Reasonable men and provocative women: An analysis of gendered domestic homicide in Zambia

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-27

  Rude, Darlene ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER RELATIONS; VIOLENCE; WOMENS STATUS;

ARTICLE; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FAMILY; FAMILY HEALTH; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY; HOMICIDE; HUMAN RIGHTS; LEGAL ASPECT; MEN'S HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PROBLEM; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ZAMBIA;

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; FAMILY; FAMILY HEALTH; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOMICIDE; HUMAN RIGHTS; MEN'S HEALTH; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ZAMBIA;

ZAMBIA;

EID: 0032966941     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570799108731     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Zambia Daily Mail, 29 March 1994; Times of Zambia, 26 August 1994.
2. Zambia Daily Mail, 29 March 1994; Times of Zambia, 26 August 1994.
3. Zambia Daily Mail, 8 September 1989.
4. J. Bwalya, 'The Story of Margaret Bwalya', testimony given at the YWCA Women's Human Rights Tribunal, 24 April 1996, Lusaka, pp. 1-3.
5. B. Came, 'Montreal Massacre', Maclean's (18 December 1989), p. 18.
6. C. Watts, S. Osam and E. Win, The Public is Private: a Study of Violence Against Women in Southern Africa (Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), Harare, Benaby Printers, 1995), p. 16.
7. J. Radford and D. Russell (eds), Femicide: the Politics of Woman Killing (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), p. 7.
8. The Femicide Register also includes about 30 cases of women killing men, particularly wives killing abusive husbands. Homicide, however, appears to be highly gendered. In 1994 and 1995, women accounted for 84 of the 94 murder victims recorded by the Zambia Police Force, although their relationship to the killer was not indicated (Times of Zambia, 8 July 1996).
9. The Femicide Register also includes about 30 cases of women killing men, particularly wives killing abusive husbands. Homicide, however, appears to be highly gendered. In 1994 and 1995, women accounted for 84 of the 94 murder victims recorded by the Zambia Police Force, although their relationship to the killer was not indicated (Times of Zambia, 8 July 1996).
10. Elizabeth Musenge Phiri, of Chawama, Lusaka, was allegedly beaten by her husband, Elias Phiri, 29, on 10 August 1994 after he returned from a drinking spree and the couple quarrelled. He disappeared for four days after seeing she had collapsed and was bleeding. Neighbours found her body after forcing open the house door on 14 August. Phiri was arrested and will appear in court (Central Police Files). According to the Sunday Mail, 14 August 1994, Elizabeth Phiri was murdered, allegedly by her husband, on 12 August. She was found on 13 August, by her daughter, in a crouched position with her head lying in a pool of blood.
11. Patricia Mungusa Mwabandile, 19, was allegedly killed by lier husband on 17 September 1994, in Kabwe. Her two children are now in their grandmother's care. M. Kapoko, personal communication, Lusaka, 1994.
12. For example, a single embroidered square with a name and a date was left anonymously at the YWCA reception desk, to be included in a memorial wall-hanging. In another case, a family requested that their teenage daughter's name be removed from the register, but admitted she had been killed by her boyfriend.
13. M. Wilson and M. Daly, 'Till Death Do Us Part', in J. Radford and D. Russell (eds), Femicide: the Politics of Woman Killing (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), p. 84.
14. Sec World Health Organisation and Canadian Centre for Justice statistics cited in Watts, Osam and Win, The Public is Private, p. 10.
15. K. D. Stout, "Intimate Femicide": Effect of Legislation and Social Services', in J. Radford and D. Russell (eds), Femicide: the Politics of Woman Killing (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), p. 134.
16. Sec data in Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre and Network, 'Zimbabwe Women's Voices', cited in Watts, Osam and Win, The Public is Private, p. 10.
17. Radford and Russell, Femicide, p. 4.
18. Wilson and Daly, 'Till Death Do Us Part', p. 93.
19. J. C. Campbell, ";'If I Can't Have You, No One Can": Power and Control in Homicide of Female Partners', in Radford and Russell (eds), Femicide, p. 111.
20. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Zambia's National Report to the Dakar Regional and Beijing World Conferences on Women (Lusaka, Modern Press, 1994); and Zambia Association of Research and Development (ZARD) and Non-Governmental Organisation Coordinating Committee (NGOCC), NGO Shadow Report: The Situation of Women in Zambia during the decade 1985-1994 (Lusaka, Aquila Printers, 1994).
21. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Zambia's National Report to the Dakar Regional and Beijing World Conferences on Women (Lusaka, Modern Press, 1994); and Zambia Association of Research and Development (ZARD) and Non-Governmental Organisation Coordinating Committee (NGOCC), NGO Shadow Report: The Situation of Women in Zambia during the decade 1985-1994 (Lusaka, Aquila Printers, 1994).
22. R. Siamwiza, 'Women in Development: The Zambian Case' (Lusaka, Finnish International Development Agency, 1994), p. 5.
23. J. L. Parpart, "'Where is Your Mother?": Gender, Urban Marriage and Colonial Discourse on the Zambian Copperbelt, 1924-1945', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 27, 2 (1994), pp. 241-271.
24. A. Sutherland, Violence Against Women: Zambian Perspectives (Lusaka, Baptist Printers, 1994), p. 3.
25. Central Statistics Office, Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (Lusaka, Central Statistics Office, 1992), p. 5.
26. M. Munachonga, 'Women and Development in Zambia', in J. Parpart (ed), Women and Development in Africa (Lanham, University Press of America, 1989), p. 300.
27. Central Statistics Office, Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, p. 58.
28. Parpart, "'Where is Your Mother?'", p. 243, and M. Munachonga, 'Income Allocation in Urban Zambia', in D. Dwycr and J. Bruce (eds), A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World (Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 176.
29. Parpart, "'Where is Your Mother?'", p. 243, and M. Munachonga, 'Income Allocation in Urban Zambia', in D. Dwycr and J. Bruce (eds), A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World (Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 176.
30. Sutherland, Violence Against Women: Zambian Perspectives, pp. 18-22.
31. E. Phiri, 'Wife-Beating Widespread', Voices of Women (Lusaka, YWCA of Zambia, 1992), p. 1.
32. Times of Zambia, 8 July 1996.
33. Phiri, 'Wife-Beating Widespread', p. 1.
34. I. M. G. Schuster, New Women of Lusaka (Palo Alto, CA, Mayfield, 1979), p. 93.
35. Sutherland, Violence Against Women, p. 23.
36. L. Mushota, A. Sampa, A. Machina, L. Mosho and J. Sichilomba, Gender Bias in the Zambian Court System (Lusaka, Women in Law and Development in Africa, 1994), p. 16.
37. B. Byme, 'Gender Profile of Zambia', Report No. 29 (Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, 1994), p. 12.
38. Mushota, Gender Bias in the Zambian Court System, p. 15.
39. B. Munyama, J. L. Kanganga, S. S. K. Mundia, E. K. Chelwa, J. C. Chirwa, L. N. Harrison, J. C. Sakulanda and J. M. Bowa, 'Report of the Human Rights Commission of Inquiry', The Post, I-XXIV (12 January 1996), p. 1.
40. ZARD and NGOCC, NGO Shadow Report, p. 22.
41. M. Syanfunko and G. Jambwa, 'Women to fight FTJ', The Post, 483 (30 May 1996).
42. Munyama et al., 'Report of the Human Rights Commission of Inquiry', p. 2.
43. Munyama et al., 'Report of the Human Rights Commission of Inquiry', p. v.
44. V. S. Peterson, 'Whose Rights? ËCritique of the "Givens" in Human Rights Discourse', Alternatives, 15 (1990), pp. 303-344.
45. UNDP, Human Development Report 1993 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 155.
46. Agness Kalumba was allegedly killed by her grandson, Gideon Chipili, in Nshindi/Nchelenge. The report said that 'when people realised Chipili had killed Kalumba, they beat him to death as well', Zambia Daily Mail, 18 November 1995.
47. Elizabeth Chilala died after a severe beating from her husband on 26 May 1986 in Mukonka Village in Kabwe Rural. ! 1er husband, Amon Simukuni, 31, found her in the bed of another man and beat her from 8:00 hours to 14:00 hours, ignoring pleas from other people to stop. He kicked her genitals and used two big sticks on her as he dragged her 1.5 kilometres. She suffered bruises on her buttocks, arms, thighs, and face and died of a brain hemorrhage. Commissioner Ircen Mambilima sentenced him to death on a charge of murder, saying his defence of provocation did not hold (Times of Zambia, 6 June 1986).
48. Beatrice Banda died of a brain haemorrhage in Lusaka after her husband suspected she had had an abortion and beat her for three days with an iron bar. Swetch Tembo, 28, was sentenced to three years hard labour for manslaughter (Central Police Files, Lusaka).
49. That men can attack and kill women with their bare hands appears not to be expected, at least by one judge. In a 1986 case, a High Court Justice handed down a suspended sentence, saying the husband had only used his fists and not 'a lethal weapon' (Times of Zambia, 23 May 1987). Punching was mentioned in seven of the 150 cases, suggesting that fists are lethal weapons when applied with enough force.
50. R. Copelon, 'Intimate Terror: Understanding Domestic Violence as Torture', in R. J. Cook (cd), Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives (Philadelphia, 1994); I. Marcus, 'Reframing "Domestic Violence": Terrorism in the Home', in M.A. Fincman and R. Mykitiuk (eds), The Public Nature of Private Violence (London, 1994).
51. R. Copelon, 'Intimate Terror: Understanding Domestic Violence as Torture', in R. J. Cook (cd), Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives (Philadelphia, 1994); I. Marcus, 'Reframing "Domestic Violence": Terrorism in the Home', in M.A. Fincman and R. Mykitiuk (eds), The Public Nature of Private Violence (London, 1994).
52. Munyama et al., 'Report of the Human Rights Commission of Inquiry', p. 8.
53. Munyama et al., 'Report of the Human Rights Commission of Inquiry', p. 8.
54. An unknown woman of Luanshya's Mikomfwa township, was allegedly hit on the back of the head with an iron bar by her husband. He accused her of being selfish and they quarrelled over a chicken cooked by his mother-in-law. She bled from the nose and ears and was pronounced dead at hospital (Times of Zambia, 28 December 1992).
55. Joice Kahyata was allegedly killed by her husband, Patrick Kahyata, 32, on 17 September 1990, when he beat her to death with a stick. It is alleged that Kahyata went drinking with his friends and was later joined by Joice. On the way home, she fell behind so her husband dragged her and a quarrel followed. He hit her repeatedly with a stick until she fell to the ground, where she was discovered dead the next morning. Kahyata surrendered himself to police. Times of Zambia, 12 February 1991.
56. Fales Nshingano, of Luanshya, was killed by her husband, Jameson Nehima, 35, a shift boss at the Luanshya Division of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) on 1 January 1986. Hc beat her until she fell and hit her head on a corner of the bed and died sometime later. In his ruling, Ndola High Court Justice David Lewanika 'suspended Nehima's 18-month sentence for two years on the condition that he is not found guilty of any offence involving violence'. His defence argued that Nchima was a responsible citizen with six children and parents to look after (Times of Zambia, A January 1986).
57. Hildah Katebe, 28, was killed in Matelo village in Kawambwa. Her husband, Moono Muleya, was arrested (Times of Zambia, 11 March 1993).
58. Theresa Mwale died 14 August 1986, after suffering a deep cut to her head when her husband, Kenneth Jombe Mwale, 45, an executive officer at the Technical and Vocational Teacher's College in Luanshya, beat her with a hosepipe. He was freed immediately after the trial, having been given a six-month sentence with hard labour for manslaughter. Mwale told the court he was 'angered that college authorities wanted to discipline him after his wife behaved in a bad way when she learned he had accommodated a girl in the hostel'. His lawyer said his client was a first offender who had caused the death in 'very unfortunate circumstances and would lose his job as a result'. Justice David Lewanika observed that Mrs Mwale was the aggressor and that the husband would be haunted by the fact that he caused the death of his wife for the rest of his life (Times of Zambia, 24 March 1987).
59. Margaret Kazhila, of Silimbana, was killed on September 15, 1989, by her husband. The charge was dropped to manslaughter from murder and the husband sentenced to 12 months in prison. Times of Zambia, 17 November 1990.
60. E. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', in M.A. Fineman and R. Mykitiuk (eds), The Public Nature of Private Violence (London, 1994); A. Wallace, Homicide: the Social Reality (Sydney, New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1986), cited in K. Polk, When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
61. E. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', in M.A. Fineman and R. Mykitiuk (eds), The Public Nature of Private Violence (London, 1994); A. Wallace, Homicide: the Social Reality (Sydney, New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1986), cited in K. Polk, When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
62. E. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', in M.A. Fineman and R. Mykitiuk (eds), The Public Nature of Private Violence (London, 1994); A. Wallace, Homicide: the Social Reality (Sydney, New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1986), cited in K. Polk, When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
63. Josephine Mwamba, 55, was allegedly raped and strangled in Ndola by her son, Maybin Kasonde Chili, 35. The wife of the man, Joyce Namukoko, 25, who was pregnant, said her husband told her 'Time has come' and grabbed her by the neck. When his mother tried to intervene, he allegedly killed her. Paramilitary officers arrested Chili after discharging teargas canisters into his house in New Mushili township (Times of Zambia, 11 February 1994).
64. Lwisa Kaunda was killed by her son, Masuzyo, in Kabwe. Weeks before she died, there were threats to her life after she stopped her son from selling his father's property. Masuzyo went to his mother's house on 25 March after a film show, around 22:30 hours. They argued, and she bit his smallest finger. He then punched her and she Footnote 57 continued fell, hitting her head against the veranda. When she failed to gain consciousness, he tied a plastic bag around her head to stop the blood flow, wrapped her body in a chitenge (traditional cloth) and dumped it in a sewer hole. He was jailed for 25 years for manslaughter by Justice Cosmas Kabanda (Times of Zambia, 14 September 1991, 28 August 1991, 27 September 1991, 16 November 1991).
65. Rodina Chambo and her baby, James Mataa, were beaten to death on 24 June 1982, in their Chilenje South home. Nduba was arrested and charged with murder. Later the charge was reduced to manslaughter and he was sentenced to five years in prison (Central Police Files, Lusaka).
66. V. Annandale, L. Kelly, and R. Pearson, 'Breaking the Silence', Commonwealth Secretariat, Women in Development Programme, mimeo, Norwich, 1986, p. 2.
67. Campbell, "If I Can't Have You, No One Can": Power and Control in Homicide of Female Partners'; Wilson and Daly, 'Till Death Do Us Part', p. 93.
68. Campbell, "If I Can't Have You, No One Can": Power and Control in Homicide of Female Partners'; Wilson and Daly, 'Till Death Do Us Part', p. 93.
69. R. E. Dobash and R. P. Dobash, 'The Nature and Antecedents of Violent Events', British Journal of Criminology, 24, 3 (1984), p. 273.
70. Bwalya's husband, Bernard Bwalya, 31, suspected 'that she wanted to poison him', because he vomited after drinking orange juice. He was charged with manslaughter and sentenced to 12 years hard labour (Times of Zambia, 16 January 1995).
71. Joyce Kafuna of Chipulukusu township in Ndola died June 18, 1988. Her husband, Michael Kunda Chishimba, was sentenced to three years hard labour by the Ndola High Court (Times of Zambia, December 1990).
72. Dorothy Malakata, of Litulu Village near Chongwe, was allegedly killed by her husband after a quarrel on 18 April 1994. She was allegedly found committing adultery near a bar. Police arrested her husband, Boniface Nkoma, a 32-year-old unemployed man, in the Chitamalesa area. Zambia Daily Mail, 20 April 1994; Central Police Files, Lusaka.
73. Bwalya, 'The Story of Margaret Bwalya', pp. 1-3.
74. Times of Zambia, 24 March 1987.
75. S. McNeill, 'Woman Killer as Tragic Hero', in J. Radford and D. Russell (eds), Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), p. 179.
76. Zambia Daily Mail, 29 March 1994; Times of Zambia, 26 August 1994.
77. Zambia Daily Mail, 29 March 1994; Times of Zambia, 26 August 1994.
78. Matilda Mubita, 47, of Namwala's Belina Compound, was alleged to have been murdered by her husband (Zambia Daily Mail, 29 December 1993). Unknown woman, 34, the wife of a police inspector in Kansenshi Compound in Kitwe, was allegedly beaten to death by her husband following a fight near Nkhwazi township where they had gone for a drink. She sustained 'injuries to her neck' (Times of Zambia, 27 December 1993). Unknown housewife was allegedly burned to death in Mufulira's Kawama West Township. Her husband poured paraffin on her and set her alight. The woman's burned body was found in her bedroom. Her husband was arrested and charged with murder (Zambia Daily Mail, 29 December 1993).
79. Matilda Mubita, 47, of Namwala's Belina Compound, was alleged to have been murdered by her husband (Zambia Daily Mail, 29 December 1993). Unknown woman, 34, the wife of a police inspector in Kansenshi Compound in Kitwe, was allegedly beaten to death by her husband following a fight near Nkhwazi township where they had gone for a drink. She sustained 'injuries to her neck' (Times of Zambia, 27 December 1993). Unknown housewife was allegedly burned to death in Mufulira's Kawama West Township. Her husband poured paraffin on her and set her alight. The woman's burned body was found in her bedroom. Her husband was arrested and charged with murder (Zambia Daily Mail, 29 December 1993).
80. Matilda Mubita, 47, of Namwala's Belina Compound, was alleged to have been murdered by her husband (Zambia Daily Mail, 29 December 1993). Unknown woman, 34, the wife of a police inspector in Kansenshi Compound in Kitwe, was allegedly beaten to death by her husband following a fight near Nkhwazi township where they had gone for a drink. She sustained 'injuries to her neck' (Times of Zambia, 27 December 1993). Unknown housewife was allegedly burned to death in Mufulira's Kawama West Township. Her husband poured paraffin on her and set her alight. The woman's burned body was found in her bedroom. Her husband was arrested and charged with murder (Zambia Daily Mail, 29 December 1993).
81. Sunday Mail, 14 August 1994.
82. The man, identified only as A. V. Naik, a Zambian of Asian origin living at Plot 3728, Chalo Chesu Road, Itawa residential area, Ndola, was said to have killed his wife, daughter and himself with a Webley pistol. Another daughter was reported to have survived the attempt. 'The man shot himself through the mouth after shooting his family', a police spokesman said. 'Police had to break the door to gain access into the house as he had locked himself and his victims up.' The report said police had started investigations to establish the motive for Naik's actions. The Post, 16 April 1996.
83. Bwalya, 'The Story of Margaret Bwalya', pp. 1-3.
84. Watts, Osam and Win, The Public is Private: a Study of Violence Against Women in Southern Africa, p. 47.
85. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, CAP 146, Chapter 19 (Lusaka, 1964), p. 83.
86. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, CAP 146, Chapter 19 (Lusaka, 1964), p. 84.
87. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 40, Section 294 (Lusaka, 1969); Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 29, Section 275 (Lusaka, 1974); Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 2, Section 275 (Lusaka, 1987).
88. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 40, Section 294 (Lusaka, 1969); Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 29, Section 275 (Lusaka, 1974); Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 2, Section 275 (Lusaka, 1987).
89. Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 40, Section 294 (Lusaka, 1969); Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 29, Section 275 (Lusaka, 1974); Government of the Republic of Zambia, Penal Code of Zambia, Act No. 2, Section 275 (Lusaka, 1987).
90. J. Horder, Provocation and Responsibility (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), p. 194.
91. S. Edwards, "'Provoking Her Own Demise": from Common Assault to Homicide', in J. Hanmer and M. Maynard (eds), Women, Violence and Social Control (BSA/Macmillan, 1987), p. 152.
92. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', p. 247.
93. Times of Zambia, 23 May 1987.
94. Nolisa Nata was beaten and later died on 26 December 1985, in Ndola Rural. Her husband, Enock Mafuta, 40, a mining supervisor, got 18 months for manslaughter but had served his time in detention and was set free. He had found Nolisa with a woman and a man, whom he suspected was her lover. Times of Zambia, 9 May 1987.
95. Chileshe of Kitwe was killed by Gilbert Manyalashi, 33, on 19 July 1995, 'after a domestic dispute' by 'kicking her all over the body and dragging her to the ground'. Manyalashi was sentenced to five years hard labour by High Court Commissioner Forrest. Times of Zambia, 11 January 1996.
96. Liza Sakulanda died on 18 September 1986, after being beaten by her husband, 25, a farmer from Luanshya. Times of Zambia, 9 May 1987.
97. Rose Salahanga was beaten to death on 15 May 1986, by her husband, 50. In handing down a 10- year sentence for manslaughter, Sohwezi High Court Judge Kiddy Chisala said he was concerned by the behaviour of men who beat up their wives whenever they quarrelled. Times of Zambia, 14 March 1987.
98. Cccilia Tembo, of Luanshya, was killed by her husband, Paul Katemo, 46, a watchman, 'who struck his wife to death with a hosepipe fitted with an iron bar on suspicions of infidelity' on 17 December 1993. Justice Sakala sentenced him to two years with hard labour. Times of Zambia, 10 August 1994.
99. E. Stanko, 'Challenging the Problem of Men's Individual Violence', in J. Radford and D. Russell (eds), Femicide: the Politics of Woman Killing (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1994), p. 41.
100. Times of Zambia, 14 July 1987.
101. D. K. Coker, 'Heat of Passion and Wife Killing: Men Who Batter/Men Who Kill', Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies, 2, 1 (1992), pp. 71-130, cited in Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', p. 237.
102. D. K. Coker, 'Heat of Passion and Wife Killing: Men Who Batter/Men Who Kill', Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies, 2, 1 (1992), pp. 71-130, cited in Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', p. 237.
103. R. M. Holmes and S. T. Holmes, Murder in America (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994), p. 20.
104. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', p. 233; K. Polk, When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 31; Human Rights Watch, Global Report on Women's Human Rights (New York, 1995), p. 61.
105. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', p. 233; K. Polk, When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 31; Human Rights Watch, Global Report on Women's Human Rights (New York, 1995), p. 61.
106. Rapaport, 'The Death Penalty and the Domestic Discount', p. 233; K. Polk, When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 31; Human Rights Watch, Global Report on Women's Human Rights (New York, 1995), p. 61.