Behavioural conditions affecting saccadic eye movements elicited electrically from the frontal lobes of primates

European Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 2431-2443

  Tehovnik, E J ^a   Slocum, W M ^a   Schiller, P H ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioural state; Electrical stimulation; Frontal eye fields; Oculomotor behaviour; Rhesus monkeys; Supplementary eye fields

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EYE FIXATION; FRONTAL CORTEX; FRONTAL LOBE; FRUIT JUICE; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT;

EID: 0032970953     PISSN: 0953816X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00665.x     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Asanuma, H., Arnold, A., Zarzecki, P. 1976 Further study on the excitation of pyramidal tact cells by intracortical microstimulation. Exp. Brain Res., 26, 443 461.
2. Bizzi, E. 1968 Discharge of frontal eye field neurons during saccadic and following eye movements in unanesthetized monkeys. Exp. Brain Res., 6, 69 80.
3. Bon, L. & Lucchetti, C. 1992 The dorsomedial frontal cortex of the macaca monkey: fixation and saccade‐related activity. Exp. Brain Res., 89, 571 580.
4. Bruce, C.J. & Goldberg, M.E. 1985 Primate frontal eye field. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades. J. Neurophysiol., 53, 603 635.
5. Bruce, C.J., Goldberg, M.E., Bushnell, M.C., Stanton, G.B. 1985 Primate frontal eye fields. II. Physiological and anatomical correlates of electrically evoked eye movements. J. Neurophysiol., 54, 714 734.
6. Chou, I. & Schiller, P.H. 1997a Encoding of arm and eye movements in the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC). Neural Control Mov. Abstract., 23, 1151.
7. Chou, I. & Schiller, P.H. 1997b Single cell responses in dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) to eye and arm movements. Soc. Neurosci. Abstract., 23, 1552.
8. Farber, S.A., Bogdanov, M., Marshall, D.L., Tehovnik, E.J. 1997 Excitability of neural elements within the rat corpus striatum. J. Neurosci. Meth., 76, 93 104.
9. Farinas, I. & DeFelipe, J. 1991a Patterns of synaptic input on corticocortical and corticothalamic cells in the cat visual cortex. I. The cell body. J. Comp. Neurol., 304, 53 69.
10. Farinas, I. & DeFelipe, J. 1991b Patterns of synaptic input on corticocortical and corticothalamic cells in the cat visual cortex. II. The axon initial segment. J. Comp. Neurol., 304, 70 77.
11. Goldberg, M.E. & Bruce, C.J. 1990 Primate frontal eye fields. III. Maintenance of spatially accurate saccade signal. J. Neurophysiol., 64, 489 508.
12. Goldberg, M.E., Bushnell, M.C., Bruce, C.J. 1986 The effect of attentive fixation on eye movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields. Exp. Brain Res., 61, 579 584.
13. Hanes, D.P., Patterson, W.F., Schall, J.D. 1998 Role of frontal eye fields in countermanding saccades: visual, movement, and fixation activity. J. Neurophysiol., 79, 817 834.
14. Hanes, D.P., Thompson, K.G., Schall, J.D. 1995 Relationship of presaccadic activity in frontal eye field and supplementary eye field to saccade initiation in macaque: Poisson spike train analysis. Exp. Brain Res., 103, 85 96.
15. Hikosaka, O. & Wurtz, R.H. 1985 Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA‐related substances. I. Effect of muscimol and bicuculline in monkey superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 53, 266 291.
16. Hikosaka, O. & Wurtz, R.H. 1986 Saccadic eye movements following injection of lidocaine into the superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res., 61, 531 539.
17. Huerta, M.F. & Kaas, J.H. 1990 Supplementary eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation: connections in macaque. J. Comp. Neurol., 293, 299 330.
18. Judge, S.J., Richmond, B.J., Chu, F.C. 1980 Implantation of magnetic search coils for measurement of eye position: an improved method. Vision Res., 20, 535 538.
19. Keating, E.G. & Gooley, S.G. 1988 Disconnection of parietal and occipital access to the saccadic oculomotor system. Exp. Brain Res., 70, 385 398.
20. Keating, E.G., Gooley, S.G., Pratt, S., Kelsey, J.E. 1983 Removing the superior colliculus silences eye movements normally evoked from stimulation of the parietal and occipital eye fields. Brain Res., 269, 145 148.
21. Kurylo, D.D. & Skavenski, A.A. 1991 Eye movements elicited by electrical stimulation of area PG in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 65, 1243 1253.
22. Lee, K.M. & Tehovnik, E.J. 1995 Topographic distribution of fixation‐related units in the dorsomedial frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci., 7, 1005 1011.
23. Li, C.L. & Bak, A. 1976 Excitability characteristics of the A‐ and C‐fibres in peripheral nerve. Exp. Neurol., 50, 67 79.
24. Lynch, J.C., Mountcastle, V.B., Talbot, W.H., Yin, T.C.T. 1977 Parietal lobe mechanisms for directed visual attention. J. Neurophysiol., 40, 362 389.
25. Mann, S.E., Thau, R., Schiller, P.H. 1988 Conditional task‐related responses in monkey dorsomedial frontal cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 69, 460 468.
26. Marrocco, R.T. 1978 Saccades induced by stimulation of the frontal eye fields: interaction with voluntary and reflexive eye movements. Brain Res., 146, 23 34.
27. Matthews, G. 1977 Neural substrate for brain stimulation reward in the rat: cathodal and anodal strength‐duration properties. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 91, 858 875.
28. McCreery, D.B., Agnew, W.F., Yuen, T.G.H., Bullara, L. 1990 Charge density and charge per phase as cofactors in neural injury induced by electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 37, 996 1001.
29. Munoz, D.P. & Wurtz, R.H. 1993 Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus. I. Characteristics of cell discharge. J. Neurophysiol., 70, 559 575.
30. Mushiake, H., Fujii, N., Tanji, J. 1996 Visually guided saccade versus eye‐hand reach: contrasting neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary and frontal eye fields. J. Neurophysiol., 75, 2187 2191.
31. Nowak, L.G. & Bullier, J. 1998a Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter. I. Evidence from chronaxie measurements. Exp. Brain Res., 118, 477 488.
32. Nowak, L.G. & Bullier, J. 1998b Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter. II. Evidence from selective inactivation of cell bodies and axon initial segments. Exp. Brain Res., 118, 489 500.
33. Ranck, J.B. 1975 Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Res., 98, 417 440.
34. Robinson, D.A. & Fuchs, A.F. 1969 Eye movements evoked by stimulation of frontal eye fields. J. Neurophysiol., 32, 637 648.
35. Russo, G.S. & Bruce, C.J. 1993 Effect of eye position within the orbit on electrically elicited saccadic eye movements: a comparison of the macaque monkey’s frontal and supplementary eye fields. J. Neurophysiol., 69, 800 818.
36. Russo, G.S. & Bruce, C.J. 1996 Neurons in the supplementary eye field of rhesus monkeys code visual targets and saccadic eye movements in an oculocentric coordinate system. J. Neurophysiol., 76, 825 848.
37. Schall, J.D. 1991a Neuronal activity related to visually guided saccadic eye movements in the supplementary motor area of rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., 66, 530 558.
38. Schall, J.D. 1991b Neuronal activity related to visually‐guided saccades in the frontal eye fields of rhesus monkeys: a comparison with supplementary eye fields. J. Neurophysiol., 66, 559 579.
39. Schiller, P.H. 1977 The effect of superior colliculus ablation on saccades elicited by cortical stimulation. Brain Res., 122, 154 156.
40. Schiller, P.H. & Chou, I. 1998 The effect of frontal eye field and dorsomedial frontal cortex lesions on visually guided eye movements. Nature Neurosci., 1, 248 253.
41. Schiller, P.H. & Sandell, J.H. 1983 Interactions between visually and electrically elicited saccades before and after superior colliculus and frontal eye field ablations in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res., 49, 381 392.
42. Schiller, P.H. & Stryker, M. 1972 Single‐unit recording and stimulation in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 35, 915 924.
43. Schlag, J. & Schlag‐Rey, M. 1987 Evidence for a supplementary eye field. J. Neurophysiol., 57, 179 200.
44. Schlag, J., Schlag‐Rey, M., Pigarev, I. 1992 Supplementary eye field: influence of eye position on neural signals of fixation. Exp. Brain Res., 90, 302 306.
45. Shibutani, H., Sadata, H., Hyvarinen, J. 1984 Saccade and blinking evoked microstimulation of the posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey. Exp. Brain Res., 55, 1 88.
46. Shizgal, P., Conover, K., Schindler, D. 1991 Medial forebrain bundle units in the rat: dependence of refractory period estimates on pulse duration. Behav. Brain Res., 42, 151 160.
47. Shook, B.L., Schlag‐Rey, M., Schlag, J. 1988 Direct projection from the supplementary eye field to the nucleus raphe interpositus. Exp. Brain Res., 73, 215 218.
48. Shook, B.L., Schlag‐Rey, M., Schlag, J. 1990 Primate supplementary eye field: I. Comparative aspects of mesencephalic and pontine connections. J. Comp. Neurol., 301, 618 642.
49. Sloper, J.J. & Powell, T.P.S. 1979 A study of the axon initial segment and proximal axon of neurons in the primate motor and somatic sensory cortices. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Series B, 285, 173 197.
50. Sommer, M.A. & Tehovnik, E.J. 1997 Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field. Exp. Brain Res., 116, 229 249.
51. Sommer, M.A. & Tehovnik, E.J. 1999 Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations. Exp. Brain Res., 124, 429 446.
52. Sparks, D.L. & Mays, L.E. 1983 Spatial localization of saccade targets. I. Compensation for stimulation‐induced perturbations in eye position. J. Neurophysiol., 49, 45 63.
53. Stanton, G.B., Goldberg, M.E., Bruce, C.J. 1988 Frontal eye field efferents in the macaque monkey: II. Topography of terminal fields in midbrain and pons. J. Comp. Neurol., 271, 493 506.
54. Stoney, S.D., Thompson, W.D., Asanuma, H. 1968 Excitation of pyramidal tact cells by intracortical stimulation: effective extent of stimulating current. J. Neurophysiol., 31, 659 669.
55. Swadlow, H.A. 1992 Monitoring the excitability of neocortical efferent neurons to direct activation by extracellular current pulses. J. Neurophysiol., 68, 605 619.
56. Tanji, J. 1994 The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci. Res., 19, 251 268.
57. Tehovnik, E.J. 1995 The dorsomedial frontal cortex: eye and forelimb fields. Behav. Brain Res., 67, 147 176.
58. Tehovnik, E.J. 1996 Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioural responses. J. Neurosci. Meth., 65, 1 17.
59. Tehovnik, E.J. & Lee, K.M. 1993 The dorsomedial frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Topographic representation of saccades evoked by electrical stimulation. Exp. Brain Res., 96, 430 442.
60. Tehovnik, E.J., Lee, K.M., Schiller, P.H. 1994 Stimulation‐evoked saccades from the dorsomedial frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey following lesions of the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res., 98, 179 190.
61. Tehovnik, E.J., Slocum, W.M., Tolias, A.S., Schiller, P.H. 1998 Saccades induced electrically from the dorsomedial frontal cortex: evidence for a head‐centered representation. Brain Res., 795, 287 291.
62. Tehovnik, E.J. & Sommer, M.A. 1997 Electrically evoked saccades from the dorsomedial frontal cortex and frontal eye fields: a parametric evaluation reveals differences between areas. Exp. Brain Res., 117, 369 378.
63. Terao, Y., Fukuda, H., Ugawa, Y., Hikosaka, O., Hanajima, R., Furubayashi, T., Sakai, K., Miyauchi, S., Sasaki, Y., Kanazawa, I. 1998 Visualization of the information flow through human oculomotor cortical regions by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 936 946.
64. West, D.C. & Wolstencroft, J.H. 1983 Strength‐duration characteristics of myelinated and non‐myelinated bulbospinal axons in the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol., 337, 37 50.