and H. Dijkstra. 1999. Multiple equilibria and stability of the North-Atlantic wind-driven ocean circulation, in IMA, Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications: Numerical Methods for Bifurcation Problems and Large-Scale Dynamical Systems, E. Doedel et al., eds., Springer Verlag, NY.
27. Munk, W. 1950. On the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. Meteor., 7, 79-93.
28. New, A. L., R. Bleck, Y. Jia, M. Marsh, M. Huddleston and S. Barnard. 1996. An isopycnic model study of the North Atlantic. Part 1: Model experiment and water mass formation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 253-278.
29. Pedlosky, J. 1987. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Academic Press, NY, 710 pp.
30. _ 1996. Ocean Circulation Theory, Springer, NY, Berlin, 453 pp.
31. Schmitz, W. J. and W. R. Holland. 1982. A preliminary comparison of selected numerical eddy-resolving general circulation experiments with observations. J. Mar. Res., 40, 75-117.
32. Semtner, A. J. and R. M. Chervin. 1992. Ocean general circulation from a global eddy-resolving model. J. Geoph. Res., 97, 5493-5550.
33. Speich, S., H. A. Dijkstra and M. Ghil. 1995. Successive bifurcations in a shallow water model, applied to the wind-driven ocean circulation. Nonl. Proc. Geophys., 37, 289-306.
34. Stern, M. 1975. Minimal properties of planetary eddies. J. Mar. Res., 33, 1-13.
35. Stommel, H. 1948. The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 29, 202-206.
36. Van der Vaart, P. C. F. and H. A. Dijkstra. 1997. Sideband instabilities of mixed barotropic/baroclinic waves growing on a midlatitude zonal jet. Phys. Fluids, 9, 615-631.