Using behavior and ecology to exploit schooling fishes

Environmental Biology of Fishes

Volumn 55, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 157-181

  Parrish, Julia K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Artisanal fisheries; Conservation; Overharvest; Techno fishing

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; EXPLOITATION; FISHERY; SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR;

MARTES; MARTES PENNANTI; PISCES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0032970963     PISSN: 03781909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1007472602017     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (138)

1. Alexander, A.B. 1901. Notes on the boats, apparatus, and fishing methods employed by the native of the south sea islands and results of fishing trials by the Albatross. Rept. to the U.S. Fish Commission, Government Print Office, Washington D.C.
2. Allee, W.C., A.E. Emerson, O. Park, T. Park & K.P. Schmidt, 1949. Principles of animal ecology. Saunders Press, Philadelphia. 837 pp.
3. Alverson, D.L. & N.J. Wilimovsky. 1964. Prospective developments in the harvesting of marine fishes. Fishing News Books 2: 583-589.
4. Arimoto, T., S. Akiyama, K. Kibuya & H. Kobayashi. 1993. Fish-herding effect of an air bubble curtain and its application to set-net fisheries. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 155-160.
5. Ariz, J., A. Delgado, A. Fonteneau, F. Gonzales-Costas & P. Pallares. 1993. Logs and tunas in the eastern tropical Atlantic. A review of present knowledge and uncertainties. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 1993. 40(2): 421-446.
6. Atema, J. 1980. Chemical senses, chemical signals, and feeding behavior in fishes. pp. 57-101. In: J.E. Bardach, J.J. Magnuson, R.C. May & J.M. Reinhart (ed.) Fish Behavior and Its Use in the Capture and Culture of Fishes, ICLARM, Manila.
7. Au, D.W.K. & R.L. Pitman. 1986. Scabird interactions with dolphins and tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific. Condor 88: 304-317.
8. Bardach, J.F. & J.J. Magnuson. 1980. Introduction and perspectives, pp. 1-31. In: J.E. Bardach, J.J. Magnuson, R.C. May & J.M. Rcinhart (ed.) Fish Behavior and Its Use in the Capture and Culture of Fishes, ICLARM, Manila.
9. Bates, D.W. & J.G. Van Der Walker. 1964. Exploratory experiments on the deflection of juvenile salmon by means of water and air jets. Fish passage research program, review of prog. 3(14), U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle. 6 pp.
10. Bel'kovich, V.M., E.E. Ivanova, O.V. Yefremenkova, L.B. Kozarovitsky & S.P. Kharitonov. 1991. Searching and hunting behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Black Sea. pp. 38-67. In: K. Pryor & K.S. Norris (ed.) Dolphin Societies: Discoveries and Puzzles. University of California Press, Los Angeles.
11. Beltestad, A.K. & O.A. Misund. 1989. Attraction of Norwegian spring spawning herring to underwater light. pp. 190-192. In: Proceedings of the World Symposium on Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessel Design, 1988, Newfoundland and Labrador Institute of Fisheries and Marine Technology.
12. Ben-Yami, M. 1976. Fishing with light. Fishing News Books, Farnam. 121 pp.
13. Blaxter, J.H.S. & R.S. Batty. 1990. Herring behaviour in the light and dark. pp. 209-220. In: P.J. Herring, A.K. Campbell, M. Whitfield & L. Maddock (ed.) Light and Life in the Sea, Cambridge University Press, London.
14. Blaxter, J.H.S. & J.R. Hunter. 1982. The biology of the clupeoid fishes. Adv. Mar. Biol. 20: 3-223.
15. Boudreau, P.R. 1992. Acoustic observations of patterns of aggregation in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and their significance to production and catch. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 23-31.
16. Breder, C.M. 1967. On the survival value of fish schools. Zoologica 52: 25-40.
17. Brewer, G.D. & G.S. Kleppel. 1986. Diel vertical distribution of fish larvae and their prey in nearshore waters of southern California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 27: 217-226.
18. Cairns, D.K. & D.C. Schneider. 1990. Hot spots in cold water: feeding habitat selection by thick-billed murres. Stud. Avian Biol. 14: 52-60.
19. Calkins, T.P. & W.L. Klawe. 1963. Synposis of biological data on black skipjack Euthynnus lineatus Kishinouye 1920. FAO Fish. Rept. 6(2): 130-146.
20. Cayre, P. & F. Marsac. 1990. Report and preliminary results of the tagging programme of natural drift logs in the tuna purse seine fishery area of the western Indian Ocean. pp. 125-133. In: Collect. Vol. Working Doc. 1990, FAO-UNDP Indo-Pacifie Tuna Development and Management Programme, Colombo.
21. Clark, C.W. & M. Mangel. 1986. The evolutionary advantage of group foraging. Theor. Pop. Biol. 30: 45-75.
22. Cushing, D.H. 1992. A short history of the Downs stock of herring. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 49: 437-443.
23. Driver, H.E. & W.C. Massey. 1957. Comparative studies of North American Indians. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 47: 165-456.
24. Engås, A. & A. Void Soldai, 1992. Diurnal variations in bottom trawl catch rates of cod and haddock and their influence on abundance indices. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 49: 89-95.
25. FAO 1995. FAO Yearbook: fishery statistics: catches and landings 1993, vol. 76. FAO, Rome. 687 pp.
26. Fernö, A. 1993. Advances in understanding of basic behaviour: consequences for fish capture studies. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 5-11.
27. Fonteneau, A. & T. Diouf. 1994. An efficient way of bait-fishing for tunas recently developed in Senegal. Aquat. Living. Resour. 7: 139-151.
28. Forcada, H., A. Aguilar, P.S. Hammond, X. Pastor & R. Aguilar. 1994. Distribution and numbers of striped dolphins in the western Mediterranean Sea after the 1990 epizootic outbreak. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 10: 137-150.
29. Fréon, P., F. Gerlotto & O.A. Misund. 1993b. Consequences of fish behaviour for stock assessment. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 190-195.
30. Fréon, P., F. Gerlotto & M. Soria. 1993a. Variability of Harengula spp. school reactions to boats or predators in shallow water. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 30-35.
31. Fréon, P., F. Gerlotto & M. Soria. 1996. Diel variability of school structure with special reference to transition periods. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53: 459-464.
32. Giraldeau, L.A. 1988. The stable group and the determinants of foraging group size. pp. 33-53. In: C.N. Slobodchikoff (ed.) The Ecology of Social Behaviour, Academic Press, San Diego.
33. Glass, C.W. 1996. A review of fish behavior in relation to species separation and bycatch reduction in mixed fisheries. pp. 243-250. In: T. Wray (ed.) Solving Bycatch Workshop: Considerations for Today and Tomorrow, AK Sea Grant, Fairbanks.
34. Glass, C.W., C.S. Wardle & S.J. Gosden. 1993. Behavioural studies of the principles underlying mesh penetration by fish. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 92-97.
35. Glass, C.W., C.S. Wardle & W.R. Mojsiewicz. 1986. A light intensity threshold for schooling in the Atlantic mackerel. Scomber scombrus. J. Fish Biol. 29(Suppl. A): 71-81.
36. Gooding, R.M. & J.J. Magnuson. 1967. Significance of a drifting object to pelagic fishes. Pac. Sci. 21: 486-479.
37. Greenblatt, P.R. 1979. Associations of tuna with flotsam in the eastern tropical Pacific. U.S. Fish. Bull. 77: 147-155.
38. Grünbaum, D. 1997. Schooling as a strategy for taxis in a noisy environment. pp. 257-281. In: J.K. Parrish & W.M. Hamner (ed.) Animal Groups in Three Dimensions, Cambridge University Press, New York.
39. Gucron, S. & S.A. Levin. 1995. The dynamics of group formation. Math. Biosci. 128: 243-264.
40. Hallier, J.P. 1994. Purse seine fishery on floating objects: What kind of fishing effort? What kind of abundance indices? pp. 192-198. In: Proc. 5th Expert Consult. Indian Ocean Tunas, FAO-UNDP Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme, Colombo.
41. Hamashima, K., I. Mori & Y. Kuwano. 1969. Some observations on fish schools and their environment. pp. 453-461. In: A. Ben- Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics. FAO Fisheries Rept. 62(2).
42. Hamilton, W.D. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. Theor. Biol. 31: 295-311.
43. Hamner, W.M. 1985. The importance of ethology for investigations of marine zooplankton. Bull. Mar. Sci. 37: 414-424.
44. Hancock, J., P.J.B. Hart & T. Antezana. 1995. Searching behaviour and catch of horse mackerel (Trachurus murphvi) by industrial purse-seiners off south-central Chile. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 991-1004.
45. Hashimoto, T. & Y. Maniwa. 1967. Research on the luring of fish shoals by utilizing underwater acoustical equipment. pp. 93-104. In: W.N. Tavolga (ed.) Marine Bio-Acoustics 2.
46. Helfman, G.S. 1993. Fish behaviour by day, night and twilight, pp. 478-512. In: T.J. Pitcher (ed.) Behaviour of Telcost Fishes, 2nd. ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
47. Helfman, G.S., J.L. Meyer & W.N. McFarland. 1982. The ontogeny of twilight migration pattern in grunts (Pisces: Haemulidae). Anim. Behav. 30: 317-326.
48. Helfman, G.S. & E.T. Schultz. 1984. Social transmission of behavioural traditions in a coral reef fish. Anim. Behav. 32: 379-384.
49. Hemmings, C.C. 1968. A discussion of the principles of observing fish behaviour in relation to fishing gear. pp. 657-666. In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics. FAO Fisheries Rept. 62(3).
50. Hobson, E.S., J.R. Chess & W.N. McFarland. 1981. Crepuscular and noctural activities of California nearshore fishes, with consideration of their scotopic visual pigments and the photic environment. U.S. Fish. Bull. 79: 1-30.
51. Hocutt, C.H. 1980. Behavioral barriers and guidance systems, pp. 183-205. In: C.H. Hocutt, J.R. Stauffer Jr., J.E. Edinger, L.W. Hall Jr. & R.P. Morgan (ed.) Power Plants: Effects of Fish and Shellfish Behavior, Academic Press, New York.
52. Holland, K.M., R.W. Brill & R.K.C. Chang. 1990. Horizontal and vertical movements of yellowfin and bigeye tuna associated with fish aggregating devices. U.S. Fish. Bull. 88: 493-507.
53. Holland, K.N., C.G. Lowe & B.M. Wetherbee. 1996. Movements and dispersal patterns of blue trevally (Caranx melapygus) in a fisheries conservation zone. Fish. Res. 25: 279-292.
54. Holmes, B. 1994. Biologists sort the lessons of fisheries collapse. Science 264: 1252-1253.
55. Hooper, A. 1983. Tokelau fishing in traditional and modern contexts. pp. 9-38. In: K. Ruddle & J.F., Johannes (ed.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific, UNESCO, Jakarta Pusat.
56. Hulsman, K. 1988. The structure of seabird communities: an example from Australian waters. pp. 59-91. In: J. Burger (ed.) Seabirds and Other Marine Vertebrates, Columbia University Press, New York.
57. Hunter, J.R. & C.T. Mitchell. 1966. Association of fishes with flotsam in the offshore waters of Central America. U.S. Fish. Bull. 66: 13-29.
58. Inoue, Y. & T. Arimoto. 1988. Scanning sonar survey on the capturing process of trapnet. pp. 417-421. In: Proceedings of the World Symposium on Fishing Clear and Fishing Vessel Design, 1988, Newfoundland and Labrador Institute of Fisheries and Marine Technology.
59. Johannes, R.E. 1980. Using knowledge of the reproductive behavior of reef and lagoon fishes to improve fishing yields. pp. 247-261. In: J.R. Bardach, J.J. Magnuson, R.C. May & J.M. Reinhart (ed.) Fish Behavior and Its Use in the Capture and Culture of Fishes, ICLARM, Manila.
60. Johannes, R.E. 1981. Words of the lagoon: fishing and marine lore in the Palau District of Micronesia, UCLA Press, Los Angeles. 245 pp.
61. Joseph, J. & J.W. Greenough. 1979. International management of tuna, porpoise, and billfish: biological, legal, and political aspects. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 253 pp.
62. Jurasz, C.M. & V.P. Jurasz. 1979. Feeding modes of the humpback whale. Megapiera novaeangliae, in southeast Alaska. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 31: 69-83.
63. Kemmerer, A.J. 1980. Environmental preferences and behavior patterns of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus). pp. 345-350. In: J.E. Bardach, J.J. Magnuson, R.C. May & J.M. Reinhart (ed.) Fish Behavior and Its Use in the Capture and Culture of Fishes, ICLARM, Manila.
64. Korotkov, V.K. 1969. Behavior of some fish within the influence of a trawl. Voprosy Ikhtiologii 9: 59 (in Russian).
65. Kramer, D.L. & M.R. Chapman. 1999. Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. Env. Biol. Fish. 55: 65-79 (this issue).
66. Kuroki, T. 1969. Problems of designing fishing gear as related to behaviour of fish. pp. 523-542. In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, FAO Fisheries Rept. 62.
67. Kuznetsov, Y.A. 1971. The behaviour of fish in the zone affected by a curtain of air bubbles. pp. 103-110. In: A.P. Alekseev (ed.) Fish Behaviour and Fishing Techniques; all-Union conference held at Murmansk, 27 February to 1 March 1968, Israel Progr. Sci. Trans., Jerusalem.
68. Lieber, M.D. 1994. More than a living: fishing and the social order on a Polynesian atoll. Westview Press, San Francisco. 235 pp.
69. Lieberman, J.T. & P.H. Muessing. 1978. Evaluation of an air bubbler to mitigate fish impingement at an electric generating plant. Estuaries 1: 129-132.
70. Løkkeborg, S. 1990. Reduced catch of under-sized cod (Gadua morhua) in longlining by using artificial bait. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1112-1115.
71. Løkkeborg, S., Å. Bjordal & A. Fernö. 1989. Responses of cod (Gadua morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to bailed hooks in the natural environment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1478-1483.
72. Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn & C. Walters. 1993. Uncertainly, resource exploitation, and conservation: lesson from history. Science 260: 17-36.
73. Major, P F. 1978. Predator-prey interactions in two schooling fishes, Caranx ignobilis and Stolephorous purpureus. Anim. Behav. 26: 760-777.
74. Maniwa, Y. 1976. Attraction of bony fish, squid and crab by sound, pp. 271-283 In: A. Schuijf & A.D. Hawkins (ed.) Sound Reception in Fish. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
75. Matsumoto, W.M., T.K. Kazama & D.C. Aasted. 1981. Anchored fish aggregating devices in Hawaiian waters. Mar. Fish. Rev. 43: 1-13.
76. McNeely, R.L. 1961. Purse seine revolution in tuna fishing. Pac. Fisherman 59: 27-58.
77. Misund, O.A. 1988. Swimming behaviour of herring (Clupea harengus L.) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) in purse seine capture situations. pp. 541-546. In: Proceedings of the World Symposium on Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessel Design, 1988, Newfoundland and Labrador Institute of fisheries and Marine Technology.
78. Misund, O.A. 1991. Swimming behaviour of schools related to fish capture and acoustic abundance estimation. PhD. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen. 132 pp.
79. Mohr, H. 1969. Observations on the Atlanto-Scandian herring with respect to schooling and reactions to fishing gear. pp. 567-579. In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, FAO Fisheries Rept. 62.
80. Moussette, M. 1979. Fishing methods used in the St. Lawrence river and gulf. History and Archaeology # 22, Parks Canada. Ottawa. 171 pp.
81. Murphy, G.I. 1977. Clupeoids. pp. 283-308. In: J.A. Gulland (ed.) Fish Population Dynamics, John Wiley, New York.
82. Murphy, G.I. 1980. Schooling and the ecology and management of marine fish. pp. 400-414. In: J.E. Bardach, J.J. Magnuson, R.C. May & J.M. Reinhart (ed.) Fish Behavior and Its Use in the Capture and Culture of Fishes, ICLARM, Manila.
83. Nakamura, E.L. 1969. A review of field observations of tuna behavior. pp. 59-68. In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, FAO Fisheries Rept. 62.
84. National Research Council 1992. Dolphins and the tuna industry. Report of the committee on reducing porpoise mortality from tuna fishing. 176 pp.
85. Neill, S.R.S. & J.M. Cullen. 1974. Experiments on whether schooling by their prey affects the hunting behaviour of cephalopods and fish predators. J. Zool. Lond. 172: 549-569.
86. Nikonorov, I.V. 1973. Interaction of fishing gear with fish aggregations. U. S. Dept. of Commerce. 216 pp. (translation from Russian).
87. Nishimura, A. 1964. Primitive fishing methods. 10th Pac. Sci. Congr. Ser. Univ. Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 102 pp.
88. Norris, K.S. & T.P. Dohl. 1980. The structure and functions of cetacean schools. pp. 211-261. In: L. Herman (ed.) Cetacean Behavior: Mechanisms and Functions, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
89. Parrish, J.K. 1992. Do predators 'shape' fish schools: interactions between predators and their schooling prey. Netherl. J. Zool. 42: 358-370.
90. Parrish, J.K. 1993. Comparison of the hunting behavior of four piscine predators attacking schooling prey. Ethology 95: 233-246.
91. Parrish, J.K., S.W. Strand & J.L. Lott. 1989. Predation on a school of flatiron herring, Harengula thrissina. Copeia 1989: 1089-1091.
92. Patrick, P.H., A.E. Christie, D. Sager, C. Hocutt & J. Stauffer Jr. 1985. Responses of fish to a strobe light/air bubbler barrier. Fish. Res. 3: 157-172.
93. Pitcher, T.J, 1995. The impact of pelagic fish behaviour on fisheries, pp. 295-306. In: C. Bas, J.J. Castro & J.M. Lorenzo (ed.) International Symposium on Middle-Sized Pelagic Fish, Scientia Marina 59.
94. Pitcher, T.J., O.A. Misund, A. Fernö, B. Totland & V. Melle. 1996. Adaptive behaviour of herring schools in the Norwegian Sea as revealed by high-resolution sonar. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53: 449-452.
95. Pitcher, T.J. & J.K. Parrish. 1993. Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts. pp. 363-439. In: T.J. Pitcher (ed.) Behaviour of Teleost Fishes, 2nd. ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
96. Platt, A.E. 1995. Aquaculture boosts fish catch. pp. 32-33. In: L.R. Brown, N. Lenssen & H. Kane (ed.) Vital Signs 1995; The Trends that are Shaping Our Future, Worldwatch Institute, Washington D. C.
97. Ponomarenko, V.P. 1969. On the negative response of polar cod (Boreogadus saida Lepechin) to electric lights. pp. 823-830. In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, FAO Fisheries Repl. 62.
98. Potts, G.W. 1983. The predatory tactics of Caranx melampygus and the response of its prey. pp. 181-191. In: D.L.G. Noakes, D.G. Lindquist, G.S. Helfman & J.A. Ward (ed.) Predators and Prey in Fishes, Dr W. Junk Publisher, The Hague.
99. Protasov, V.R. 1971. Prospects of utilizing the communicating and orienting signals of fish. pp. 51-56. In: A.P. Alekseev (ed.) Fish Behaviour and Fishing Techniques, Israel Progr. Sci. Trans., Jerusalem.
100. Pyanov, A.I. 1993. Fish learning in response to trawl fishing. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 12-16.
101. Radakov, D.V. 1973. Schooling in the ecology of fish. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 173 pp.
102. Radovich, J. 1979. Managing pelagic schooling prey species. pp. 365-376. In: H. Clepper (ed.) Predator-Prey Systems in Fisheries Management, Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C.
103. Rathjen, C. 1984. Squid fishing techniques. FAO Training Series. FAO, Rome. 13 pp.
104. Richard, J.D. 1968. Fish attraction with pulsed low-frequency sound. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25: 1441-1452.
105. Robinson, C.J., F.V. Arenas & G.J. Gomez. 1995. Diel vertical and offshore-inshore movements of anchovies off the central Baja California coast. J. Fish Biol. 47: 877-892.
106. Rosenberg, A.A., M.J. Fogarty, M.P. Sissenwine, J.R. Beddington & J.G. Sheperd. 1993. Achieving sustainable use of renewable resources. Science 262: 828-829.
107. Rountree, R.A. 1989. Association of fishes with fish aggregation devices: effects of structure size on fish abundance. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44: 960-972.
108. Rountree, R.A. 1990. Community structure of fishes attracted to shallow water fish aggregation devices off South Carolina, U.S.A. Env. Biol. Fish. 29: 241-262.
109. Royce, W.F. & T. Otsu. 1955. Observation of skipjack schools in Hawaiian waters, 1953. Spec. Sci. Rept. U. S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. 147. 31 pp.
110. Schaefer, M.B., G.L. Broadhead & C.J. Orange. 1963. Synopsis on the biology of yellowfin tuna Thunnus (Neothunnus) albacares (Bonnaterre) 1788 (Pacific Ocean). FAO Fish. Rept. 6(2): 538-561.
111. Schilt, C.R. & K.S. Norris. 1997. Perspectives on sensory intertration systems: problems, opportunities , and predictions, pp. 225-244. In: J.K. Parrish & W.M. Hamner (ed.) Animal Groups in Three Dimensions. Cambridge University Press, New York.
112. Scott, J.M. 1969. Tuna schooling terminology. Calif. Fish and Game 55: 136-140.
113. Scott, J.M. & G.A. Flittner, 1972. Behavior of bluefin tuna schools in the eastern north Pacific Ocean as inferred from fishermen's logbooks, 1960-07. U.S. Fish. Bull. 70: 915-927.
114. Shumway, C.A. 1999. A neglected science: applying behavior to aquatic conservation. Env. Biol. Fish. 55: 183-201.
115. Sinclair, M. 1988. Marine populations: an essay on population regulation and speciation. WA Sea Grant, Seattle, 252 pp.
116. Smith, K.A. 1957. Driving herring schools with compressed-air curtain. Comm. Fish. Rev. 19: 28-29.
117. Smith, K.A. 1961. Air curtain fishing for Maine sardines. Comm. Fish. Rev. 23: 1-14.
118. Soria, M., P. Fréon & F. Gerlotto. 1996. Analysis of vessel influence on spatial behaviour of fish schools using a multi-beam sonar and consequences for biomass estimates by echo-sounder. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53: 453-458.
119. Soria, M., F. Gerlotto & P. Fréon. 1993. Study of learning capabilities of tropical clupeoids using an artificial stimulus. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 17-20.
120. Stewart, P.A.M. 1982. An investigation into the reaction of fish to electrified barriers and bubble curtains. Fish. Res. 1: 3-22.
121. Swartzman, G. 1997. Analysis of the summer distribution of fish schools in the Pacific eastern boundary current. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54: 105-116.
122. Tavolga, W.N. 1980. Hearing and sound production in fishes in relation to fisheries management. pp. 102-123. In: J.E. Bardach, J.J. Magnuson, R.C. May & J.M. Reinhart (ed.) Fish Behavior and Its Use in the Capture and Culture of Fishes, ICLARM, Manila.
123. Tester, A.L. 1959. Summary of experiments on the response of tuna to stimuli. Fishing News Books 1: 538-542.
124. Theroux, P. 1988. Riding the iron rooster: by train through China. Ballantine Books, New York. 451 pp.
125. Tominaga, S. 1957. Skipjack behavior and fishing methods. K. Ishizaki, Tokyo. 357 pp.
126. Toivonen, A.-L. & R. Hudd. 1993. Videotape documentation of salmon (Salmo salar) and whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) reacting to a modified whitefish trapnet. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 59-61.
127. Tschernij, V. & E. Lehtonen. 1990. Strömming i höstryssja på Skärgårdshavet med hjälp av ljus. (Use of light to trawl Baltic herring in the Archipelago Sea). Fiskeritidskrift för Finland 5-6: 136-138.
128. Tschernij, V., E. Lehtonen & P. Suuronen. 1993. Behaviour of Baltic herring in relation to a poundnet and the possibilities of extending the poundnet season. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 196: 36-40.
129. Von Brandt, A. 1969. Application of observations on fish behavior for fishing methods and gear construction. pp. 169-192, In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, FAO Fisheries Rept. 62.
130. Walsh, M., D.G. Reid & W.R. Turrell. 1995. Understanding mackerel migration off Scotland: tracking with echosounders and commercial data, and including environmental correlates and behaviour. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 925-939.
131. Wardle, C.S. 1988. Fishing gears. pp. 12-18. In: Proceedings of the World Symposium on Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessel Design, 1988, Newfoundland and Labrador Institute of Fisheries and Marine Technology.
132. Wardle, C.S. 1993. Fish behaviour and fishing gear. pp. 609-643. In: T.J. Pitcher (ed.) Behaviour of Teleost Fishes, 2nd. ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
133. Weber, P. 1995. Protecting oceanic fisheries and jobs. pp. 21-37. In: L.R. Brown (ed.) State of the World 1995. W. W. Norton/ Worldwatch Institute, Washington D. C.
134. Wolanski, E. & W.M. Hamner. 1988. Topographically controlled fronts in the ocean and their biological influence. Science 241: 177-181.
135. World Resources Institute 1994. World resources 1994-95. Oxford University Press, New York. 400 pp.
136. World Resources Institute 1996. World Resources 1996-97. Oxford University Press, New York. 365 pp.
137. Würsig, B. & M. Würsig. 1980. Behavior and ecology of the dusky dolphin. U.S. Fish. Bull. 77: 871-890.
138. Zei, M. 1969. The behavior of Sardinella aurita Val. in relation to light and temperature, pp. 469-475. In: A. Ben-Tuvia & W. Dickson (ed.) Proceedings of the FAO Conference of Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, FAO Fisheries Rept. 62.