Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency: Differential diagnosis and treatment

Endocrinologist

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 36-44

  Hayes, Frances J ^a,b   Welt, Corrine K ^a   Martin, Kathryn A ^a   Crowley Jr , William F ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Reproductive Endocrine Unit   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN; GONADOTROPIN;

AMPLITUDE MODULATION; BONE MASS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; FERTILITY; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; KALLMANN SYNDROME; MALE; OVULATION INDUCTION; REVIEW; SEXUAL MATURATION; SPERMATOGENESIS; X CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE;

EID: 0032974818     PISSN: 10512144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019616-199901000-00008     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Clark IJ, Cummins JT: The temporal relationship between gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hor-mone (LH) secretion in ovariectomi:ed ewes. Endocrinology 1982; 111:1737-9.
2. Spratt DI, O'Dea LSL, Schoenfeld D, et al.: Neuroendocrinegonadal axis in men: frequent sampling of LH, FSH, and testosterone. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: E658-66.
3. Filicori M, Santoro N, Merriam GR, Crowley WF Jr: Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62:1136-44.
4. Van Dop C, Burstein S, Conte FA, Grumbach MM: Isolated gonadotropin deficiency in boys: clinical characteristics and growth. J Pediatr 1987; 111:684-92.
5. LaFranchi S, Hanna CE, Mandel SH: Constitutional delay of growth: expected versus final adult height. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 82-7.
6. Nachtigall LB, Boepple PA, Pralong FP, et al.: Adult-onset idio-pathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-a treatable form of male infertility. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 410-5.
7. Kallmann FJ, Schoenfeld WA: The genetic aspects of primary eunuchoidism. Am J Ment Def 1944; 158: 203-36.
8. Waldstreicher J, Seminara SB, Jameson JL, et al.: The genetic and clinical heterogeneity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4388-94.
9. Santoro N, Filicori M, Crowley WF Jr: Hypogonadotropic disorders in men and women: diagnosis and therapy with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. EndocrRev 1986; 7: 11-23.
10. Spratt DI, Carr DB, Merriam GR, et al.: The spectrum of abnormal patterns of gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: clinical and laboratory correlations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 283-91.
11. de Roux N, Young J, Misrahi M, et al.: A family with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and mutations in the gonadotropinreleasing hormone receptor. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1597-601.
12. Layman LC, Cohen DP, Jin M, et al.: Mutations in gonadotropinreleasing hormone receptor gene cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Nat Genet 1998; 18: 14-15.
13. Franco B, Guioli S, Pragliola A, et al.: A gene deleted in Kallmann's syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature 1991; 353: 529-36.
14. Legouis R, Hardelin J, Levilliers J, et al.: The candidate gene for the X-linked Kallmann syndrome encodes a protein related to adhesion molecules. Cell 1991; 67: 423-35.
15. Hall JE, Martin KA, Whitney HA, et al.: Potential for fertility with replacement of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in long-term female survivors of cranial tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:1166-72.
16. Sauder SE, Frager M, Case GD, et al.: Abnormal patterns of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in women with hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea: responses to bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 941-8.
17. Yen SSC: Female hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: hypothalamic amenorrhea syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993; 22: 29-58.
18. Hall JE, Martin KA, Taylor AE: Body weight and gonadotropin secretion in normal women and women with reproductive abnormalities. In Nutrition and Reproduction, edited by Bray SA, Ryan DH, pp. 378-93, Baton Rouge, LA, Louisiana State University Press 1998.
19. Klibanski A, Beitins IZ, Badger T, et al.: Reproductive function during fasting in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 53: 258-63.
20. McColl EM, Wheeler GD, Gomes P, et al.: The effects of acute exercise on pulsatile LH release in high-mileage male runners. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989; 31: 617-21.
21. Ruokonen A, Alen M, Bolton N, et al.: Response of serum testosterone and its precursor steroids, SHBG and CBG to anabolic steroid and testosterone self-administration in man. J Steroid Biochem 1985; 23:33-S.
22. Alen M, Reinila M, Vihko R: Response of serum hormones to androgen administration in power athletes. Med Sei Sports 1985; 17: 354-9.
23. Couzinet B, Lestrat N, Brailly S, Forest M, Schaison G: Stimulation of ovarian follicular maturation with pure follicle-stimulating hormone in women with gonadotropin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 552-6.
24. Knobil E, Plant TM, Wildt L, Belchetz PE, Marshall G: Control of the rhesus monkey menstrual cycle: permissive role of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Science 1980; 207: 1371-3.
25. Leyendecker G, Struve T, Plotz EJ: Induction of ovulation with chronic intermittent (pulsatile) administration of LH-RH in women with hypothalamic and hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. ArchGynecol 1980; 229: 177-90.
26. Crowley WF Jr, McArthur JW: Stimulation of the normal menstrual cycle in Kallmann's syndrome by pulsatile administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51:173-5.
27. Martin K, Santoro N, Hall J, Filicori M, Wierman M, Crowley WF Jr: Management of ovulatory disorders with pulsatile gonadotropinreleasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1081A-G.
28. Filicori M, Flamigni C, Deliai P, et al.: Treatment of anovulation with pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone: prognostic factors and clinical results in 600 cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:1215-20.
29. Hopkins CC, Hall JE, Santoro NF, Martin KA, Filicori M, Crowley WF Jr: Closed intravenous administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH): safety of extended peripheral intravenous catheterization. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 267-70.
30. Martin KA, Hall JE, Adams JM, Crowley WFJr: Comparison of exogenous gonadotropins and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation in hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 125-9.
31. Rabau E, David A, Serr DM, Mashiach S, Lunenfeld B: Human menopausal gonadotropins for anovulation and sterility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967; 96:92-8.
32. Schenker JG, Weinstein D: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a current survey. Fertil Steril 1978; 30: 255-68.
33. Callahan T, Hall J, Ettner S, Christiansen CL, Greene MF, Crowley WFJr: The economic impact of multiple-gestation pregnancies and the contribution of assisted-reproduction techniques to their incidence. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 244-9.
34. Meikle WA, Arver S, Dobs AS, et al.: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a permeation enhanced testosterone transdermal system in hypogonadal men: influence of application site-a clinical research study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81: 1832-40.
35. Kliesch S, Behre HM, Nieschlag E: Recombinant human folliclestimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin for induction of spermatogenesis in a hypogonadotropic male. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 1326-8.
36. Mannaerts B, Fauser B, Lahlou N, et al.: Serum hormone concentrations during treatment with multiple rising doses of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (Puregon) in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 406-10.
37. Burris AS, Rodbard HW, Winters SJ, et al.: Gonadotropin therapy in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: the response to human chorionic gonadotropin is predicted by initial testicular size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 1144-51.
38. Whitcomb RW, Crowley WFJr: Diagnosis and treatment of isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70:3-7.
39. Schopohl J, Eversmann T, Mehltretter G, et al.: Comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin therapy in male patients with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 1143-50.
40. Berezin M, Weissenberg R, Rabinovich O, et al.: Successful GnRH treatment in a patient with Kallmann's syndrome, who previously failed hMG/hCG therapy. Andrologia 1988; 20: 285-8.