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Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 19-54

The rural 'Middling Sort' in early modern England, circa 1640-1740: Some economic, political and socio-cultural characteristics

(1)  Kent, Joan a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICAL PROCESS; RURAL SOCIETY; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

EID: 0032982041     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0956793300001679     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (221)
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    • See the following, listed by date of publication: K. Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England: Three Approaches', in Lloyd Bonfield, Richard M. Smith and Keith Wrightson (eds.), The World We Have Gained: Essays Presented to Peter Laslett (London, 1986), pp. 177-202; Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727-83 (Oxford, 1989); Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730 (London, 1989); K. Wrightson, 'Estates, Degrees and Sorts', in P. J. Corfield (ed.), Language, History and Class (Oxford, 1991), pp. 30-52; J. Barry, 'The State and the Middle Classes in Eighteenth-Century England', Journal of Historical Sociology , 4 (1991), 75-86; Dror Wahrman, 'National Society, Communal Culture: an Argument about the Recent Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Britain', Social History, 17 (1992), 43-72; the essays collected in L. Davison, T. Hitchcock, T. Keirn and R. B. Shoemaker (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 (New York, 1992); Journal of British Studies, 32: 4 (October, 1993) which was devoted to 'Making of the English Middle Class, ca. 1700-1850'; J. Barry, 'The Making of the Middle Class?', Past and Present , 145 (1994), 194-208; the articles collected in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People : Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800 (London and New York, 1994); Michael Mascuch, 'Social Mobility and Middling Self-Identity: The Ethos of British Autobiographers, 1600-1750', Social History , 20 (1995), 45-61 ; Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840 (Cambridge, 1995); and Margaret R. Hunt, The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England 1680-1780 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1996).
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    • (1992) Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750
    • Davison, L.1    Hitchcock, T.2    Keirn, T.3    Shoemaker, R.B.4
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    • (1994) The Middling Sort of People : Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800
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    • 0009370047 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • See the following, listed by date of publication: K. Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England: Three Approaches', in Lloyd Bonfield, Richard M. Smith and Keith Wrightson (eds.), The World We Have Gained: Essays Presented to Peter Laslett (London, 1986), pp. 177-202; Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727-83 (Oxford, 1989); Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730 (London, 1989); K. Wrightson, 'Estates, Degrees and Sorts', in P. J. Corfield (ed.), Language, History and Class (Oxford, 1991), pp. 30-52; J. Barry, 'The State and the Middle Classes in Eighteenth-Century England', Journal of Historical Sociology , 4 (1991), 75-86; Dror Wahrman, 'National Society, Communal Culture: an Argument about the Recent Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Britain', Social History, 17 (1992), 43-72; the essays collected in L. Davison, T. Hitchcock, T. Keirn and R. B. Shoemaker (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 (New York, 1992); Journal of British Studies, 32: 4 (October, 1993) which was devoted to 'Making of the English Middle Class, ca. 1700-1850'; J. Barry, 'The Making of the Middle Class?', Past and Present , 145 (1994), 194-208; the articles collected in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People : Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800 (London and New York, 1994); Michael Mascuch, 'Social Mobility and Middling Self-Identity: The Ethos of British Autobiographers, 1600-1750', Social History , 20 (1995), 45-61 ; Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840 (Cambridge, 1995); and Margaret R. Hunt, The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England 1680-1780 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1996).
    • (1995) Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, C. 1780-1840
    • Wahrman, D.1
  • 19
    • 85179263270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berkeley, Los Angeles and London
    • See the following, listed by date of publication: K. Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England: Three Approaches', in Lloyd Bonfield, Richard M. Smith and Keith Wrightson (eds.), The World We Have Gained: Essays Presented to Peter Laslett (London, 1986), pp. 177-202; Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727-83 (Oxford, 1989); Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730 (London, 1989); K. Wrightson, 'Estates, Degrees and Sorts', in P. J. Corfield (ed.), Language, History and Class (Oxford, 1991), pp. 30-52; J. Barry, 'The State and the Middle Classes in Eighteenth-Century England', Journal of Historical Sociology , 4 (1991), 75-86; Dror Wahrman, 'National Society, Communal Culture: an Argument about the Recent Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Britain', Social History, 17 (1992), 43-72; the essays collected in L. Davison, T. Hitchcock, T. Keirn and R. B. Shoemaker (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 (New York, 1992); Journal of British Studies, 32: 4 (October, 1993) which was devoted to 'Making of the English Middle Class, ca. 1700-1850'; J. Barry, 'The Making of the Middle Class?', Past and Present , 145 (1994), 194-208; the articles collected in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People : Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800 (London and New York, 1994); Michael Mascuch, 'Social Mobility and Middling Self-Identity: The Ethos of British Autobiographers, 1600-1750', Social History , 20 (1995), 45-61 ; Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840 (Cambridge, 1995); and Margaret R. Hunt, The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England 1680-1780 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1996).
    • (1996) The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England 1680-1780
    • Hunt, M.R.1
  • 20
    • 0011665735 scopus 로고
    • New Haven, London, paper ed.
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1942) The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts
    • Campbell, M.1
  • 21
    • 0008563538 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1957) The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village
    • Hoskins, W.G.1
  • 22
    • 84909335341 scopus 로고
    • Liverpool
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1951) Essays in Leicestershire History
  • 23
    • 0345692079 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1965) Provincial England
  • 24
    • 0003805087 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1974) Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
    • Spufford, M.1
  • 25
    • 0003425792 scopus 로고
    • New York, Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1979) Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700
    • Wrightson, K.1    Levine, D.2
  • 26
    • 0004129242 scopus 로고
    • New Brunswick
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1982) English Society 1580-1680
    • Wrightson, K.1
  • 27
    • 0345260370 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1991) A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620
    • McIntosh, M.K.1
  • 28
    • 84958671428 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1991) The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765
    • Levine, D.1    Wrightson, K.2
  • 29
    • 0039825617 scopus 로고
    • London and New York
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1992) The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800
    • Rollinson, D.1
  • 30
    • 57349087426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1996) The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England
    • Griffiths, P.1    Adam, F.2    Hindle, S.3
  • 31
    • 0030429836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exclusion crises: Poverty, migration and parochial responsibility in English rural communities, c. 1560-1660
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1996) Rural History , vol.7 , pp. 125-149
    • Hindle, S.1
  • 32
    • 0343647915 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge PhD thesis
    • Major studies include Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942; London, paper ed., 1983); the works of W. G. Hoskins, esp. The Midland Peasant: An Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village (London, 1957), Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1951) and Provincial England (London, 1965); Margaret Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villagers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1974); Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979; Oxford, Clarendon paperbacks, 1995); and Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (New Brunswick, 1982). See also Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620 (Cambridge, 1991); David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991); David Rollinson, The Local Origins of Modern Society : Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London and New York, 1992). Among very recent local studies which include material and observations on the rural middling sort (and which appeared, or of which I became aware, after completing a draft of this article) see especially the essays collected in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (New York, 1996) ; Steve Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities, c. 1560-1660', Rural History , 7 (1996), 125-49; and a study which spans the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Henry R. French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720' (Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993).
    • (1993) Chief Inhabitants and Their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes 1630-1720
    • French, H.R.1
  • 33
    • 79956919134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Barry and Brooks (eds.)
    • Barry, 'Introduction', in Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People , pp. 4-5.
    • The Middling Sort of People , pp. 4-5
    • Barry1
  • 34
    • 0344829146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Mascuch, 'Social Mobility and Middling Self-Identity', whose random sample of 135 autobiographies and diaries included 2% yeomen and 9% tradesmen, while clergy and professional groups account for 37%. Of a further third who styled themselves gentlemen he believes most to have belonged to the professions (p. 51).
    • Social Mobility and Middling Self-identity , pp. 51
    • Mascuch1
  • 35
    • 25744462152 scopus 로고
    • Hertford county records
    • Hertford
    • Information about the middling in Little Munden is based on the following materials in the Hertfordshire Record Office (hereafter HRO): Bishop's Transcripts of the parish register, Bundle 111, nos. 2-87; parish books with summary accounts and rating lists, D/P71/5/1, D/P71/5/2; the Field Book of 1730, D/P71/3/1; wills and inventories; parish assessments for the land tax in 1715, 1718, 1722, 1725, 1730, 1735, 1741, 1745 and 1749 and one rate for the window tax in 1730; and the hearth tax in Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), E.179/248/ 23, no 43 and E. 179/375/30; manuscript poll books, QPE 1-2 (1697), QPE 5 (1714 ); printed poll books for 1722, 1727, 1734, 1754; Quarter Sessions rolls, (hereafter QSR), 5-7, 14, 17, 20, 22-4, 26 and printed sessions records in W. J. Hardy (ed.), Hertford County Records, (Notes and Extracts from the Sessions Rolls), i-ii (Hertford, 1905), and William Le Hardy (ed.), Hertford County Records, (Calendars to the Sessions Books), v-vii, 1930-31 (the volumes in this series hereafter will be cited as Hertford County Records ).
    • (1905) Notes and Extracts from the Sessions Rolls , vol.1-2
    • Hardy, W.J.1
  • 36
    • 84920330816 scopus 로고
    • Hertford county records
    • Information about the middling in Little Munden is based on the following materials in the Hertfordshire Record Office (hereafter HRO): Bishop's Transcripts of the parish register, Bundle 111, nos. 2-87; parish books with summary accounts and rating lists, D/P71/5/1, D/P71/5/2; the Field Book of 1730, D/P71/3/1; wills and inventories; parish assessments for the land tax in 1715, 1718, 1722, 1725, 1730, 1735, 1741, 1745 and 1749 and one rate for the window tax in 1730; and the hearth tax in Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), E.179/248/ 23, no 43 and E. 179/375/30; manuscript poll books, QPE 1-2 (1697), QPE 5 (1714 ); printed poll books for 1722, 1727, 1734, 1754; Quarter Sessions rolls, (hereafter QSR), 5-7, 14, 17, 20, 22-4, 26 and printed sessions records in W. J. Hardy (ed.), Hertford County Records, (Notes and Extracts from the Sessions Rolls), i-ii (Hertford, 1905), and William Le Hardy (ed.), Hertford County Records, (Calendars to the Sessions Books), v-vii, 1930-31 (the volumes in this series hereafter will be cited as Hertford County Records ).
    • (1930) Calendars to the Sessions Books , vol.5-7
    • Hardy, W.L.1
  • 37
    • 78149300397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information about the middling in Little Munden is based on the following materials in the Hertfordshire Record Office (hereafter HRO): Bishop's Transcripts of the parish register, Bundle 111, nos. 2-87; parish books with summary accounts and rating lists, D/P71/5/1, D/P71/5/2; the Field Book of 1730, D/P71/3/1; wills and inventories; parish assessments for the land tax in 1715, 1718, 1722, 1725, 1730, 1735, 1741, 1745 and 1749 and one rate for the window tax in 1730; and the hearth tax in Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), E.179/248/ 23, no 43 and E. 179/375/30; manuscript poll books, QPE 1-2 (1697), QPE 5 (1714 ); printed poll books for 1722, 1727, 1734, 1754; Quarter Sessions rolls, (hereafter QSR), 5-7, 14, 17, 20, 22-4, 26 and printed sessions records in W. J. Hardy (ed.), Hertford County Records, (Notes and Extracts from the Sessions Rolls), i-ii (Hertford, 1905), and William Le Hardy (ed.), Hertford County Records, (Calendars to the Sessions Books), v-vii, 1930-31 (the volumes in this series hereafter will be cited as Hertford County Records ).
    • Hertford County Records
  • 38
    • 84920327398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Information about the middling in Shelton is derived from accounts of the parish officers in Norfolk and Norwich Record Office (hereafter NNRO), PD358/33; PD 358/41, and microfilm of this manuscript, MF/X/256/11; PD358/78; the parish register PD358/1 (now on microfiche) and wills and inventories (also now on microfiche) in NNRO (Shirehall Microform Room); local rating lists found in PD358/33 and PD358/41 ; hearth tax in PRO, E.179/154/704; printed poll books for 1714, 1734 and 1768.
  • 39
    • 0344397486 scopus 로고
    • Staffordshire Parish Register Society
    • The following materials in the Staffordshire Record Office (hereafter SRO) have been employed in studying the middling in Pattingham: local rating lists and accounts of constables, churchwardens and overseers, D3451/2/2; D3451/2/3; D3451/2/4-59; D3451/5/ 2-46; D3451/6/1; D 3451/6/2-42; settlement documents, D3451/5/61-126, 223-45; other parish materials in D3451/5/308, D3451/8/10; a few accounts and a few wills in D(W)1807, roll 381 and Transcripts of Pattingham Court Rolls D(W)1807, nos. 160-293; Transcripts of Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls, nos. 16-34; occasional original sessions rolls for the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century (Q/SR); Quarter Sessions Order Books (Q/SO), ii-vii, x-xiv (i, viii and ix are not extant); Quarter Sessions Minute Books, Q/SM/e/i, pts. i and ii; and wills and inventories in Staffordshire Joint Record Office, Lichfield (hereafter SJRO); the hearth tax in PRO, E.179/256/31 ; H.R. Thomas (ed.), The Pattingham Parish Register, 1559-1812 (Staffordshire Parish Register Society, 1934). Some of the Staffordshire quarter sessions order books lack pagination, or at least folio numbers are not visible on the microfilm supplied to readers, so sometimes reference will be given only to a particular date of sessions, e.g. Mich. 1660).
    • (1934) The Pattingham Parish Register, 1559-1812
    • Thomas, H.R.1
  • 40
    • 0042692179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Sorts of people" in Tudor and Stuart England
    • Barry and Brooks (eds.)
    • See Keith Wrightson, '"Sorts of people" in Tudor and Stuart England', in Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People; and French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • The Middling Sort of People
    • Wrightson, K.1
  • 42
    • 84920326392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The discussion of local rates is based on assessments found among the parish accounts, SRO, D3451/2/2, D3451/2/3; HRO, D/P71/5/2; NNRO, PD358/33, PD358/41; hearth taxes for the three parishes cited in nn. 6-8 and land tax assessments for Little Munden cited in n. 6; see also Wrightson and Levine, Terling , pp. 34-5, for social categories and distribution of the hearth tax in that parish.
    • Terling , pp. 34-35
    • Wrightson1    Levine2
  • 43
    • 84920327396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SJRO, inventory of Francis Taylor, 28th August 1736. For loans to parish officers see SRO, D3451/2/29; D3451/2/36-41. The Staffordshire inventories (and wills) found in SJRO are catalogued by names and dates: see also Roger Devey, 6th Oct. 1671; Richard Billingsley, 10th June 1701 ; John Smith, 28th July 1709; William Falkener, 8th May 1730; and for some smaller sums loaned at interest see also Henry Northwood, 14th July 1729; Henry Falkener, included with will of Edward Falkener, 27th October 1684; Thomas Phillips, 7th October 1684; Thomas Rudge, 4th September 1717; Roger Bridgin, 30th April 1724; Thomas . Southall, 10th December 1686.
  • 44
    • 84920327395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is based on a study of the land tax records and poll books for Little Munden cited in n. 6 and on the wills and inventories for the parish. The poll books make it possible to trace those entitled to vote because they held freehold in Little Munden but who resided elsewhere and Little Munden residents who held freehold in other parishes. Such men have also been traced in the land tax records of some neighbouring parishes, especially Great Munden, Sacombe and Watton; these records are also found, classified by parish, on microform in HRO.
  • 45
    • 0043072907 scopus 로고
    • An agenda for English local history
    • Leicester
    • See the sources cited in n. 10. Such patterns appear similar to Charles Phythian-Adams's description of 'lineage families' spread over a 'local society' composed of a number of parishes; see his essay 'An Agenda for English Local History', in Phythian-Adams, ed., Societies, Cultures and Kinship, 1580-1850: Cultural Provinces and English Local History (Leicester, 1993), esp. pp. 19-20.
    • (1993) Societies, Cultures and Kinship, 1580-1850: Cultural Provinces and English Local History , pp. 19-20
    • Phythian-Adams1
  • 46
    • 0344829140 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • For Gissing see Joan R. Kent, The English Village Constable: A Social and Administrative Study (Oxford, 1986), pp. 88, 128-9. Some Shelton wills contain evidence of the middling holding property in another parish, sometimes in several, and such patterns may have been fairly common in that parish too; see the following wills in microform in NNRO (Shirehall): MF 224/W 172; MF 225/W 104; MF 221/W 7; MF 225/W 166; MF 219/W 149; MF 223/W 128; MF 213/W 5; MF 222/W 65. A few Pattingham wills contain references to land-holdings in other settlements; but most land in this manor apparently continued to be held in copy-hold, and small transfers within the manor were more common than the acquisition of property in other parishes.
    • (1986) The English Village Constable: A Social and Administrative Study , pp. 88
    • Kent, J.R.1
  • 47
    • 84920327394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For examples of servants' chambers and a maids' chamber see the following Little Munden wills: HRO, 71 HW 10, 25 HW 8; and for the servants' dining room, SJRO, William Barker, 28th April 1742 (will). For some other examples of accommodations for servants see John Smith of Nurton, yeoman, (28th July 1709); William Falkener of Hardwicke, yeoman (8th May 1730) and the following Little Munden inventories, ranging in date from 1626 to 1710: HRO, 80 HW 24; 110 HW 43; 6 HW 45.
  • 48
    • 0003831341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London and New York
    • For recent studies of consumer behaviour see especially Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain 1660-1760 (London and New York, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); and two collections of essays, Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society : The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, 1985) and John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York, 1993).
    • (1988) Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain 1660-1760
    • Weatherill, L.1
  • 49
    • 0003941592 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • For recent studies of consumer behaviour see especially Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain 1660-1760 (London and New York, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); and two collections of essays, Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society : The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, 1985) and John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York, 1993).
    • (1990) The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America
    • Shammas, C.1
  • 50
    • 0004009136 scopus 로고
    • Bloomington
    • For recent studies of consumer behaviour see especially Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain 1660-1760 (London and New York, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); and two collections of essays, Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society : The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, 1985) and John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York, 1993).
    • (1985) The Birth of a Consumer Society : The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England
    • McKendrick, N.1    Brewer, J.2    Plumb, J.H.3
  • 51
    • 0004284378 scopus 로고
    • London and New York
    • For recent studies of consumer behaviour see especially Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain 1660-1760 (London and New York, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); and two collections of essays, Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society : The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, 1985) and John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York, 1993).
    • (1993) Consumption and the World of Goods
    • Brewer, J.1    Porter, R.2
  • 52
    • 84920327393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is based on a study of estate documents (wills and/or inventories) for fifty Pattingham men whose estates were probated between the 1660s and the 1770s; most are found in SJRO, but two wills and four inventories from the early eighteenth century are among the Pattingham court papers in SRO, D(W) 1778/V/1363. The various chambers mentioned are found in the following wills/inventories: James Brown of Copley, gent, (24th May 1701), Benjamin White (22nd January 1705/6), John Smith of Nurton, yeoman (28th July 1709); the yellow bed belonged to William Barker, gent (28th April 1742); and see William Hardwicke of Great More, gent (17th June 1740) and Francis Taylor (11th May 1745).
  • 53
    • 84920327392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is based on the study of wills and/or inventories for 62 men of Little Munden (though some were resident in other parishes, especially Great Munden, at the time of making their wills) in HRO.
  • 55
    • 79956919134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Barry and Brooks (eds.)
    • Barry, 'Introduction', in Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People , pp. 14-15.
    • The Middling Sort of People , pp. 14-15
    • Barry1
  • 56
    • 84920327391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This discussion is based on tax lists, especially the land tax, information about residence and land-holding in the poll books and evidence from wills; and families have been reconstructed (as far as the sources allow) from the Bishop's Transcripts of the parish registers. For full references to these sources see n. 6.
  • 57
    • 0344397482 scopus 로고
    • 26th December
    • SJRO, Thomas Brown (26th December 1692); James Brown (24th May 1701).
    • (1692)
    • Brown, T.1
  • 58
    • 0345692065 scopus 로고
    • 24th May
    • SJRO, Thomas Brown (26th December 1692); James Brown (24th May 1701).
    • (1701)
    • Brown, J.1
  • 59
    • 0039403922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Wrightson, English Society , esp. pp. 225-7; Wrightson and Levine, Terling , esp. ch. 7; Wrightson, 'Sorts of people'.
    • English Society , pp. 225-227
    • Wrightson1
  • 60
    • 84920326392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • esp. ch. 7
    • See Wrightson, English Society , esp. pp. 225-7; Wrightson and Levine, Terling , esp. ch. 7; Wrightson, 'Sorts of people'.
    • Terling
    • Wrightson1    Levine2
  • 61
    • 0344829135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Wrightson, English Society , esp. pp. 225-7; Wrightson and Levine, Terling , esp. ch. 7; Wrightson, 'Sorts of people'.
    • Sorts of People
    • Wrightson1
  • 63
    • 84920327390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The discussion of Pattingham is based on the local accounts cited in n. 8 ; for Alrewas see SRO, D783/2/1/1; D783/2/2/1; D783/2/3/1; D783/2/4/1; D783/2/4/3.
  • 64
    • 84920327389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See n. 6 for the sources on which these statements are based.
  • 65
    • 84920327388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • HRO, Little Munden Land Tax Assessments 1715-16, 1718-38, 1741-9.
  • 66
    • 84920327387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3451/5/33 (Francis Taylor); D3451/5/9 (Edward Parkes); D3451/5/46 (William Rudge); see also D3451/5/9 (Thomas Hardwicke); D3451/2/22 (William Taylor).
  • 67
    • 84920327386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The material in this paragraph is based on the signatures found in parish accounts or on vestry decisions recorded in parish books; for specific references to the parish materials see nn. 6-8.
  • 68
    • 84920327385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Cambridgeshire Record Office (Huntingdon), 2735/9/1, e.g. fos. 21, 22v, 23v, 44v. (constables' accounts). I am grateful to Conrad Russell for drawing my attention to the very rich collection of parish accounts for Great Staughton.
  • 69
    • 84920327384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See below, pp. 20ff
    • See below, pp. 20ff.
  • 70
    • 0344829131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the extent to which other parishioners assisted constables during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, see Kent, Village Constable , pp. 234-9. Evidence from the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century for Pattingham and Shelton is drawn from the accounts of the constables, churchwardens and overseers and there is also some evidence in the Little Munden Parish Book; for full references to these materials see nn. 6-8.
    • Village Constable , pp. 234-239
    • Kent1
  • 71
    • 84920327383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See jury lists found in quarter sessions records, e.g. HRO, QSR 5-7, 14, 17, 20, 24, 26, ranging from 1640 to 1706. The names of a number of grand and petty jurors from Pattingham are found in the sessions order books; see, for example, SRO, Q/SO, x (Mich. 1697, Easter 1701, 1704); xii (Easter, 1728); xiii, 52v, 69v, 92; xiv (Mich. 1737, Epiph. 1737/8) and 19v, 31, 31v, 74, 81, 151.
  • 72
    • 84920326986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hertford County Records, vi, 352, 427; SRO, QS/O, x (Trans. 1703); for other High Constables from Pattingham see the following references in Quarter Sessions records: John Hardwicke of the More, xi (Easter, 1707); William Hardwicke of the More, xiii, 179v (Epiph. 1735/6), also recorded in Q/SM/e, i, pt ii, 262v; Roger Devey of Clive, vii, 158v (Trans. 1666); Roger Devey of Pattingham, xi (Easter, 1711); James Brown of Copley, SRO, Q/SM/e, i, pt 1, 6v (Mich. 1689).
    • Hertford County Records , vol.6 , pp. 352
  • 73
    • 0042107997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The middling sort in eighteenth century politics
    • Barry and Brooks (eds.), and the references cited there
    • For discussion of the role of the middling sort as voters, in the countryside as well as the towns during the eighteenth century, and a summary of conflicting views on this subject, see Rogers, 'The Middling Sort in Eighteenth Century Politics' in Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, and the references cited there.
    • The Middling Sort of People
    • Rogers1
  • 74
    • 84920327381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Printed poll books for Hertfordshire were used for the years 1722, 1727, 1734 and 1754 and manuscript poll books for 1697 and 1714 ( see n. 6); and for Shelton printed poll books for 1714, 1734 and 1768.
  • 75
    • 84976156423 scopus 로고
    • The centre and the localities: State formation and parish government in England, circa 1640-1740
    • For a brief discussion see Joan R. Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities: State Formation and Parish Government in England, circa 1640-1740', The Historical Journal, 38 (1995), 394.
    • (1995) The Historical Journal , vol.38 , pp. 394
    • Kent, J.R.1
  • 76
    • 84920327380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One example of an earlier payment for an unspecified act of Parliament is found in the Ashwell (Herts) churchwardens' accounts for July, 1607 in HRO, D/P7/5/1, p. 297.
  • 77
    • 84920327379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Leicestershire Record Office (hereafter LRO), DE720/30 (constables' accounts), fos. 63, 65, 79, 87, 94v, 97v. In 1653 Friskney (Lines) officers paid for an act for marriages and registers (Lincolnshire Archives Office, hereafter LAO, Friskney, Parish 12/1, pt. ii) and in 1657 constables in Pattingham bought a copy of the act for the Lord's Day (SRO, D3451/6/1). See also an entry in the constables' accounts of Wymeswold (Leics), British Library (BL), Add MS 10457, fo. 240.
  • 78
    • 84920327378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3451/2/3, (1679, 1680-1); D3451/2/7, 24; for other examples see entries in the churchwardens' accounts of Branston (Leics) in 1678 for the act 'for buring in wooling' and in 1689 for several statutes against swearing and drunkenness (LRO, DE 720/6, fos. 5, 17v).
  • 79
    • 0344397476 scopus 로고
    • Banbury Historical Society, Chichester
    • For other disbursements by parish officials for acts and proclamations during this period see, for example, NNRO, PD358/33, p. 100; LAO, North Somercotes, Parish 12/1, 1695-6, 1701, 1708-9; LRO, DE 720/31, fo. 41; DE 720/6, fo. 33v; F.D. Price, ed. The Wigginton Constable's Book 1691-1836 , Banbury Historical Society, 11, Chichester, 1971, p. 4; SRO, D783/2/2/1, 1694-5; D783/2/3/1, 1696-7.
    • (1971) The Wigginton Constable's Book 1691-1836 , vol.11 , pp. 4
    • Price, F.D.1
  • 80
    • 84920327377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • E.g. in Ashwell the workhouse statute of 1723 (HRO, D/P7/25/1, 1st February 1727/8) or the 'new act of Parliament' purchased by the constables of Alrewas (Staffs) in 1742-3 (SRO, D783/2/2/1, 1742-3).
  • 81
    • 85010160440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berkley and Los Angeles
    • Local festivities to celebrate some of these political and military events have been discussed by those concerned with changes over time in the festive calendar e.g. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells : National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (Berkley and Los Angeles, 1989) and Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1994) but they have not been viewed in the context of interrelationships between the state and local communities. Adam Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 597-620, provides an interesting discussion of popular access to political news, but does not discuss these official channels for the circulation of information.
    • (1989) Bonfires and Bells : National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England
    • Cressy, D.1
  • 82
    • 85010160440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • Local festivities to celebrate some of these political and military events have been discussed by those concerned with changes over time in the festive calendar e.g. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells : National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (Berkley and Los Angeles, 1989) and Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1994) but they have not been viewed in the context of interrelationships between the state and local communities. Adam Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 597-620, provides an interesting discussion of popular access to political news, but does not discuss these official channels for the circulation of information.
    • (1994) The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700
    • Hutton, R.1
  • 83
    • 85010160440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rumour, news and popular political opinion in Elizabethan and early Stuart England
    • Local festivities to celebrate some of these political and military events have been discussed by those concerned with changes over time in the festive calendar e.g. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells : National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (Berkley and Los Angeles, 1989) and Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1994) but they have not been viewed in the context of interrelationships between the state and local communities. Adam Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 597-620, provides an interesting discussion of popular access to political news, but does not discuss these official channels for the circulation of information.
    • (1997) The Historical Journal , vol.40 , pp. 597-620
    • Adam, F.1
  • 84
    • 84920327376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3541/2/3; and for other examples of the payments during these years for books of thanksgiving or prayers, and for celebration of military victories, see LRO, DE 720/30, fo. 79v; LRO, DE625/60, fo. 106; HRO, D/P26/7/1.
  • 85
    • 84920327375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3451/2/3; LAO, North Somercotes, Parish 12/1, 5 Nov. 1688; HRO, D/P7/9/1, 1688 and 1689 (constables' accounts) and see also entries in the Ashwell churchwardens accounts, D/P7/5/1, p. 43 and D/P7/5/2B, 1688, 1689, 1696 and 1697 ; LAO, North Somercotes, Parish 12/1, 14th February, 28th February 1688/9, 11th April 1689; LRO, DE 720/6, fos. 9, 15, 16, 20v, 25. Both the churchwardens and the overseers in Gissing (Norfolk) also recorded expenses to celebrate William's coronation, NNRO, PD50/37, PD50/44(S).
  • 86
    • 84920327374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Celebration of George's coronation appears in many accounts; 'the rejoyceing day for victory over the rebbells' in 1716 is found in the constables' accounts of North Somercotes, Parish 12/1 in LAO.
  • 87
    • 84920327373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There was ringing and thanksgiving at the news of peace in Pattingham in 1697-8 and 1712-13, while other occasions of thanksgiving, 'good news' and 'joyful news' recorded by churchwardens there in 1706, 1708-9 and 1713-14 probably marked turning points in English military engagements during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession (SRO, D3451/2/7, 22; D3451/2/16, 18, 23); the churchwardens also paid the ringers for a thanksgiving day in 1746-7 (D3451/2/53).
  • 88
    • 84920327372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3451/2/22 (1711-12); D3451/2/49; LRO, DE 720/6, fo. 4v.
  • 89
    • 57349087426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England
    • Griffiths1
  • 90
    • 0342724299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • The Politics of the Parish
    • Wrightson1
  • 91
    • 79954045832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • The Keeping of the Public Peace
    • Hindle, S.1
  • 92
    • 84873199481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and Their Law, C. 1550-1800
    • Wood, A.1
  • 93
    • 0344829126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • Exclusion Crises
    • Hindle1
  • 94
    • 0345692061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion
    • Fox1
  • 95
    • 0345692060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The place of custom in Plebeian political culture: England, 1550-1800
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • (1997) Social History , vol.22
    • Wood, A.1
  • 96
    • 82555174215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond post-revisionism? The civil war allegiances of the miners of the Derbyshire "peak country"
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • (1997) The Historical Journal , vol.40 , pp. 23-40
  • 97
    • 84920335850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the essays in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England and the Ph.D. theses of several of the authors cited there; especially relevant to the discussion here are the following essays in that volume: Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish'; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace' and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550-1800'. See also Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion'; Andy Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: England, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997); idem, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country" ', The Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 23-40; French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence'.
    • Chief Inhabitants and Their Areas of Influence
    • French1
  • 98
    • 0012648001 scopus 로고
    • Drainers and fenmen: The problem of popular political consciousness in the seventeenth century
    • Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds.), Cambridge
    • Clive Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 166-95.
    • (1985) Order and Disorder in Early Modern England , pp. 166-195
    • Holmes, C.1
  • 99
    • 84959635302 scopus 로고
    • Decision-makers and decision-making in the English criminal law, 1750-1800
    • Peter King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', The Historical Journal, 27 (1984), 25-58; John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 389-99, 406-30; Cynthia B. Herrup, The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth Century England (Cambridge, 1987), chapter 6; Michael MacDonald, 'The Secularization of Suicide in England 1660-1800', Past and Present, 111 (1986), esp. 95-7.
    • (1984) The Historical Journal , vol.27 , pp. 25-58
    • King, P.1
  • 100
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    • Princeton
    • Peter King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', The Historical Journal, 27 (1984), 25-58; John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 389-99, 406-30; Cynthia B. Herrup, The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth Century England (Cambridge, 1987), chapter 6; Michael MacDonald, 'The Secularization of Suicide in England 1660-1800', Past and Present, 111 (1986), esp. 95-7.
    • (1986) Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 , pp. 389-399
    • Beattie, J.1
  • 101
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    • Cambridge, chapter 6
    • Peter King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', The Historical Journal, 27 (1984), 25-58; John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 389-99, 406-30; Cynthia B. Herrup, The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth Century England (Cambridge, 1987), chapter 6; Michael MacDonald, 'The Secularization of Suicide in England 1660-1800', Past and Present, 111 (1986), esp. 95-7.
    • (1987) The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth Century England
    • Herrup, C.B.1
  • 102
    • 0022837720 scopus 로고
    • The secularization of suicide in England 1660-1800
    • Peter King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', The Historical Journal, 27 (1984), 25-58; John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 389-99, 406-30; Cynthia B. Herrup, The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth Century England (Cambridge, 1987), chapter 6; Michael MacDonald, 'The Secularization of Suicide in England 1660-1800', Past and Present, 111 (1986), esp. 95-7.
    • (1986) Past and Present , vol.111 , pp. 95-97
    • MacDonald, M.1
  • 103
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    • See Rogers, 'The Middling Sort in Eighteenth-Century Politics', especially pp. 167-78; and for a recent re-evaluation of the role of electors in the early seventeenth century see Richard Cust, 'Politics and the Electorate', in Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds.), Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics 1603-1642 (London, 1989), pp. 134-67.
    • The Middling Sort in Eighteenth-century Politics , pp. 167-178
    • Rogers1
  • 104
    • 0344829124 scopus 로고
    • Politics and the electorate
    • Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds.), London
    • See Rogers, 'The Middling Sort in Eighteenth-Century Politics', especially pp. 167-78; and for a recent re-evaluation of the role of electors in the early seventeenth century see Richard Cust, 'Politics and the Electorate', in Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds.), Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics 1603-1642 (London, 1989), pp. 134-67.
    • (1989) Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics 1603-1642 , pp. 134-167
    • Cust, R.1
  • 105
    • 0344829131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • especially chapter 7
    • E.g. Kent, Village Constable, especially chapter 7; Keith Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England', in John Brewer and John Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1980); J. A. Sharpe, 'Enforcing the Law in the Seventeenth-Century English Village', in V.A.C. Gattrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980); John S. Craig, 'Cooperation and Initiatives: Elizabethan Churchwardens and the Parish Accounts of Mildenhall', Social History, 18 (1993), 357-80.
    • Village Constable
    • Kent, E.G.1
  • 106
    • 0013518569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two concepts of order: Justices, constables and jurymen in seventeenth-century England
    • John Brewer and John Styles (eds.), New Brunswick, New Jersey
    • E.g. Kent, Village Constable, especially chapter 7; Keith Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England', in John Brewer and John Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1980); J. A. Sharpe, 'Enforcing the Law in the Seventeenth-Century English Village', in V.A.C. Gattrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980); John S. Craig, 'Cooperation and Initiatives: Elizabethan Churchwardens and the Parish Accounts of Mildenhall', Social History, 18 (1993), 357-80.
    • (1980) An Ungovernable People: The English and Their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
    • Wrightson, K.1
  • 107
    • 0039233393 scopus 로고
    • Enforcing the law in the seventeenth-century English village
    • V.A.C. Gattrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), London
    • E.g. Kent, Village Constable, especially chapter 7; Keith Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England', in John Brewer and John Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1980); J. A. Sharpe, 'Enforcing the Law in the Seventeenth-Century English Village', in V.A.C. Gattrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980); John S. Craig, 'Cooperation and Initiatives: Elizabethan Churchwardens and the Parish Accounts of Mildenhall', Social History, 18 (1993), 357-80.
    • (1980) Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500
    • Sharpe, J.A.1
  • 108
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    • Cooperation and initiatives: Elizabethan churchwardens and the parish accounts of Mildenhall
    • E.g. Kent, Village Constable, especially chapter 7; Keith Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England', in John Brewer and John Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1980); J. A. Sharpe, 'Enforcing the Law in the Seventeenth-Century English Village', in V.A.C. Gattrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980); John S. Craig, 'Cooperation and Initiatives: Elizabethan Churchwardens and the Parish Accounts of Mildenhall', Social History, 18 (1993), 357-80.
    • (1993) Social History , vol.18 , pp. 357-380
    • Craig, J.S.1
  • 109
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    • Wrightson, 'Sorts of people in Tudor and Stuart England', esp. pp. 45-8. On more frequent parish meetings see Kent, 'The Center and the Localities', p. 392 and the references cited there, and also J. S. Morrill, Cheshire 1630-1660: County Government and Society During the English Revolution (London, 1974), pp. 229-30, 239-41. For some examples of parishes drawing up petitions see entries in constables' accounts of Branston (Leics) and Mavesyn Ridware (Staffs): LRO, DE720/30, fo. 65 (1645-6); SRO, D3712/4/1, 1643-4, 1644-5. For the other constables' accounts mentioned see LRO, DE625/60 (Waltham); Cambs. Record Office (Huntingdon), 2735/9/1 (Great Staughton); Martyn Bennett (ed.), A Nottinghamshire Village in War and Peace: The Accounts of the Constables of Upton 1640-1666 (Thornton Society Record Series, 39, 1995). I am grateful to Martyn Bennett for a copy of his edition of the Upton accounts.
    • Sorts of People in Tudor and Stuart England , pp. 45-48
    • Wrightson1
  • 110
    • 84920330015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrightson, 'Sorts of people in Tudor and Stuart England', esp. pp. 45-8. On more frequent parish meetings see Kent, 'The Center and the Localities', p. 392 and the references cited there, and also J. S. Morrill, Cheshire 1630-1660: County Government and Society During the English Revolution (London, 1974), pp. 229-30, 239-41. For some examples of parishes drawing up petitions see entries in constables' accounts of Branston (Leics) and Mavesyn Ridware (Staffs): LRO, DE720/30, fo. 65 (1645-6); SRO, D3712/4/1, 1643-4, 1644-5. For the other constables' accounts mentioned see LRO, DE625/60 (Waltham); Cambs. Record Office (Huntingdon), 2735/9/1 (Great Staughton); Martyn Bennett (ed.), A Nottinghamshire Village in War and Peace: The Accounts of the Constables of Upton 1640-1666 (Thornton Society Record Series, 39, 1995). I am grateful to Martyn Bennett for a copy of his edition of the Upton accounts.
    • The Center and the Localities , pp. 392
    • Kent1
  • 111
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    • London
    • Wrightson, 'Sorts of people in Tudor and Stuart England', esp. pp. 45-8. On more frequent parish meetings see Kent, 'The Center and the Localities', p. 392 and the references cited there, and also J. S. Morrill, Cheshire 1630-1660: County Government and Society During the English Revolution (London, 1974), pp. 229-30, 239-41. For some examples of parishes drawing up petitions see entries in constables' accounts of Branston (Leics) and Mavesyn Ridware (Staffs): LRO, DE720/30, fo. 65 (1645-6); SRO, D3712/4/1, 1643-4, 1644-5. For the other constables' accounts mentioned see LRO, DE625/60 (Waltham); Cambs. Record Office (Huntingdon), 2735/9/1 (Great Staughton); Martyn Bennett (ed.), A Nottinghamshire Village in War and Peace: The Accounts of the Constables of Upton 1640-1666 (Thornton Society Record Series, 39, 1995). I am grateful to Martyn Bennett for a copy of his edition of the Upton accounts.
    • (1974) Cheshire 1630-1660: County Government and Society During the English Revolution , pp. 229-230
    • Morrill, J.S.1
  • 112
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    • Thornton Society Record Series
    • Wrightson, 'Sorts of people in Tudor and Stuart England', esp. pp. 45-8. On more frequent parish meetings see Kent, 'The Center and the Localities', p. 392 and the references cited there, and also J. S. Morrill, Cheshire 1630-1660: County Government and Society During the English Revolution (London, 1974), pp. 229-30, 239-41. For some examples of parishes drawing up petitions see entries in constables' accounts of Branston (Leics) and Mavesyn Ridware (Staffs): LRO, DE720/30, fo. 65 (1645-6); SRO, D3712/4/1, 1643-4, 1644-5. For the other constables' accounts mentioned see LRO, DE625/60 (Waltham); Cambs. Record Office (Huntingdon), 2735/9/1 (Great Staughton); Martyn Bennett (ed.), A Nottinghamshire Village in War and Peace: The Accounts of the Constables of Upton 1640-1666 (Thornton Society Record Series, 39, 1995). I am grateful to Martyn Bennett for a copy of his edition of the Upton accounts.
    • (1995) A Nottinghamshire Village in War and Peace: The Accounts of the Constables of Upton 1640-1666 , vol.39
    • Bennett, M.1
  • 113
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    • note
    • E.g. LRO, DE720/30, fos. 64v, 81v, 85, 94v, 95 (3), 95v, 109, 122v and in 1666-7 also with the High Constable and 'the reste of the constables', fo. 122.
  • 114
    • 84920327369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3712/4/1 (constables' accounts, 1649-50).
  • 115
    • 84972287269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliament and the shaping of eighteenth-century English social policy
    • Joanna Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century English Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 63-92 and idem, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in L. Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 (London, 1993), esp. pp. 101-17 (I am grateful to Joanna Innes for an offprint of this essay); L. Davison et al, (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive; and see also Jonathan Barry, 'Introduction' to Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, pp. 21-2; Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', esp. pp. 391-9; Colin Brooks, 'Public Finance and Political Stability: The Administration of the Land Tax 1688-1720', The Historical Journal, 18 (1974), 281-300.
    • (1990) Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser. , vol.40 , pp. 63-92
    • Innes, J.1
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    • The domestic face of the military-fiscal state: Government and society in eighteenth-century Britain
    • L. Stone (ed.), London
    • Joanna Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century English Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 63-92 and idem, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in L. Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 (London, 1993), esp. pp. 101-17 (I am grateful to Joanna Innes for an offprint of this essay); L. Davison et al, (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive; and see also Jonathan Barry, 'Introduction' to Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, pp. 21-2; Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', esp. pp. 391-9; Colin Brooks, 'Public Finance and Political Stability: The Administration of the Land Tax 1688-1720', The Historical Journal, 18 (1974), 281-300.
    • (1993) An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 , pp. 101-117
  • 117
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    • Joanna Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century English Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 63-92 and idem, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in L. Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 (London, 1993), esp. pp. 101-17 (I am grateful to Joanna Innes for an offprint of this essay); L. Davison et al, (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive; and see also Jonathan Barry, 'Introduction' to Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, pp. 21-2; Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', esp. pp. 391-9; Colin Brooks, 'Public Finance and Political Stability: The Administration of the Land Tax 1688-1720', The Historical Journal, 18 (1974), 281-300.
    • Stilling the Grumbling Hive
    • Davison, L.1
  • 118
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    • Introduction
    • Barry and Brooks (eds.)
    • Joanna Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century English Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 63-92 and idem, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in L. Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 (London, 1993), esp. pp. 101-17 (I am grateful to Joanna Innes for an offprint of this essay); L. Davison et al, (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive; and see also Jonathan Barry, 'Introduction' to Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, pp. 21-2; Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', esp. pp. 391-9; Colin Brooks, 'Public Finance and Political Stability: The Administration of the Land Tax 1688-1720', The Historical Journal, 18 (1974), 281-300.
    • The Middling Sort of People , pp. 21-22
    • Barry, J.1
  • 119
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    • Joanna Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century English Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 63-92 and idem, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in L. Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 (London, 1993), esp. pp. 101-17 (I am grateful to Joanna Innes for an offprint of this essay); L. Davison et al, (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive; and see also Jonathan Barry, 'Introduction' to Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, pp. 21-2; Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', esp. pp. 391-9; Colin Brooks, 'Public Finance and Political Stability: The Administration of the Land Tax 1688-1720', The Historical Journal, 18 (1974), 281-300.
    • The Centre and the Localities , pp. 391-399
    • Kent1
  • 120
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    • Public finance and political stability: The administration of the land tax 1688-1720
    • Joanna Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth-Century English Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 63-92 and idem, 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State: Government and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in L. Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain 1688-1815 (London, 1993), esp. pp. 101-17 (I am grateful to Joanna Innes for an offprint of this essay); L. Davison et al, (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive; and see also Jonathan Barry, 'Introduction' to Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, pp. 21-2; Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', esp. pp. 391-9; Colin Brooks, 'Public Finance and Political Stability: The Administration of the Land Tax 1688-1720', The Historical Journal, 18 (1974), 281-300.
    • (1974) The Historical Journal , vol.18 , pp. 281-300
    • Brooks, C.1
  • 121
    • 79956919134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Barry and Brooks (eds.)
    • Barry, 'Introduction', in Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People , p. 15.
    • The Middling Sort of People , pp. 15
    • Barry1
  • 122
    • 84920326392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling ; J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study (Cambridge, 1983); and also Wrightson, English Society , especially pp. 164-73. For Wrightson's response to those who have questioned such a portrayal see 'Postscript: Terling Revisited' and a full bibliography in Wrightson and Levine, Terling (Clarendon Paperbacks edition, 1995), pp. 186-220. See also two more recent contributions to the discussion: Martin Ingram, 'Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority and Marjorie K. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600 (Cambridge, 1998).
    • Terling
    • Wrightson1    Levine2
  • 123
    • 0039874764 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling ; J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study (Cambridge, 1983); and also Wrightson, English Society , especially pp. 164-73. For Wrightson's response to those who have questioned such a portrayal see 'Postscript: Terling Revisited' and a full bibliography in Wrightson and Levine, Terling (Clarendon Paperbacks edition, 1995), pp. 186-220. See also two more recent contributions to the discussion: Martin Ingram, 'Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority and Marjorie K. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600 (Cambridge, 1998).
    • (1983) Crime in Seventeenth-century England: A County Study
    • Sharpe, J.A.1
  • 124
    • 0039403922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling ; J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study (Cambridge, 1983); and also Wrightson, English Society , especially pp. 164-73. For Wrightson's response to those who have questioned such a portrayal see 'Postscript: Terling Revisited' and a full bibliography in Wrightson and Levine, Terling (Clarendon Paperbacks edition, 1995), pp. 186-220. See also two more recent contributions to the discussion: Martin Ingram, 'Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority and Marjorie K. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600 (Cambridge, 1998).
    • English Society , pp. 164-173
    • Wrightson1
  • 125
    • 0344397463 scopus 로고
    • Postscript: Terling revisited
    • Clarendon Paperbacks edition
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling ; J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study (Cambridge, 1983); and also Wrightson, English Society , especially pp. 164-73. For Wrightson's response to those who have questioned such a portrayal see 'Postscript: Terling Revisited' and a full bibliography in Wrightson and Levine, Terling (Clarendon Paperbacks edition, 1995), pp. 186-220. See also two more recent contributions to the discussion: Martin Ingram, 'Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority and Marjorie K. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600 (Cambridge, 1998).
    • (1995) Terling , pp. 186-220
    • Wrightson1    Levine2
  • 126
    • 0345260348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reformation of manners in early modern England
    • Griffiths et al (eds.), Cambridge
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling ; J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study (Cambridge, 1983); and also Wrightson, English Society , especially pp. 164-73. For Wrightson's response to those who have questioned such a portrayal see 'Postscript: Terling Revisited' and a full bibliography in Wrightson and Levine, Terling (Clarendon Paperbacks edition, 1995), pp. 186-220. See also two more recent contributions to the discussion: Martin Ingram, 'Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority and Marjorie K. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600 (Cambridge, 1998).
    • (1998) The Experience of Authority and Marjorie K. McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600
    • Ingram, M.1
  • 127
    • 84920324442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g. SRO, D3451/6/12, 26, and 14 and 34 which involve women who probably were alesellers; SRO, Q/SO, xiv, 130, Q/SM/e/i, pt ii, 249v; an order by the Herts justices in 1691 for putting into force acts for suppressing 'profaness and debauchery', Hertford County Records, vi, 445-6; and Little Munden cases, HRO, QSR 23, no. 248; Hertford County Records, v, 455, 473, 265; vi, 24; vii, 117; D/P71 /5/2, 14th October 1742. In rural areas by the eighteenth century regulative offences often may have been presented to the justices at petty sessions and penalties meted out there; and in the absence of petty sessions records, it is difficult to estimate the extent of such prosecutions.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.6 , pp. 445-446
  • 128
    • 84920333182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g. SRO, D3451/6/12, 26, and 14 and 34 which involve women who probably were alesellers; SRO, Q/SO, xiv, 130, Q/SM/e/i, pt ii, 249v; an order by the Herts justices in 1691 for putting into force acts for suppressing 'profaness and debauchery', Hertford County Records, vi, 445-6; and Little Munden cases, HRO, QSR 23, no. 248; Hertford County Records, v, 455, 473, 265; vi, 24; vii, 117; D/P71 /5/2, 14th October 1742. In rural areas by the eighteenth century regulative offences often may have been presented to the justices at petty sessions and penalties meted out there; and in the absence of petty sessions records, it is difficult to estimate the extent of such prosecutions.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.5 , pp. 455
  • 129
    • 84925906436 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of social differentiation in rural England, c.1580-1660
    • Keith Wrightson also drew attention to the disciplinary role of the poor law by the late seventeenth century; e.g. 'Aspects of Social Differentiation in Rural England, c.1580-1660', The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (1976), 45; Wrightson and Levine, Terling, p. 183; Wrightson, English Society, especially pp. 181-2, 227-8; Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England', p. 201.
    • (1976) The Journal of Peasant Studies , vol.5 , pp. 45
    • Wrightson, K.1
  • 130
    • 84920326392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keith Wrightson also drew attention to the disciplinary role of the poor law by the late seventeenth century; e.g. 'Aspects of Social Differentiation in Rural England, c.1580-1660', The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (1976), 45; Wrightson and Levine, Terling, p. 183; Wrightson, English Society, especially pp. 181-2, 227-8; Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England', p. 201.
    • Terling , pp. 183
    • Wrightson1    Levine2
  • 131
    • 0039403922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keith Wrightson also drew attention to the disciplinary role of the poor law by the late seventeenth century; e.g. 'Aspects of Social Differentiation in Rural England, c.1580-1660', The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (1976), 45; Wrightson and Levine, Terling, p. 183; Wrightson, English Society, especially pp. 181-2, 227-8; Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England', p. 201.
    • English Society , pp. 181-182
    • Wrightson1
  • 132
    • 84920325590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keith Wrightson also drew attention to the disciplinary role of the poor law by the late seventeenth century; e.g. 'Aspects of Social Differentiation in Rural England, c.1580-1660', The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (1976), 45; Wrightson and Levine, Terling, p. 183; Wrightson, English Society, especially pp. 181-2, 227-8; Wrightson, 'The Social Order of Early Modern England', p. 201.
    • The Social Order of Early Modern England , pp. 201
    • Wrightson1
  • 133
    • 84920321763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities, pp. 392-4; HRO, D/P71/5/2, 12th July 1664; Calderdale Central Library, Archives Division, SPL 306/5, fo. 66v (I am grateful to John Styles for drawing my attention to the Sowerby records); HRO, D/P7/9/1, 6th May 1736 (at the end of the book following the constables' accounts for 1741). See also HRO, D/P71/5/2, 5th September 1697, 6th June 1703, 5th May 1706; SRO, D3451/5/17.
    • The Centre and the Localities , pp. 392-394
    • Kent1
  • 134
    • 0024162268 scopus 로고
    • The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1988) Continuity and Change , vol.3 , pp. 391-420
    • Landau1
  • 135
    • 0025620840 scopus 로고
    • The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England
    • idem
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1990) The Historical Journal , vol.33 , pp. 541-571
  • 136
    • 84974201805 scopus 로고
    • The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement
    • idem
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1991) Continuity and Change , vol.6 , pp. 417-439
  • 137
    • 0029545075 scopus 로고
    • Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England
    • idem, ff.
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1995) The Agricultural History Review , vol.43 , pp. 139
  • 138
    • 0021853615 scopus 로고
    • London
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1985) Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900
    • Snell1
  • 139
    • 0026277851 scopus 로고
    • Pauper settlement and the right to poor relief in England and Wales
    • idem
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1991) Continuity and Change , vol.6 , pp. 375-415
  • 140
    • 0027047730 scopus 로고
    • Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: New approaches and opportunities
    • idem
    • The debate about how local communities employed the settlement laws, and against whom, while relevant to the discussion, cannot be pursued here. See especially the exchange between Norma Landau and K.D.M. Snell: Landau, 'The Laws of Settlement and the Surveillance of Immigration in Eighteenth-Century Kent', Continuity and Change, 3 (1988), 391-420; idem, 'The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 33 (1990), 541-71; idem, 'The Eighteenth-Century Context of the Laws of Settlement', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 417-39; idem, 'Who Was Subjected to the Laws of Settlement? Procedure under the Settlement Laws in Eighteenth-Century England', The Agricultural History Review, 43 (1995), 139ff.; Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (London, 1985); idem, 'Pauper Settlement and the Right to Poor Relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change, 6 (1991), 375-415; idem, 'Settlement, Poor Law and the Rural Historian: New Approaches and Opportunities', Rural History , 3 (1992), 145-72.
    • (1992) Rural History , vol.3 , pp. 145-172
  • 141
    • 0344829126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises', especially pp. 139-41. In 'Migration, the Law and Parochial Policy in Eighteenth-and Early Nineteenth-Century Southern England', Southern History, 15 (1993), 86-139, Roger Wells also drew attention to divisions within parishes over issues of migration and settlement; see esp. pp. 95-7.
    • Exclusion Crises , pp. 139-141
    • Hindle1
  • 142
    • 0002140095 scopus 로고
    • Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century Southern England
    • Hindle, 'Exclusion Crises', especially pp. 139-41. In 'Migration, the Law and Parochial Policy in Eighteenth-and Early Nineteenth-Century Southern England', Southern History, 15 (1993), 86-139, Roger Wells also drew attention to divisions within parishes over issues of migration and settlement; see esp. pp. 95-7.
    • (1993) Southern History , vol.15 , pp. 86-139
  • 143
    • 84920338401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The parish books record the charitable endowments, ranging in date from 1591 to 1689-90, and the distribution of such funds (or bread) to as many twenty or (during the 1640s) even thirty inhabitants. For the petitions cited see Hertford County Records, vi, 451 ; vii, 126, 129, 140; and for some other settlement cases, Hertford County Records, vii, 173, 190, 191, 242, and HRO, QSR 24, nos. 487, 488.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.6 , pp. 451
  • 144
    • 84920323379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The parish books record the charitable endowments, ranging in date from 1591 to 1689-90, and the distribution of such funds (or bread) to as many twenty or (during the 1640s) even thirty inhabitants. For the petitions cited see Hertford County Records, vi, 451; vii, 126, 129, 140; and for some other settlement cases, Hertford County Records, vii, 173, 190, 191, 242, and HRO, QSR 24, nos. 487, 488.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.7 , pp. 126
  • 145
    • 84920330428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The parish books record the charitable endowments, ranging in date from 1591 to 1689-90, and the distribution of such funds (or bread) to as many twenty or (during the 1640s) even thirty inhabitants. For the petitions cited see Hertford County Records, vi, 451; vii, 126, 129, 140; and for some other settlement cases, Hertford County Records, vii, 173, 190, 191, 242, and HRO, QSR 24, nos. 487, 488.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.7 , pp. 173
  • 146
    • 84920335815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hertford County Records, vi, 339; vii, 244, 245; HRO, D/P71/ 5/2, 15th October 1740.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.6 , pp. 339
  • 147
    • 84920338016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hertford County Records, vi, 339; vii, 244, 245; HRO, D/P71/ 5/2, 15th October 1740.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.7 , pp. 244
  • 148
    • 0344829117 scopus 로고
    • HRO, D/P71/ 5/2, 15th October
    • Hertford County Records, vi, 339; vii, 244, 245; HRO, D/P71/ 5/2, 15th October 1740.
    • (1740)
  • 149
    • 84920327368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • An order issued by two justices in May 1710 for the removal of William Dean and eight children from Church Eaton to Pattingham was appealed to Translation sessions, 1711 and heard and decided in Pattingham's favour at Michaelmas sessions 1711; but by then the Deans apparently had been moved to Pattingham and they were to cost the parish a substantial sum between that time and Dean's death in 1716-17; see SRO, Q/SO, xi (Translation and Michaelmas, 1711); D3451/ 5/ 20-25; D(W)1807, Roll 381 (overseers' accounts, 1713-14); D3451/2/22.
  • 150
    • 84920327367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The generalizations in this paragraph are based on the overseers' accounts, D3451/2/3 and D3451/5/2-46 and three sets of accounts found in the court rolls, D(W) 1807, Roll 381 and on the churchwardens' accounts, D3451/2/3 and D3451/2/4-59 and the settlement papers in D3451/5/61-126, 223-45. See also appeals of settlement cases affecting Pattingham in quarter sessions records, SRO, Q/SO, v, 336, 339, 371 ; vi, 88, 99, 104v; x (Epiph. 1699/1700); xi (Epiph. 1716/17); xii (Easter, 1723); xiii, 120, 125-125v, 131v; Q/SM/e/i, pt ii, 250v, 253.
  • 151
    • 84920335163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hertford County Records, ii, 70. The marking or 'badging' of the poor was provided for by a statute passed in 1696/7, 8 & 9 Wm III, c. 30, and there is evidence in parish records of such badges being made and sewed to the poor's clothing; for some examples see the citations in Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', p. 368, n. 12.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.2 , pp. 70
  • 152
    • 84920336381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hertford County Records, ii, 70. The marking or 'badging' of the poor was provided for by a statute passed in 1696/7, 8 & 9 Wm III, c. 30, and there is evidence in parish records of such badges being made and sewed to the poor's clothing; for some examples see the citations in Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', p. 368, n. 12.
    • The Centre and the Localities , vol.12 , pp. 368
    • Kent1
  • 153
    • 0345692048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SRO, D3451/5/308: this is based on the forty-two entries for the years 1713 to 1746. See also references to masters who took parish apprentices in Pattingham in the overseers' accounts in 1683-4, 1693-4, 1722-3, 1728-9, 1730-1, 1740-1 , SRO, D3451/2/3; D3451/5/2, 29, 32, 34. 46; and for some cases of apprenticing poor young women, see D3451/2/3, 1676; D3451/5/44. T. Hitchcock also draws attention to the importance which parish elites attached to 'training and disciplining' children ( Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers', p. 157) and Paul Griffiths to similar concerns in one city, during an earlier period, about the young who were idle and 'out of service'in 'Masterless Young People in Norwich, 1560-1645', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 146-86.
    • Paupers and Preachers , pp. 157
    • Hitchcock1
  • 154
    • 26644475968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masterless young people in Norwich, 1560-1645
    • SRO, D3451/5/308: this is based on the forty-two entries for the years 1713 to 1746. See also references to masters who took parish apprentices in Pattingham in the overseers' accounts in 1683-4, 1693-4, 1722-3, 1728-9, 1730-1, 1740-1 , SRO, D3451/2/3; D3451/5/2, 29, 32, 34. 46; and for some cases of apprenticing poor young women, see D3451/2/3, 1676; D3451/5/44. T. Hitchcock also draws attention to the importance which parish elites attached to 'training and disciplining' children ( Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers', p. 157) and Paul Griffiths to similar concerns in one city, during an earlier period, about the young who were idle and 'out of service'in 'Masterless Young People in Norwich, 1560-1645', in Griffiths et al (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 146-86.
    • The Experience of Authority , pp. 146-186
    • Griffiths1
  • 155
    • 84920327366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, the Little Munden overseers recorded payments for the schooling of a boy in 1736, and the following year they paid to apprentice him, HRO, D/P71/5/2.
  • 156
    • 0345692047 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, 1938 and Hamden, Conn.
    • SRO, D3451/2/3, 1677-9; D3451/2/ 13, 24, 35, 37, 39, 42, 48, 52, 54; for earlier references to a schoolmaster in Pattingham, see the churchwardens' accounts for 1596 and 1605, SRO, D3451/2/2. Pattingham appears on an 1842 list of parishes where there were non-classical schools that were endowed or re-endowed in the eighteenth century; see M.G. Jones, The Charity School Movement : A Study of Eighteenth Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938 and Hamden, Conn., 1964), p. 361.
    • (1964) The Charity School Movement : A Study of Eighteenth Century Puritanism in Action , pp. 361
    • Jones, M.G.1
  • 157
    • 84920327365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • HRO, D/P7/5/1, pp. 220, 368, 371, 373, 375, 379, 392, 439. For some other examples of parish provisions for the schooling of the poor see NNRO PD358/41, MF/X/256/11, 28th October 1692; PD 219/92; and for maintenance of parish schools, PD219/59, 1666-7; Calderdale Central Library, Archives Division, SPL 143, 1673-4, 1680-81.
  • 158
    • 84920332744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A school in Ashwell with twenty-four pupils appears on the list of charity schools in 1724 cited in Jones, Charity Schools, p. 366. On the workhouse in Ashwell, and the parishioners' goals in establishing it, see below, pp. 34-5.
    • Charity Schools , pp. 366
    • Jones1
  • 159
    • 84920332744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HRO, D/P7/5/1,p. 187; SJRO, Thomas Southall, 10th December 1686; LRO, DE 73/PR/T: 1691/73. Jones suggests that there were attacks on charity schools in rural areas and that middle class farmers did not support instruction for poor children (e.g. Charity Schools, p. 95); and attitudes may have changed by the third and fourth decades of the eighteenth century.
    • Charity Schools , pp. 95
  • 160
    • 84920327364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For references to 'the poors house' or almshouses in Pattingham see SRO, D3451/2/3; D3451/5/21 ; D3451/5/32. Expenses in connection with almshouses in Ashwell appear in the churchwardens' accounts from the 1580s onward (e.g. HRO, D/P7/5/1, pp. 209, 290, 390, 434-5, 442; 'Almes houses' are mentioned in the Ashwell overseers' accounts (HRO, D/P7/12/1) and in 1718 one of the overseers also paid £80 for the purchase of lands for the use of the poor (HRO, D/P7/25/1, 6th September 1718).
  • 161
    • 84920321763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The act 9 Geo II, c. 7, an act for amending the laws relating to settlement, employment and relief of the poor, authorized parishes to establish workhouses and probably was passed in response to local pressures. On the Pattingham workhouse see SRO, D3451/5/ 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46 (overseers' accounts); and on the Ashwell workhouse see HRO, D/P7/25/1 (Ashwell charities) and the overseers' accounts D/P7/12/2. The workhouses in Pattingham and Ashwell are also discussed, in a somewhat different context, in Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities'.
    • The Centre and the Localities
    • Kent1
  • 162
    • 84920327363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HRO, D/P7/5/1, pp. 188-9
    • HRO, D/P7/5/1, pp. 188-9.
  • 163
    • 12444249540 scopus 로고
    • HRO, D/P7/25/1, 8th February 1727/8. The values expressed here seem to be in keeping with those described by Timothy Hitchcock, the modern expert on the SPCK, the workhouse movement of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and the philosophy behind such institutions. I regret that I have not had an opportunity to read Dr. Hitchcock's Oxford D. Phil, thesis, 'The English Workhouse: A Study in Institutional Poor Relief in Selected Counties, 1696-1750' (1985); but see Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers'.
    • (1985) The English Workhouse: A Study in Institutional Poor Relief in Selected Counties, 1696-1750
  • 164
    • 0345692048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HRO, D/P7/25/1, 8th February 1727/8. The values expressed here seem to be in keeping with those described by Timothy Hitchcock, the modern expert on the SPCK, the workhouse movement of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and the philosophy behind such institutions. I regret that I have not had an opportunity to read Dr. Hitchcock's Oxford D. Phil, thesis, 'The English Workhouse: A Study in Institutional Poor Relief in Selected Counties, 1696-1750' (1985); but see Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers'.
    • Paupers and Preachers
    • Hitchcock1
  • 165
    • 84920327362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See the Pattingham overseers' accounts, SRO, D3451/2/3 and D3451/5/2-46. On the decision to suppress the workhouse in Ashwell, see HRO, D/P7/12/2 (7th April 1729); D/P7/25/1 (5th June 1729); and for evidence of its continuance see
  • 166
    • 84920327361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NNRO, PD358/41, and in microfilm MF/X/256/11 (volume lacks pagination); the volume includes a number of inventories similar to those cited here. For Gissing see NNRO, PD50/44(s).
  • 167
    • 84920327360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is based on an examination of wills for Little Munden from the late sixteenth through most of the eighteenth century, found in HRO; and also on evidence about charitable donations recorded in the town book, HRO, D/P71/5/2 ; and on the Pattingham wills described in n.17. See Thomas Phillips (7th Ocober 1684) in SJRO.
  • 168
    • 0003335567 scopus 로고
    • Property, authority and the criminal law
    • Hay et al, London and New York
    • A view advanced by Douglas Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Hay et al, Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England (London and New York, 1975), 17-63; but his view has been challenged by several historians. See especially the criticisms in Peter King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', Historical Journal, 27 (1984), 25-58, which emphasizes the role of people at various social levels in the criminal justice system.
    • (1975) Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-century England , pp. 17-63
    • Douglas, H.1
  • 169
    • 84959635302 scopus 로고
    • Decision-makers and decision-making in the English criminal law, 1750-1800
    • A view advanced by Douglas Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Hay et al, Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England (London and New York, 1975), 17-63; but his view has been challenged by several historians. See especially the criticisms in Peter King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', Historical Journal, 27 (1984), 25-58, which emphasizes the role of people at various social levels in the criminal justice system.
    • (1984) Historical Journal , vol.27 , pp. 25-58
    • King, P.1
  • 170
    • 84920332476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hertford County Records, ii, 79. For other examples, see a Staffordshire case cited by Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England (London, 1984), p. 104; and a Staffordshire presentment at Trinity sessions 1605, in S. A. H. Burne, ed. Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls, v, 225 (Staffordshire Historical Collections).
    • Hertford County Records , vol.2 , pp. 79
  • 171
    • 0003983461 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Hertford County Records, ii, 79. For other examples, see a Staffordshire case cited by Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England (London, 1984), p. 104; and a Staffordshire presentment at Trinity sessions 1605, in S. A. H. Burne, ed. Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls, v, 225 (Staffordshire Historical Collections).
    • (1984) Crime in Early Modern England , pp. 104
    • Sharpe1
  • 172
    • 84920338068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staffordshire Historical Collections
    • Hertford County Records, ii, 79. For other examples, see a Staffordshire case cited by Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England (London, 1984), p. 104; and a Staffordshire presentment at Trinity sessions 1605, in S. A. H. Burne, ed. Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls, v, 225 (Staffordshire Historical Collections).
    • Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls , vol.5 , pp. 225
    • Burne, S.A.H.1
  • 173
    • 0004339533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and references cited there
    • The years 1739-42 were characterized by scarcity and high prices, and apparently not just in Staffordshire; see Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 207-11, and references cited there. In Pattingham where burials averaged 15 a year during the decade 1731-40, with a low of 8 in 1731 and a high of 21 in 1733 and 1740, the number rose to 36 in 1741, Thomas (ed.), Pattingham Parish Register, pp. 173-8. These calculations are based on a calendar year beginning 1st January; but if one follows the register and contemporary practice and begins the year on 25th March, the number of burials in both 1740 and 1741 was high, at 29 and 34, respectively, with the average for the previous ten years just under 15 and the range 10-18.
    • Crime and the Courts , pp. 207-211
    • Beattie1
  • 174
    • 84920330202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The years 1739-42 were characterized by scarcity and high prices, and apparently not just in Staffordshire; see Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 207-11, and references cited there. In Pattingham where burials averaged 15 a year during the decade 1731-40, with a low of 8 in 1731 and a high of 21 in 1733 and 1740, the number rose to 36 in 1741, Thomas (ed.), Pattingham Parish Register, pp. 173-8. These calculations are based on a calendar year beginning 1st January; but if one follows the register and contemporary practice and begins the year on 25th March, the number of burials in both 1740 and 1741 was high, at 29 and 34, respectively, with the average for the previous ten years just under 15 and the range 10-18.
    • Pattingham Parish Register , pp. 173-178
    • Thomas1
  • 175
    • 84920327359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SRO, D3451/8/10
    • SRO, D3451/8/10.
  • 176
    • 84920327358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See the churchwardens' accounts, SRO, D3451/2/42ff. and the constables' accounts, D3451/6/32ff; and legal proceedings and their outcome can be followed in quarter sessions rolls and order books for the period in SRO. The churchwardens also paid the charges involved in judicial proceedings against a man accused of abusing a servant girl in 1741-2; and they may have played a role in bringing a presentment for burglary to Lent assizes in 1740/1, PRO, ASSI 4/19, p. 438.
  • 177
    • 84920321763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the discussion of the context, and some of the prosecutions that resulted, in Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities', pp. 363-4, 396-8. Additional parish and quarter sessions records have been examined since that essay was published, as have some Staffordshire assize records for the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, PRO, ASSI 4/14-15, 17-19; ASSI 2/1-2, 5-10, 13; ASSI 5/53, 55-8.
    • The Centre and the Localities , pp. 363-364
    • Kent1
  • 178
    • 0010894801 scopus 로고
    • Good men to associate and bad men to conspire: Associations for the prosecution of felons in England 1760-1860
    • Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds.), Oxford
    • For discussion of other associations for the prosecution of felons, including some references to Parish Organizations, see David Philips, 'Good Men to Associate and Bad Men to Conspire: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons in England 1760-1860', in Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 113-70; P. J. R. King, 'Prosecution Associations and their Impact in Eighteenth-Century Essex', in ibid., pp. 171-207; Adrian Shubert, 'Private Initiative in Law Enforcement: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons, 1744-1856', in Victor Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth Century Britain (London, 1981), pp. 25-41 ; Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 48-50.
    • (1989) Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 , pp. 113-170
    • Philips, D.1
  • 179
    • 0013472389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosecution associations and their impact in eighteenth-century Essex
    • Oxford
    • For discussion of other associations for the prosecution of felons, including some references to Parish Organizations, see David Philips, 'Good Men to Associate and Bad Men to Conspire: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons in England 1760-1860', in Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 113-70; P. J. R. King, 'Prosecution Associations and their Impact in Eighteenth-Century Essex', in ibid., pp. 171-207; Adrian Shubert, 'Private Initiative in Law Enforcement: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons, 1744-1856', in Victor Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth Century Britain (London, 1981), pp. 25-41 ; Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 48-50.
    • Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 , pp. 171-207
    • King, P.J.R.1
  • 180
    • 84949222037 scopus 로고
    • Private initiative in law enforcement: Associations for the prosecution of felons, 1744-1856
    • Victor Bailey (ed.), London
    • For discussion of other associations for the prosecution of felons, including some references to Parish Organizations, see David Philips, 'Good Men to Associate and Bad Men to Conspire: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons in England 1760-1860', in Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 113-70; P. J. R. King, 'Prosecution Associations and their Impact in Eighteenth-Century Essex', in ibid., pp. 171-207; Adrian Shubert, 'Private Initiative in Law Enforcement: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons, 1744-1856', in Victor Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth Century Britain (London, 1981), pp. 25-41 ; Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 48-50.
    • (1981) Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth Century Britain , pp. 25-41
    • Shubert, A.1
  • 181
    • 0004339533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion of other associations for the prosecution of felons, including some references to Parish Organizations, see David Philips, 'Good Men to Associate and Bad Men to Conspire: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons in England 1760-1860', in Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 113-70; P. J. R. King, 'Prosecution Associations and their Impact in Eighteenth-Century Essex', in ibid., pp. 171-207; Adrian Shubert, 'Private Initiative in Law Enforcement: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons, 1744-1856', in Victor Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth Century Britain (London, 1981), pp. 25-41 ; Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 48-50.
    • Crime and the Courts , pp. 48-50
    • Beattie1
  • 182
    • 84920327357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is based on the parish and quarter sessions materials cited in n. 87.
  • 183
    • 84920332707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some were bound over to keep the peace, sometimes because of assaults or affrays , e.g. HRO, QSR 6, no. 221 ; QSR 7, nos. 158, 167; Hertford County Records, v, 342; SRO, Q/SO, v, 290, 292; vi, 234; xiii (Mich. 1729). In other cases they were indicted for giving hospitality to wandering people or taking inmates or possessing cottages without four acres of land. Presentments of this kind continued to be made to the court leet in Pattingham through 1660, when the leet records end, SRO, Transcripts of Pattingham Court Rolls, D (W)1807. For such presentments to quarter sessions from Little Munden during the 1690s, see HRO, QSR 23, nos. 72, 78, 438; QSR 24, no. 259.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.5 , pp. 342
  • 184
    • 85095925220 scopus 로고
    • Crime and delinquency in an Essex parish 1600-1640
    • J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Princeton
    • E.g. J. A. Sharpe, 'Crime and Delinquency in an Essex parish 1600-1640', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England 1550-1800, (Princeton, 1977), pp. 90-109.
    • (1977) Crime in England 1550-1800 , pp. 90-109
    • Sharpe, J.A.1
  • 185
    • 84920327356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • E.g. SRO, Transcripts of Pattingham Court Rolls, D(W)1807, roll 264; SRO, D3451/6/1,1661-2; D3451/6/7; Q/SO, v, 324. At least two Little Munden officers were presented to sessions for failure to make presentments to the hundred jury, HRO, QSR 24, no 97.
  • 186
    • 84920336056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offences such as enclosing wastes, 'overpressing' the commons with sheep and diverting or obstructing water courses were common in the Pattingham Court Rolls through the 1660s, as long as records of leet business are extant, and probably continued thereafter, D (W) 1807; presentments of some of the middling of Little Munden were returned to quarter sessions for such offences as late as 1700; see Hertford County Records, i. 391, 395; ii. 28 (2), 30; vii. 63. Such presentments probably were often made to the justices at petty sessions, and dealt with there, and thus would not appear in sessions records; and in Hertfordshire this would have been especially true after the abolition of hundred juries in 1714.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.1 , pp. 391
  • 187
    • 84920335905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offences such as enclosing wastes, 'overpressing' the commons with sheep and diverting or obstructing water courses were common in the Pattingham Court Rolls through the 1660s, as long as records of leet business are extant, and probably continued thereafter, D (W) 1807; presentments of some of the middling of Little Munden were returned to quarter sessions for such offences as late as 1700; see Hertford County Records, i. 391, 395; ii. 28 (2), 30; vii. 63. Such presentments probably were often made to the justices at petty sessions, and dealt with there, and thus would not appear in sessions records; and in Hertfordshire this would have been especially true after the abolition of hundred juries in 1714.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 28
  • 188
    • 84920325308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offences such as enclosing wastes, 'overpressing' the commons with sheep and diverting or obstructing water courses were common in the Pattingham Court Rolls through the 1660s, as long as records of leet business are extant, and probably continued thereafter, D (W) 1807; presentments of some of the middling of Little Munden were returned to quarter sessions for such offences as late as 1700; see Hertford County Records, i. 391, 395; ii. 28 (2), 30; vii. 63. Such presentments probably were often made to the justices at petty sessions, and dealt with there, and thus would not appear in sessions records; and in Hertfordshire this would have been especially true after the abolition of hundred juries in 1714.
    • Hertford County Records , vol.7 , pp. 63
  • 190
    • 0026480255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid, pp. 95-6; Brian Short, 'The Evolution of Contrasting Communities within Rural England', in Brian Short (ed.), The English Rural Community: Image and Analysis (Cambridge, 1992), p. 29.
    • Migration, the Law and Parochial Policy , pp. 95-96
  • 191
    • 0026480255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of contrasting communities within rural England
    • Brian Short (ed.), Cambridge
    • Ibid, pp. 95-6; Brian Short, 'The Evolution of Contrasting Communities within Rural England', in Brian Short (ed.), The English Rural Community: Image and Analysis (Cambridge, 1992), p. 29.
    • (1992) The English Rural Community: Image and Analysis , pp. 29
    • Short, B.1
  • 192
    • 84911152616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments by the anonymous referee for Rural History led me to give further consideration to this issue.
    • Rural History
  • 193
    • 84920327355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SRO, D3451/14, 50
    • SRO, D3451/14, 50.
  • 194
    • 0021624759 scopus 로고
    • The receipt of poor relief and family situation: Aldenham, Hertfordshire 1630-90
    • Richard M. Smith (ed.), Cambridge
    • W. Newman Brown, 'The Receipt of Poor Relief and Family Situation: Aldenham, Hertfordshire 1630-90', in Richard M. Smith (ed.), Land, Kinship and Life-Cycle (Cambridge, 1984), p. 419.
    • (1984) Land, Kinship and Life-cycle , pp. 419
    • Brown, W.N.1
  • 195
    • 84920327354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D783/2/2/1, 1739-40; and for other examples in Alrewas records see 1730-1 and D783/2/3/1,1727, 1743, 1747.
  • 196
    • 0003900266 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • See especially Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1983); Ralph A. Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450-1700 (London and New York, 1984), chapters 6 and 7; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, (Norton Library ed., New York, 1977), chapters 5-7; Wrightson, English Society, pp. 104-18; and on raising young people to be independent and autonomous see also Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven and London, 1994).
    • (1983) Forgotten Children: Parent-child Relations from 1500 to 1900
    • Pollock, L.A.1
  • 197
    • 0003982180 scopus 로고
    • London and New York, chapters 6 and 7
    • See especially Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1983); Ralph A. Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450-1700 (London and New York, 1984), chapters 6 and 7; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, (Norton Library ed., New York, 1977), chapters 5-7; Wrightson, English Society, pp. 104-18; and on raising young people to be independent and autonomous see also Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven and London, 1994).
    • (1984) The English Family 1450-1700
    • Houlbrooke, R.A.1
  • 198
    • 0344829104 scopus 로고
    • Norton Library ed., New York, chapters 5-7
    • See especially Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1983); Ralph A. Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450-1700 (London and New York, 1984), chapters 6 and 7; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, (Norton Library ed., New York, 1977), chapters 5-7; Wrightson, English Society, pp. 104-18; and on raising young people to be independent and autonomous see also Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven and London, 1994).
    • (1977) The Family Life of Ralph Josselin
    • Macfarlane, A.1
  • 199
    • 0039403922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1983); Ralph A. Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450-1700 (London and New York, 1984), chapters 6 and 7; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, (Norton Library ed., New York, 1977), chapters 5-7; Wrightson, English Society, pp. 104-18; and on raising young people to be independent and autonomous see also Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven and London, 1994).
    • English Society , pp. 104-118
    • Wrightson1
  • 200
    • 0003624494 scopus 로고
    • New Haven and London
    • See especially Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1983); Ralph A. Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450-1700 (London and New York, 1984), chapters 6 and 7; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, (Norton Library ed., New York, 1977), chapters 5-7; Wrightson, English Society, pp. 104-18; and on raising young people to be independent and autonomous see also Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven and London, 1994).
    • (1994) Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England
    • Ben-Amos, I.K.1
  • 201
    • 84920327353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NNRO (Shirehall Microform Room), ANF wills 1671, no 5 ( MF 213). For some other examples of provisions for raising children see the following wills in NNRO (Shirehall): ANF wills 1727, no 166 (MF225); ANF wills 1679, no 192 (MF 216); ANF wills 1687, no 149 (MF 219); and Little Munden wills: HRO, 26 HW 104; 139HW3.
  • 202
    • 84920327352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NNRO, PD358/33 (constables' accounts, 1672, 1685).
  • 203
    • 84920327351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NNRO (Shirehall), ANF will 1713, no. 126 (MF 223); HRO, 74 HW 65; SJRO, William Barker of Great More, gent (28th April 1742).
  • 204
    • 84920327350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SJRO, William Falkner of Hardwicke, yeoman (8th May 1730); LRO, DE 73/ PR/T: 1664/110.
  • 206
    • 79958383511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Jonathan Barry suggests that the middling sort in the towns were all able to read by the late seventeenth century, 'Introduction', in Barry and Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People, p. 19. Perhaps this was true in the countryside as well, though it seems unlikely; and if so, abilities did not always extend to writing.
    • The Middling Sort of People , pp. 19
    • Barry1    Brooks2
  • 207
    • 84920327349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Evidence of continuing illiteracy among some men of middling status is based on signatures and marks on wills, both of testators and witnesses, on inventories, parish accounts and vestry agreements, local rating lists and in some cases local assessments for national taxes such as the land tax.
  • 208
    • 0344829100 scopus 로고
    • Loyalty and identity in Chester parishes 1540-1640
    • S. J. Wright (ed.), London
    • Nick Alldridge, 'Loyalty and Identity in Chester parishes 1540-1640', in S. J. Wright (ed.), Parish, Church and People : Local Studies in Lay Religion 1350-1750 (London, 1988), p. 108 indicates that the title 'mister' often accompanied the holding of major office in Chester parishes, and this appears to have been true in country parishes too by the end of the seventeenth century.
    • (1988) Parish, Church and People : Local Studies in Lay Religion 1350-1750 , pp. 108
    • Alldridge, N.1
  • 209
    • 84920327348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SRO, D3451/2/3 (overseers' accounts, 1681-2); SJRO, Samuel Falkener of Hardwicke, farmer (27th June 1766).
  • 210
    • 84920327347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SJRO, William Barker, gent (28th April 1742), John Perry of Rudge, (26 July 1775).
  • 215
    • 84920327346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I owe this suggestion to Keith Wrightson.
  • 216
    • 84920326392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling and Wrightson, English Society . 118. Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers', p. 146.
    • Terling
    • Wrightson1    Levine2
  • 217
    • 0039403922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling and Wrightson, English Society . 118. Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers', p. 146.
    • English Society , pp. 118
    • Wrightson1
  • 218
    • 0345692048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Wrightson and Levine, Terling and Wrightson, English Society . 118. Hitchcock, 'Paupers and Preachers', p. 146.
    • Paupers and Preachers , pp. 146
    • Hitchcock1
  • 219
    • 0040572942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • chapter 9, quotation
    • Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, chapter 9, quotation at pp. 257-8. John Beattie also draws attention to demands for more systematic prosecution under the criminal law between 1689 and 1718, especially in London, though he is dealing with a somewhat higher social and political level. He argues that some back-bench MPs, perhaps prompted by their constituents, and in the case of London, grand juries (composed of merchants, shopkeepers and substantial tradesmen), were behind demands for more effective punishments and that they called for a 'much firmer line than the authorities and the courts were taking'. See his 'London Crime and the Making of the "Bloody Code", 1689-1718', in L. Davison et al (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive, pp. 49-76, quotation at p. 51.
    • Prosecution and Punishment , pp. 257-258
    • Shoemaker1
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    • London crime and the making of the "bloody code", 1689-1718
    • Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, chapter 9, quotation at pp. 257-8. John Beattie also draws attention to demands for more systematic prosecution under the criminal law between 1689 and 1718, especially in London, though he is dealing with a somewhat higher social and political level. He argues that some back-bench MPs, perhaps prompted by their constituents, and in the case of London, grand juries (composed of merchants, shopkeepers and substantial tradesmen), were behind demands for more effective punishments and that they called for a 'much firmer line than the authorities and the courts were taking'. See his 'London Crime and the Making of the "Bloody Code", 1689-1718', in L. Davison et al (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive, pp. 49-76, quotation at p. 51.
    • Stilling the Grumbling Hive , pp. 49-76
    • Davison, L.1
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    • Two concepts of order: Justices, constables and jurymen in seventeenth-century England
    • Brewer and Styles (eds.)
    • Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England', in Brewer and Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People, pp. 21-46, and esp. pp. 41-6.
    • An Ungovernable People , pp. 21-46
    • Wrightson1


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