Differences and similarities between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma

Clinical and Experimental Allergy, Supplement

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 14-26

  Jeffery, P K ^a,b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Airway; Asthma; Biopsy; Chronic bronchitis; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Emphysema; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5;

ASTHMA; BRONCHIOLITIS; BRONCHUS MUCUS; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; EDEMA; EMPHYSEMA; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HELPER CELL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MUCUS SECRETION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION;

EID: 0032974448     PISSN: 09602178     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00004.x-i2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1398-420.
2. American Thoracic Society Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:S77-S120.
3. Summary and recommendations of a Workshop on the investigative use of fibreoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:180-2.
4. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the etiology of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1965; 1:775-80.
5. Thurlbeck WM. Aspects of chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 1977; 72:341-9.
6. Fletcher CM, Pride MB. Definition of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma and airflow obstruction: twenty-five years on from the CIBRA symposium. Thorax 1984; 39:81-5.
7. Buist S, Ghezzo H, Anthonisen NR et al. Relationship between the single breath N2 test and age, sex and smoking habits in three North American cities. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120:305-18.
8. Buist AS. Current status of small airways disease. Chest 1984; 86:100-5.
9. Snider GL, Kleinerman J, Thurlbeck WM. The definition of emphysema. Report of a National Heart and Blood Institute, division of lung diseases. Workshop Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:182-5.
10. O'Shaughnessy TC, Ansari TW, Barnes NC, Jeffery PK. Inflammation in bronchial biopsies of subjects with chronic bronchitis: inverse relationship of CDS+ T lymphocytes with FEV1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:852-7.
11. Jeffery PK. Morphology of the airway wall in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:1152-8.
12. Jeffery PK. Structural and inflammatory changes in COPD. A comparison with asthma. Thorax 1997; 53:129-36.
13. Toremalm NH. The daily amount of tracheobronchial secretions in man: a method for continuous tracheal aspiration in largyngectomized and tracheostimized patients. Acta Otolarynol 1960; 158:43-53.
14. Lopez-Vidriero MT, Reid L. Bronchial mucus in asthma. In: Weiss EB, Segal MS, Stein M, eds. Bronchial asthma: mechanisms and therapeutics. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1985:218-35.
15. Coles SJ, Bhaskar KR, O'Sullivan BD, Neill KH, Reid LM. Airway mucus: composition and regulation of its secretion by neuropeptides in vitro. In: Mucus and Mucosa. Ciba Foundation Symposium 109. London: Pitman Medical, 1984:40-60.
16. Reid L. Pathology of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1954; 1:275-9.
17. Mullen JBM, Wright JL, Wiggs BR, Pare PD, Hogg JC. Reassessment of inflammation of airways in chronic bronchitis. BMJ 1985; 291:1235-9.
18. Cosio MG, Hale KA, Niewoehner DE. Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122:265-71.
19. Ebert RV, Terracio MJ. The bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers: observations with the scanning electron microscope. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 111:4-11.
20. Glynn AA, Michaels L. Bronchial biopsy in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Thorax 1960; 15:142-53.
21. Wright RR, Stuart CM. Chronic bronchitis with emphysema: a pathological study of the bronchi, Med Thoracalis 1965; 22:210.
22. Klienerman J, Boren HG. Morphologic basis of chronic obstructive lung disease. In: Baum GL, ed. Textbook of Pulmonary Disease. Boston: Little, Brown & Company 1974:571.
23. Ailsby RL, Ghadially FN. Atypical cilia in human bronchial mucosa. J Pathol 1973; 109:75-7.
24. Chang SC. Microscopic properties of whole mounts and sections of human bronchial epithelium of smokers and non-smokers. Cancer (Phila) 1957; 10:1246-62.
25. Wanner A. Clinical aspects of muco-ciliary transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116:73-125.
26. Misokovitch G, Appel J, Szule J. Ultrastructural changes of ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells in chronic bronchitis biopsy material. Acta Morph Acad Sci Hung 1974; 22:91-103.
27. Vitalis TZ, Keicho N, Itabashi S, Hayashi S, Hogg JC. A model of latent adenovirus 5 infection in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14:225-31.
28. Jeffery PK, Wardlaw A, Nelson FC, Collins JV, Kay AB. Bronchial biopsies in asthma: an ultrastructural quantification study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1745-53.
29. Ollerenshaw SL, Woolcock AJ. Characteristics of the inflammation in biopsies from large airways of subjects with asthma and subjects with chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:922-7.
30. Dunnill MS, Massarella GR, Anderson JA. A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis, and in emphysema. Thorax 1969; 24:176-9.
31. Jeffery PK. Pathology of asthma. In: Kay AB, ed. Allergy and Allergic Diseases. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1997:1412-28.
32. O'Shaughnessy TC, Ansari TW, Barnes NC, Jeffery PK. Reticular basement membrane thickness in moderately severe asthma and smokers' chronic bronchitis with and without airflow obstruction. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996; 153:A879 (abstract).
33. Chanez P, Vignola AM, O'Shaughnessy T et al. Corticosteroid reversibility in COPD is related to features of asthma. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1529-34.
34. Carroll N, Elliot A, Morton A, James A. The structure of large and small airways in nonfatal and fatal asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:405-10.
35. Saetta M. CD8+ T-lymphocytes in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:822-6.
36. Gizycki MJ, Adelroth E, Rogers AV, O'Byrne PM, Jeffery PK. Myofibroblast involvement in the allergen-induced late response in mild atopic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 16:664-73.
37. Jeffery PK. Structural changes in asthma. In: Page C, Black J, eds. Airways and Vascular Remodelling in Asthma and Cardiovascular Disease, London: Academic Press, 1994:3-19.
38. Azzawi M, Bradley B, Jeffery PK et al. Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:1407-13.
39. Bradley BL, Azzawi M, Jacobson M et al. Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages in bronchial biopsies from atopic asthmatics: comparison with atopic non-asthma and relationship to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88:661-74.
40. Robinson DS, Hamid Q, Ying S et al. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalvcolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:298-304.
41. Robinson DS, Tsicopoulos A, Meng Q et al. Increased interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression in atopic allergy and asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14:113-7.
42. Humbert M, Durham SR, Ying S et al. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from atopic and non-atopic asthma. Evidence against 'intrinsic' asthma being a distinct immunopathological entity. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1497-504.
43. Djukanovic R, Roche WR, Wilson JW et al. Mucosal inflammation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:434-57.
44. Lacoste JY, Bousquet J, Chanez P et al. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allerg Clin Immunol 1993; 92:537-48.
45. Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P et al. Activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:301-6.
46. Vignola AM, Campbell AM, Chanez P et al. HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on bronchial epithelial cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:689-94.
47. Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Roggeri A et al. Upregulation of adhesion molecules in the bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:803-10.
48. Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P et al. Airway eosinophilia in chronic bronchitis during exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1646-52.
49. Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P et al. Airway eosinophilia and expression of interluekin-5 protein in asthma and in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26:766-74.
50. Thompson AB, Daughton D, Robbins RA et al. Intraluminal airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis. Characterization and correlation with clinical parameters. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1527-37.
51. Lacoste J-Y, Bousquet J, Chanez P et al. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92:537-48.
52. O'Shaughnessy TC, Ansari TW, Barnes NC, Jeffery PK. Inflammatory cells in the airway surface epithelium of smokers with and without bronchilic airflow obstruction. Eur Respir J 1996; 9 (Suppl. 23):14s.
53. Saetta M, Turato G, Facchini FM et al. Inflammatory cells in the bronchial glands of smokers with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:1633-9.
54. Hogg JC, Macklem PT, Thurlbeck WM. Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 1968; 278:1355-60.
55. Verbeken EK, Cauberghs M, Mertens I, Lauweryns JM, van de Woestijne KP. Tissue and airway impedance of excised normal, senile, and emphysematous lungs. Am Phys Soc 1992:2343-53.
56. Jeffery PK, Reid L. New observations of rat airway epithelium: a quantitative electron microscopic study. J Anat 1975; 120:295-320.
57. Jeffery PK. Structural, immunologic, and neural elements of the normal human airway wall. In: Busse WW, Holgate ST, eds. Asthma and Rhinitis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1995:80-106.
58. Gil J, Wiebel E. Extracellular lining of bronchioles after perfusion-fixation of rat lungs for electron microscopy. Anat Rec 1971; 169:185-200.
59. Mooren HWD, Kramps JA, Franken C, Meijer CJLM, Dijkman JA. Localisation of a low-molecular weight bronchial protease inhibitor in the peripheral human lung. Thorax 1983; 38:180-3.
60. Kramps JA, Franken C, Dijkman JH. ELISA for quantitative measurement of low-molecular-weight bronchial protease inhibitor in human sputum. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129:959-63.
61. Ebert RV, Hanks PB. Mucus secretion by the epithelium of the bronchioles of cigarette smokers. Br J Dis Chest 1981; 75:277-82.
62. Macklem PT, Proctor DF, Hogg JC. The stability of peripheral airways. Resp Physiol 1970; 8:191-203.
63. Shimura S, Andoh Y, Haraguchi M, Shirato K. Continuity of airway goblet cells and intraluminal mucus in the airways of patients with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:1395-401.
64. Horsfield K. The structure of the tracheobronchial tree. In: Scadding JG, Cumming G, Thurlbeck WM, eds. The Structure of the Tracheobronchial Tree. London: William Heinemann, 1981:54-70.
65. Nemery B, Moavero NE, Brasseur L, Stanescu DC. Significance of small airways test in middle-aged smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:232-8.
66. Niewochner DE, Klienerman J, Rice D. Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1974; 291:755-8.
67. Mitchell RS, Stanford RE, Johnson JM et al. The morphologic features of the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli in chronic airway obstruction: a clinicopathologic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114:137-45.
68. Hale KA, Ewing SL, Gosnell BA, Niewoehner DE. Lung disease in long-term cigarette smokers with and without chronic air-flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:716-21.
69. Bignon J, Khoury F, Evan P, Andre J, Brouet G. Morphometric study in chronic obstructive broncho-pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99:669-95.
70. Saetta M, Ghezzo H, Wong Dong K et al. Loss of alveolar attachments in smokers. A morphometric correlate of lung function impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:894-900.
71. Linhartova A, Anderson AE, Jnr Foraker AG. Further observations on lumenal deformity and stenosis of non respiratory bronchioles in pulmonary emphysema. Thorax 1977; 32:50-3.
72. Anderson AE, Foraker AG. Relative dimensions of bronchioles and parenchymal spaces in lungs from normal subjects and emphysematous patients. Am J Med 1962; 32:218-26.
73. Wright JL, Hobson JE, Wiggs B, Pare PD, Hogg JC. Airway inflammation and peribronchiolar attachments in the lungs of nonsmokers, current and ex-smokers. Lung 1988; 166:277-86.
74. Reynolds HY. Bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135:250-63.
75. Snider GL. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a continuing challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:942-4.
76. Thurlbeck WM. Chronic airflow obstruction. Correlation of Structure and Function. In: Petty TL, ed. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2nd edn. New York: Dekker, 1985:129-203.
77. Hamid G, Song Y, Kotsimbos TC, Minshall E, Bai TR, Hegele RG, et al. Inflammation of small airways in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100:44-57.
78. Gillooly M, Lamb D. Microscopic emphysema in relation to age and smoking habit. Thorax 1993; 48:491-5.
79. Lamb D, McLean A, Gillooly M et al. Relation between distal airspace size, bronchiolar attachments, and lung function. Thorax 1993; 48:1012-7 (abstract).
80. Lang MR, Fiaux GW, Gilooly M et al. Collagen content of alveolar wall tissue in emphysematous and non-emphysematous lungs. Thorax 1994; 49:319-26.
81. Eriksson S. Pulmonary emphysema and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Acta Med Scand 1964; 175:197-205.
82. Kim WD, Eidelman DH. Izquierdo JL et al. Centrilobular and panlobular emphysema in smokers. Two distinct morphologic and functional entities. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:1385-90.
83. Auerbach O, Hammond EC, Garfinkel L, Benante C. Relation of smoking and age to emphysema. N Engl J Med 1972; 286:853-8.
84. MacNee W. Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale chronicum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Part One. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994; 150:833-52.
85. Jeffery PK. Tobacco smoke-induced lung disease. In: Cohen RD, Lewis B, Alberti KGMM, Denman AM, eds. The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Acquired Disease. London: Ballière Tindall, 1990:466-95.
86. Cantin A, Crystal RG. Oxidants, antioxidants and the pathogenesis of emphysema. Eur J Respir Dis 1985; 66 (Suppl. 139):7-17.
87. MacNee W, Selby C. New perspectives on basic mechanisms in lung disease: 2. Neutrophil traffic in the lungs: role of haemodynamics, cell adhesion and deformability. Thorax 1993; 48:79-88.
88. Gadek JE, Fells GA, Crystal RG. Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans. Sci 1979; 206:1315-6.
89. Kimbel P. Proteolytic damage and emphysema pathogenesis. In: Petty TL, ed. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Vol. 28. New York: Dekker, 1985:105-28.
90. MacNee W, Wiggs B, Belzberg AS, Hogg JC. The effect of cigarette smoking on neutrophil kinetics in human lungs. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:924-8.
91. Drost EM, Selby C, Lannan S, Lowe GDO, MacNee W. Changes in neutrophil deformability following in vitro smoke exposure: mechanisms and protection. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6:287-95.
92. Shapiro SD. The pathogenesis of emphysema: the elastase: anticlastase hypothesis 30 years later. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1995; 107:346-52.
93. Hautamaki RD, Kobayashi DK, Senior RM, Shapiro SD. Requirement for macrophage elastase for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Sci 1997; 277:2002-4.
94. Finkelstein R, Fraser RS, Ghezzo H, Cosio MG. Alveolar inflammation and its relation to emphysema in smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:1666-72.
95. Kraft M, Djukanovic R, Wilson S, Holgate ST, Martin RJ. Alveolar tissue inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1505-10.
96. Fletcher CM. Chronic bronchitis and decline in pulmonary function with some suggestions on terminology. In: Cumming G, Bonsignore G, eds. Smoking and the Lung, Vol. 17. New York: Plenum, 1984:397-420.
97. Peto R, Speitzer FE, Cochrane AL et al. The relevance in adults of airflow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:491-500.
98. Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Chronic mucus hypersecretion in COPD and death from pulmonary infection. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1333-8.
99. Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P. Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1530-5.
100. Hogg JC, Wright JL, Wiggs BR et al. Lung structure and function in cigarette smokers. Thorax 1994; 49:473-8.
101. Thurlbeck WM. Lung structure and function in cigarette smokers. Thorax 1994; 49:1276-9.
102. Hopkin JM, Tomlinson CS, Jenkins RM. Variations in response to cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke. Br Med J 1981; 283:1209-11.
103. Amadori A, Zamarchi R, De Silvestro G et al. Genetic Control CD 1995; 4/CD:8 T-cell ratio in humans. Nature Medicine 1:1279-83.
104. Jeffery PK. Comparative morphology of the airways in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:S6-S13.