Outcome of schizophrenia in relation to brain abnormalities

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 337-348

  Staal, Wouter G ^a   Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E ^a   Kahn, René S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Course; Neuroimaging; Outcome

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN VENTRICLE; BRAIN VENTRICLE DILATATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0032980357     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033382     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The Association, 1980.
2. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed., rev. Washington, DC: The Association, 1987.
3. Andreasen, N.C.; Ehrhardt, J.C.; Swayze, V.W.; Alliger, R.J.; Yuh, W.T.; and Cohen, G. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia: The pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47:35-44, 1990.
4. Andreasen, N.C.; Olsen, S.A.; Dennert, J.W; and Smith, M.R. Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: Relationship to positive and negative symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139:297-302, 1982.
5. Aro, S.; Aro, H.; and Keskimaki, I. Socio-economic mobility among patients with schizophrenia or major affective disorder: A 17-year retrospective followup. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166:759-767, 1995.
6. Baaré, W.F.C.; Hulshoff Pol, H.E.; Hijman, R.; and Kahn, R.S. Grey and white matter volumes of prefrontal lobe regions in schizophrenia: Relation to cognitive functioning and symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research, 18:188-189, 1996.
7. Becker, T.; Elmer, K.; Schneider, F.; Schneider, M.; Grodd, W.; Bartels, M.; Heckers, S.; and Beckmann, H. Confirmation of reduced temporal limbic structure volume on magnetic resonance imaging in male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 67:135-143, 1996.
8. Beiser, M.; Bean, G.; Erickson, D.; Zhang, J.; Iacono, W.G.; and Rector, N.A. Biological and psychosocial predictors of job performance following a first episode of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151:857-863, 1994.
9. Bland, R.C.; Parker, J.H.; and Orn, H. Prognosis in schizophrenia. A ten-year followup of first admissions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33:949-954, 1976.
10. Bogerts, B.; Lieberman, J.A.; Ashtari, M.; Bilder, R.M.; Degreef, G.; Lerner, G.; Johns, C.; and Masiar, S. Hippocampus-amygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 33:236-246, 1993.
11. Boronow, J; Pickar, D; Ninan, Ph. T.; Roy, A.; Hommer, D.; Linnoila, M.; and Paul, S.M. Atrophy limited to the third ventricle in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42:266-271, 1985.
12. Breier, A.; Schreiber, J.L.; Dyer, J.; and Pickar, D. National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia. Prognosis and predictors of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48:239-246, 1991.
13. Buchanan, R.W.; Breier, A.; Kirkpatrick, B.; Elkashef, A.; Munson, R.C.; Gellad, F.; and Carpenter, W.T.J. Structural abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150:59-65, 1993.
14. Carpenter, W.T., and Kirkpatrick, B. The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4:645-652, 1988.
15. Chakos, M.H.; Lieberman, J.A.; Bilder, R.M.; Borenstein, M.; Lerner, G.; Bogerts, B.; Wu, H.; Kinon, B.; and Ashtari, M. Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151:1430-1436, 1994.
16. Cullberg, J., and Nybäck, H. Persistent auditory hallucinations correlate with the size of the third ventricle in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86:469-472, 1992.
17. Dauphinais, D.; DeLisi, L.E.; and Crow, T.J. Reduction in temporal lobe size in siblings with schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Research: Brain Imaging, 35:137-147, 1990.
18. Degreef, G.; Ashtari, M.; Bogerts, B.; Bilder, R.M.; Jody, D.N.; Alvir, J.M.J.; and Lieberman, J.A. Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49:531-537, 1992.
19. Deister, A., and Marneros, A. Prognostic value of initial subtype in schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 12:145-157, 1994.
20. DeLisi, L.E. Is schizophrenia a lifetime disorder of brain plasticity, growth, and aging? Schizophrenia Research, 23:119-129, 1997.
21. DeLisi, L.E.; Schwartz, C.C.; Targum, S.D.; Byrnes, S.M.; Spoor, E.C.; and Weinberger, D.R. Ventricular brain enlargement and outcome of acute schizophreniform disorder [letter]. Psychiatry Research, 9:169-171, 1983.
22. DeLisi, L.E.; Stritzke, P.; Riordan, H.; Holan, V.; Boccio, A.; Kushner, M.; Van Eyl, O.; and Anand, A. The timing of brain morphological changes in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical outcome. Biological Psychiatry, 31:241-254, 1992.
23. DeLisi, L.E.; Tew, W.; Xie, S.; Hoff, A.L.; Sakuma, M.; Kushner, M.; Lee, G.; and Grimson, R. A prospective followup study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients: Preliminary findings. Biological Psychiatry, 38:349-360, 1995.
24. DeQuardo, J.R.; Carpenter, C.F.; and Tandon, R. Patterns of substance abuse in schizophrenia: Nature and significance. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 28:267-275, 1994.
25. Di Michele, V.; Rossi, A.; Stratta, P.; Schiazza, G.; Bolino, F.; Giordano, L.; and Casacchia, M. Neuropsychological and clinical correlates of temporal lobe anatomy in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85:484-488, 1992.
26. Endicott, J.; Spitzer, R.L.; Fleiss, J.L.; and Cohen, J. The Global Assessment Scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33:766-771, 1976.
27. Engelhardt, D.M.; Rosen, B.; Feldman, J.; Engelhardt, J.A.; and Cohen, P. A 15-year followup of 646 schizophrenic outpatients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8:493-503, 1982.
28. Fenton, W.S., and McGlashan, T.H. Antecedents, symptom progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151:351-356, 1994.
29. Flor Henry, P. Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: A controlled investigation. Epilepsia, 10:363-395, 1969.
30. Gattaz, W.F.; Kohlmeyer, K.; Bauer, K.; Hübner, C.; and Gasser, T. CT scans and neuroleptic response in schizophrenia: A multidimensional approach. Psychiatry Research, 26:293-303, 1988.
31. Goldman, M.; Tandon, R.; DeQuardo, J.R.; Taylor, S.F.; Goodson, J.; and McGrath, M. Biological predictors of 1-year outcome in schizophrenia in males and females. Schizophrenia Research, 21:65-73, 1996.
32. Harding, C.M. Course types in schizophrenia: An analysis of European and American studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14:633-643, 1988.
33. Harvey, I.; Ron, M.A.; Du Boulay, G.; Wicks, D.; Lewis, S.W.; and Murray, R.M. Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychological Medicine, 23:591-604, 1993.
34. Heinrichs, D.W.; Hanlon, T.E.; and Carpenter, W.T.J. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10:388-398, 1984.
35. Huber, G.; Gross, G.; and Schüttler, R. Schizophrenia: A long-term followup and social psychiatric study. Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie, 21:356-375, 1979.
36. Jablensky, A.; Ernberg, G.; Hugler, H.; Canavan, K.; and Sikkens, J. WHO Psychiatric Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO/DAS). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1988.
37. Jaskiw, G.E.; Juliano, D.M.; Goldberg, T.E.; Hertzman, M.; Urow-Hamell, E.; and Weinberger, D.R. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress. A seven year followup study. Schizophrenia Research, 14:23-28, 1994.
38. Johnstone, E.C.; Crow, T.J.; Frith, C.D.; Husband, J.; and Kreel, L. Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, 2:924-926, 1976.
39. Kanba, S.; Shima, S.; Masuda, Y; Tsukumo, T.; Kitamura, T.; and Asai, M. Selective enlargement of the third ventricle found in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 21:49-53, 1987.
40. Kane, J.; Honigfeld, G.; Singer, J.; and Meltzer, H. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45:789-796, 1988.
41. Keefe, R.S.; Lobel, D.S.; Mohs, R.C.; Silverman, J.M.; Harvey, P.D.; Davidson, M.; Losonczy, M.F.; and Davis, K.L. Diagnostic issues in chronic schizophrenia: Kraepelinian schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and state-independent negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 4:71-79, 1991.
42. Kemali, D.; Maj, M.; Galderisi, S.; Salvati, A.; Starace, F.; Valente, A.; and Pirozzi, R. Clinical, biological, and neuropsychological features associated with lateral ventricular enlargement in DSM-III schizophrenic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 21:137-149, 1987.
43. Kendler, K.S.; McGuire, M.; Gruenberg, A.M.; and Walsh, D. Clinical heterogeneity in schizophrenia and the pattern of psychopathology in relatives: Results from an epidemiologically based family study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89:294-300, 1994.
44. Klausner, J.D.; Sweeny, J.A.; Deck, M.D.F.; Haas, G.L.; and Kelly, A.B. Clinical correlates of cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180:407-412, 1992.
45. Kolakowska, T.; Williams, A.O.; Jambor, K.; and Ardern, M. Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome: III. Neurological 'soft' signs, cognitive impairment, and their clinical significance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146:348-357, 1985.
46. Lindstrom, L.H. Clinical and biological markers for outcome in schizophrenia - A review of a longitudinal followup study in Uppsala Schizophrenia Research Project. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14 (Suppl. 3):23-26, 1996.
47. Losonczy, M.F.; Song, I.S.; Mohs, R.C.; Small, N.A.; Davidson, M.; Johns, C.A.; and Davis, K.L. Correlates of lateral ventricular size in chronic schizophrenia: I. Behavioral and treatment response measures. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143:976-981, 1986.
48. Marengo, J. Classifying the courses of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20:519-536, 1994.
49. Marsh, L.; Suddath, R.L.; Higgins, N.; and Weinberger, D.R. Medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia: Relationship of size to duration of illness. Schizophrenia Research, 11:225-238, 1994.
50. Martinez Arevalo, M.J.; Calcedo Ordonez, A.; and Varo Prieto, J.R. Cannabis consumption as a prognostic factor in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164:679-681, 1994.
51. Mayerhoff, D.I.; Loebel, A.D.; Alvir, J.M.; Szymanski, S.R.; Geisler, S.H.; Borenstein, M.; and Lieberman, J.A. The deficit state in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151:1417-1422, 1994.
52. McGlashan, T.H. The Chestnut Lodge followup study: I. Followup methodology and study sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41:573-585, 1984.
53. McGlashan, T.H. A selective review of recent North American long-term followup studies of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14:515-542, 1988.
54. Menon, R.R.; Barta, P.E.; Aylward, E.H.; Richards, S.S.; Vaughn, D.D.; Tien, A.Y.; Harris, G.J.; and Pearlson, G.D. Posterior superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: Grey matter changes and clinical correlates. Schizophrenia Research, 16:127-135, 1995.
55. Parker, G., and Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. The capacity of a measure of disability (the LSP) to predict hospital readmission in those with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 25:157-163, 1995.
56. Petty, R.G.; Barta, P.E.; Pearlson, G.D.; McGilchrist, I.K.; Lewis, R.W.; Tien, A.Y.; Pulver, A.; Vaughn, D.D.; Casanova, M.F.; and Powers, R.E. Reversal of asymmetry of the planum temporale in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152:715-721, 1995.
57. Raine, A.; Lencz, T.; Reynolds, G.P.; Harrison, G.; Sheard, C.; Medley, I.; Reynolds, L.M.; and Cooper, J.E. An evaluation of structural and functional prefrontal deficits in schizophrenia: MRI and neuropsychological measures. Psychiatry Research, 45:123-137, 1992.
58. Raz, S., and Raz, N. Structural brain abnormalities in the major psychoses: A quantitative review of the evidence from computerized imaging. Psychological Bulletin, 108:93-108, 1990.
59. Remschmidt, H.E.; Schulz, E.; Martin, M.; Warnke, A.; and Trott, G.E. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: History of the concept and recent studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20:727-745, 1994.
60. Rosen, A.; Hadzi-Pavlovic, D.; and Parker, G. The Life Skills Profile: A measure assessing function and disability in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15:325-337, 1989.
61. Rossi, A.; Serio, A.; Stratta, P.; Petruzzi, C.; Schiazza, G.; Mancini, F.; and Casacchia, M. Planum temporale asymmetry and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 12:1-7, 1994.
62. Seidman, L.J.; Yurgelun Todd, D.; Kremen, W.S.; Woods, B.T.; Goldstein, J.M.; Faraone, S.V.; and Tsuang, M.T. Relationship of prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures to neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 35:235-246, 1994.
63. Shapiro, R.M. Regional neuropathology in schizophrenia: Where are we? Where are we going? Schizophrenia Research, 10:187-239, 1993.
64. Shenton, M.E.; Kikinis, R.; Jolesz, F.A.; Pollak, S.D.; LeMay, M.; Wible, C.G.; Hokama, H.; Martin, M.J.; and Coleman, M. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. New England Journal of Medicine, 327:604-612, 1992.
65. Shioiri, T.; Kato, T.; Inubushi, T.; Murashita, J.; and Takahashi, S. Correlations of phosphomonoesters measured by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobes and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 55:223-235, 1994.
66. Spitzer, R.; Endicott, J.; and Robins, E. Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Disorders. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Biometrics Research Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1978.
67. Strauss, J.S., and Carpenter, W.T.J. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia: I. Characteristics of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27:739-746, 1972.
68. Strauss, J.S., and Carpenter, W.T.J. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia: II. Relationships between predictor and outcome variables. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31:37-42, 1974.
69. Suddath, R.L.; Christison, G.W.; Fuller Torrey, E.F.; Casanova, M.F.; and Weinberger, D.R. Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 322:789-794, 1990.
70. Szymanski, S.; Kane, J.M.; and Lieberman, J.A. A selective review of biological markers in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17:99-111, 1991.
71. Tsuang, M.T.; Woolson, R.F.; and Fleming, J.A. Long-term outcome of major psychoses in schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36:1295-1301, 1979.
72. Turetsky, B.; Cowell, P.E.; Gur, R.C.; Grossman, R.I.; Shtasel, D.L.; and Gur, R.E. Frontal and temporal lobe brain volumes in schizophrenia: Relationships to symptoms and clinical subtype. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52:1061-1070, 1995.
73. Vita, A.; Dieci, M.; Giobbi, G.M.; Azzone, P.; Garbarini, M.; Sacchetti, E.; Cesana, B.M.; and Cazzulo, C.L. CT scan abnormalities and outcome of chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148:1577-1579, 1991.
74. Weinberger, D.R.; Bigelow, L.B.; Kleinman, J.E.; Klein, S.T.; Rosenblatt, J.E.; and Wyatt, R.J. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia, an association with poor response to treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37:11-13, 1980.
75. Weinberger, D.R.; Torrey, E.F.; Neophytides, A.N.; and Wyatt, R.J. Lateral cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36:735-739, 1979.
76. Wible, C.G.; Shenton, M.E.; Hokama, H.; Kikinis, R.; Jolesz, F.A.; Metcalf, D.; and McCarley, R.W. Prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52:279-288, 1995.
77. Williamson, P.; Pelz, D.; Merskey, H.; Morrison, S.; and Conlon, P. Correlation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with frontal lobe parameters on magnetic resonance imaging. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159:130-134, 1991.
78. Winn, P. Schizophrenia research moves to the prefrontal cortex. Trends in Neuroscience, 17:265-268, 1994.
79. Wolkin, A.; Sanfilipo, M.; Wolf, A.P.; Angrist, B.; Brodie, J.D.; and Rotrosen, J. Negative symptoms and hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49:959-965, 1992.
80. Young, A.H.; Blackwood, D.H.; Roxborough, H.; McQueen, J.K.; Martin, M.J.; and Kean, D. A magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: Brain structure and clinical symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158:158-164, 1991.
81. Yung, A.R., and McGorry, P.D. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: Past and current conceptualizations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22:353-370, 1996.