Stereologic methods and their application in kidney research

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1100-1123

  Nyengaard, Jens R ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCULATION; KIDNEY; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEREOLOGY;

EID: 0032959827     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. Miles RE, Davy P: On the choice of quadrats in stereology. J Microsc 110: 27-44, 1977
2. Cruz-Orive LM: On the estimation of particle number. J Microsc 120: 15-27, 1980
3. Gundersen HJG: Stereology of arbitrary particles: A review of unbiased number and size estimators and the presentation of some new ones [in memory of William R. Thompson]. J Microsc 143: 3-45, 1986
4. Brændgaard H, Gundersen HJG: The impact of recent stereological advances on quantitative studies of the nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 18: 39-78, 1986
5. Swaab DF, Uylings HBM: Density measures: Parameters to avoid. Neurobiol Aging 8: 574-576, 1987
6. Oorschot DE: Are you using neuronal densities, synaptic densities or neurochemical densities as your definitive data? Prog Neurobiol 44: 233-247, 1994
7. Brenner BM, Garcia DL, Anderson S: Glomeruli and blood pressure: Less of one, more the other? Am J Hypertens 1: 335-347, 1986
8. Bendtsen TF, Nyengaard JR: The number of glomeruli in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 35: 844-850, 1992
9. Baddeley AJ, Gundersen HJG, Cruz-Orive LM: Estimation of surface area from vertical sections. J Microsc 142: 259-276, 1986
10. Gundersen HJG: The nucleator. J Microsc 151: 3-21, 1998
11. Jensen EBV, Gundersen HJG: The rotator. J Microsc 171: 35-44, 1993
12. Tandrup T, Gundersen HJG, Jensen EBV: The optical rotator. J Microsc 186: 108-120, 1997
13. Cruz-Orive LM: Particle number can be estimated using a disector of unknown thickness: The selector. J Microsc 145: 121-142, 1986
14. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EB: Stereological estimation of the volume-weighted mean volume of arbitrary particles observed on J random sections. J Microsc 138: 127-142, 1985
15. Mattfeldt T, Mall G: Estimation of length and surface of anisotropic capillaries. J Microsc 135: 181-190, 1984
16. Mattfeldt T, Mall G, Gharehbaghi H, Müller P: Estimation of surface area and length with the orientator. J Microsc 159: 301-317, 1990
17. Nyengaard JR, Gundersen HJG: The isector: A simple and direct method for generating isotropic, uniform random sections from small specimens. J Microsc 165: 427-431, 1991
18. v on thick sections. J Microsc 117: 333-345, 1979
19. Mathieu O, Cruz-Orive LM, Hoppeler H, Weibel ER: Estimating length density and quantifying anisotropy in skeletal muscle capillaries. J Microsc 131: 131-146, 1983
20. Gokhale AM: Unbiased estimation of curve length in 3-D using vertical slices. J Microsc 159: 133-141, 1990
21. v from vertical slices of unknown thickness. J Microsc 167: 1-8, 1992
22. Gokhale AM: Utility of the horizontal slice for stereological characterization of lineal features. J Microsc 170: 3-8, 1993
23. Jensen EB, Gundersen HJG, Øslerby R: Reconstruction of membrane thickness distribution from orthogonal intercept lengths in a plane section. Scand J Statist 6: 182-183, 1979
24. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EB, Østerby R: Distribution of membrane thickness determined by lineal analysis. J Microsc 113: 27-43, 1978
25. Jensen EB, Sørensen FB: A note on stereological estimation of the volume-weighted second moment of particle volume. J Microsc 164: 21-27, 1991
26. Cruz-Orive LM: Second-order stereology: Estimation of second moment volume measures. Acta Stereol 8: 641-646, 1989
27. Jensen EB: Recent developments in the stereological analysis of particles. Ann Inst Statist Math 43: 455-468, 1991
28. Mattfeldt T, Frey H, Rose C: Second-order stereology of benign and malignant alterations of the human mammary gland. J Microsc 171: 143-151, 1993
29. Bagger PV, Bang L, Christiansen MD, Gundersen HJG, Mortensen L: Total number of particles in a bounded region estimated directly with the nucleator: Granulosa cell number in ovarian follicles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 724-731, 1993
30. Thompson WR: The geometric properties of microscopic configurations. I. General aspects of projectometry. Biometrika 24: 21-26, 1932
31. Thompson WR, Hussey R: The geometric properties of microscopic configurations. II. Incidence and volume of islands of Langerhans in the pancreas of the monkey. Biometrika 24: 27-38, 1932
32. Gundersen HJG: Notes on the estimation of numerical density of arbitrary profiles: The edge effect. J Microsc 111: 219-223, 1977
33. Østerby R, Nyberg G, Karlberg I, Svalander C: Glomerular volume in kidneys transplanted into diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Diabetic Med 9: 144-149, 1992
34. Østerby R, Gundersen HJG: Sampling problems in the kidney. In: Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, edited by Miles RE, Serra J, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1978, pp 185-191
35. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF: Number and size of glomeruli, kidney weight, and body surface area in normal human beings. Anat Rec 232: 194-201, 1992
36. Debenedetti E: Sull'ipertrofia funzionale del rene. Archivo per le Scienze Mediche 35: 307-324, 1911
37. Elias H, Hennig A: Stereology of the human renal glomerulus: Quantitative methods in morphology. Proceedings of the Symposium on Quantitative Methods in Morphology, held on August 10, 1965, during the Eighth International Congress of Anatomists, Wiesbaden, Germany, edited by Weibel ER, Elias H, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1967, pp 130-164
38. Miles RE: Multi-dimensional perspectives on stereology. J Microsc 95: 181-195, 1972
39. Sterio DC: The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the disector. J Microsc 134: 127-136, 1984
40. Cruz-Orive LM: Distribution-free estimation of sphere size distributions from slabs showing overprojection and truncation, with a review of previous methods. J Microsc 131: 265-290, 1983
41. Hennig A: Fehler der Volumenermittlung aus der Flächenrelation in dicken Schnitten (Holmes-Effekt). Mikroskopie 25: 154-174, 1969
42. Hanstede HJ, Gerrits PO: The effects of embedding in water-soluble plastics on the final dimensions of liver sections. J Microsc 131: 79-86, 1983
43. Miller PL, Meyer TW: Effects of tissue preparation on glomerular volume and capillary structure in the rat. Lab Invest 63: 862-866, 1990
44. Dorph-Petersen K-A: Stereological estimation using vertical sections in a complex tissue. J Microsc 1999, in press
45. Andersen BB, Gundersen HJG: Lost caps and anisotropic deformation of thick sections, with a note on disector counting of nucleoli in eucaryotic cells. J Microsc 1999, in press
46. Mayhew TM, Burgess AJ, Gregory CD, Atkinson ME: On the problem of counting and sizing mitochondria: A general reappraisal based on ultrastructural studies of mammalian lymphocytes. Cell Tissue Res 204: 297-303, 1979
47. Mayhew TM, Gundersen HJG: "If you assume you can make an ass out of u and me:" A decade of the disector for stereological counting of particles in 3D space. J Anat 188: 1-15, 1996
48. Gundersen HJG: Stereology - Or how figures for spatial shape and content are obtained by observation of structures in sections. Microsc Acta 81: 107-117, 1980
49. Wicksell SD: The corpuscle problem: A mathematical study of a biometric problem. Biometrika 17: 84-99, 1925
50. Wicksell SD: The corpuscle problem: Second memoir. Case of ellipsoidal corpuscles. Biometrika 18: 151-172, 1926
51. Floderus S: Untersuchungen über den Bau der menschlichen Hypophyse mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der quantitativen mikromorphologischen Verhältnisse. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Sect. B Microbiol 53B[Suppl 1]: 1-26, 1944
52. Abercrombie M: Estimation of nuclear populations from microtomic sections. Anat Rec 94: 239-247, 1946
53. Fullman RL: Measurement of particle sizes in opaque bodies. Trans Am Inst Min Metall Engrs 197: 447-452, 1953
54. DeHoff RT, Rhines FN: Determination of number of particles per unit volume from measurements made on random plane sections: The general cylinder and the ellipsoid. Trans Metall Soc AIME 221: 975-982, 1961
55. Weibel ER, Gomez DM: A principle for counting tissue structures on random sections. J Appl Physiol 17: 343-348, 1962
56. Saltikov SA: The determination of the size distribution of particles in an opaque material from a measurement of the size distribution of their sections. Proceedings of the Second International Congress for Stereology, Chicago, edited by Elias H, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1967, pp 163-173
57. Cruz-Orive LM: Distribution-free estimates of sphere size distributions from slabs showing overprojection and truncation, with a review of previous methods. J Microsc 131: 265-290, 1978
58. Bendtsen TF, Nyengaard JR: Unbiased estimation of particle number using sections: An historical perspective with special reference to the stereology of glomeruli. J Microsc 153: 93-102, 1989
59. Jensen EB, Gundersen HJG: Stereological ratio estimation based on counts from integral test systems. J Microsc 125: 51-66, 1982
60. Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJG: Total number of neurons and glia cells in human brain nuclei estimated by the disector and fractionator. J Microsc 150: 1-20, 1988
61. West MJ, Slomianka L, Gundersen HJG: Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator. Anat Rec 231: 482-497, 1991
62. Heptinstall RH: Pathology of the Kidney, 3rd Ed., Boston, Little Brown, 1983
63. Marcussen N: The double disector: Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of particles inside other particles. J Microsc 165: 417-426, 1992
64. Bertram JF, Soosaipillai MC. Ricardo SD, Ryan GB: Total numbers of glomeruli and individual glomerular cell types in the normal rat kidney. Cell Tissue Res 270: 37-45, 1992
65. Marcussen N: Atubular glomeruli in cisplatin-induced chronic interstitial nephropathy. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 98: 1087-1097, 1990
66. Marcussen N: Atubular glomeruli in renal artery stenosis. Lab Invest 65: 558-565, 1991
67. Marcussen N: Atubular glomeruli and the structural basis for chronic renal failure. Lab Invest 66: 265-284, 1992
68. Marcussen N, Jacobsen NO: The progression of cisplatin-induced tubulointerstitial nephropathy in rats. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 100: 256-268, 1992
69. Marcussen N, Olsen S: Atubular glomeruli in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. Lab Invest 62: 467-473, 1990
70. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF. Christensen S, Ottosen PD: The number and size of glomeruli in long-term lithium-induced nephropathy in rats. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 102: 59-66, 1994
71. 1 antagonism. J Hypertens 14: 107-113, 1996
72. McCausland JE, Bertram JF, Ryan GB, Alcorn D: Glomerular number and size following chronic angiotensin-II blockade in the postnatal rat. Exp Nephrol 5: 201-209, 1997
73. Nyengaard JR, Flyvbjerg A, Rasch R: The impact of renal growth, regression and repeated growth in experimental diabetes on numbers and sizes of proximal and distal tubular cells in rat kidneys. Diahetologia 36: 1126-1131, 1993
74. Maunsbach AB, Christensen EI: Functional ultrastructure of the proximal tubule. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal physiology, Vol. 1, edited by Windhager EE, New York, Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 41-107
75. Hadwiger H: Vorlesungen über Inhalt, Oberfläche und Isoperimetrie die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, Band XCIII, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1957
76. Hadwiger H: Normale Körper im euklidischen Raum und ihre topologischen und metrischen Eigenschaften. Math Zeitschr 71: 124-140, 1959
77. DeHoff RT: Curvature and the topological properties of interconnected phases. In: Quantitative Microscopy, edited by DeHoff RT, Rhines FN, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1968, pp 291-325
78. DeHoff RT, Aigeltinger EH, Craig KR: Experimental determination of the topological properties of three-dimensional microstructures. J Microsc 95: 69-91, 1972
79. DeHoff RT: Use of the disector to estimate the Euler characteristic of three dimensional microstructures. Acta Stereol 6: 133-140, 1987
80. Nyengaard JR, Marcussen N: The number of glomerular capillaries estimated by an unbiased and efficient stereological method. J Microsc 171: 27-37, 1993
81. Gundersen HJG, Boyce RW, Nyengaard JR, Odgaard A: The Conneulor: Unbiased estimation of connectivity using physical disectors under projection. Bone 14: 217-222, 1993
82. Prasad BP, Lantuéjoul C, Jernot JP, Chermant JL: Unbiased estimation of the Euler-Poincare characteristic. Acta Stereol 8: 101-106, 1989
83. Olivetti G, Anversa P, Melissari M, Loud AV: Morphometry of the renal corpuscle during postnatal growth and compensatory hypertrophy. Kidney Int 17: 438-454, 1980
84. Olivetti G, Anversa P, Rigamonti W, Vitali-Mazza L, Loud AV: Morphometry of the renal corpuscle during normal postnatal growth and compensatory hypertrophy: A light microscope study. J Cell Biol 75: 573-585, 1977
85. Østerby R, Gundersen HJG: Fast accumulation of basement membrane material and the rate of morphological changes in acute experimental diabetic glomerular hypertrophy. Diabetologia 18: 493-500, 1980
86. Nyengaard JR: Number and dimensions of rat glomerular capillaries in normal development and after nephrectomy. Kidney Int 43: 1049-1057, 1993
87. Nyengaard JR: The quantitative development of glomerular capillaries in rats with special reference to unbiased stereological estimates of their number and sizes. Microvasc Res 45: 243-261, 1993
88. Nyengaard JR, Rasch R: The impact of experimental diabetes in rats on glomerular capillary number and sizes. Diabetologia 36: 189-194, 1993
89. Marcussen N, Nyengaard JR, Christensen S: Compensatory growth of glomeruli is accomplished by an increased number of glomerular capillaries. Lab Invest 70: 868-874, 1994
90. Cahill MM, Ryan GB, Bertram JF: Biphasic glomerular hypertrophy in rats administered puromycin aminonucleoside. Kidney Int 50: 768-775, 1996
91. Rasch R, Jensen BL, Nyengaard JR, Skøtt O: Quantitative changes in rat renin secretory granules after acute and chronic stimulation of the renin system. Cell Tissue Res 292: 563-571, 1998
92. Jensen BL, Rasch R, Nyengaard JR, Skøtt O: Giant renin secretory granules in Beige mouse renal afferent arterioles. Cell Tissue Res 288: 399-406, 1997
93. Gundersen HJG, Boysen M, Reith A: Comparison of semiautomatic digitizer-tablet and simple point counting performances in morphometry. Virchows Arch 37: 317-325, 1981
94. Mathieu O, Cruz-Orive LM, Hoppeler H, Weibel ER: Measuring error and sampling variation in stereology: Comparison of the efficiency of various methods for planar image analysis. J Microsc 121: 75-88, 1981
95. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EB: The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology and its prediction. J Microsc 147: 229-263, 1987
96. Hinchliffe SA, Sargent PH, Howard CV, Chan YF, Van Velzen D: Human intrauterine renal growth expressed in absolute number of glomeruli assessed by the disector and Cavalieri principle. Lab Invest 64: 777-784, 1991
97. Hinchliffe SA, Howard CV, Lynch MRJ, Sargent PH, Judd BA, Van Velzen D: Renal development arrest in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Pathol 13: 333-343, 1993
98. Lane PH, Steffes MW, Mauer SM: Estimation of glomerular volume: A comparison of four methods. Kidney Int 41: 1085-1089, 1992
99. Pakkenberg B, Boesen J, Albeck M, Gjerris F: Unbiased and efficient estimation of total ventricular volume of the brain obtained from CT-scans by a stereological method. Neuroradiology 31: 413-417, 1989
100. Mayhew TM, Olsen DR: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and model-free estimates of brain volume determined using the Cavalieri principle. J Anat 178: 133-144, 1991
101. Basgen JM, Steffes MW, Stillman AE, Mauer M: Estimating glomerular number in situ using magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy. Kidney Int 45: 1668-1672, 1994
102. Christiansen T, Rasch R, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Flyvbjerg A: Relationship between MRI and morphometric kidney measurements in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Kidney Int 51: 50-56, 1997
103. Rasmussen SN, Haase L, Kjeldsen H, Hancke S: Determination of renal volume by ultrasound scanning. J Clin Ultrasound 6: 160-164, 1978
104. Troell S, Berg U, Johansson B, Wikstad I: Comparison between renal parenchymal sonographic volume, renal parenchymal urographic area, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in children. Scand J Urol Nephrol 22: 207-214, 1988
105. Cruz-Orive LM, Roberts N: Unbiased volume estimation with coaxial sections: An application to the human bladder. J Microsc 170: 25-33, 1992
106. Weibel ER: Stereological Methods, Vol. 1, Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry, London, Academic Press, 1979, pp 63-75
107. Janson AM, Møller A: Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts nigral cell loss induced by a partial mesodiencephalic hemi-transection: An analysis of the total number and mean volume of neurons and glia in substantia nigra of the male rat. Neuroscience 57: 931-941, 1993
108. Bjugn R, Boe R, Haugland HK: A stereological study of the ependyma of the mouse spinal cord [with a comparative note on the choroid plexus ependyma]. J Anat 166: 171-178, 1989
109. Østerby R, Gundersen HJG: Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. I. Early abnormalities. Diabetologia 11: 225-229, 1975
110. Gundersen HJG, Østerby R: Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. II. Late abnormalities. Diabetologia 13: 43-48, 1977
111. Bilous R, Mauer MS, Sutherland DER, Steffes M: Mean glomerular volume and rate of development of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 38: 1142-1147, 1989
112. Fogo A, Ichikawa I: Evidence for the central role of glomerular growth promoters in the development of sclerosis. Semin Nephrol 9: 329-342, 1989
113. Fries JWU, Sandstrom DJ, Meyer TW, Rennke HG: Glomerular hypertrophy and epithelial cell injury modulate progressive glomerulosclerosis in the rat. Lab Invest 60: 205-218, 1989
114. Fogo A, Hawkins EP, Berry PL, Glick AD, Chiang ML, MacDonell RC Jr: Glomerular hypertrophy in minimal change disease predicts subsequent progression to focal glomerular sclerosis. Kidney Int 38: 115-123, 1990
115. Fogo A, Ichikawa I: Glomerular growth promoter: The common channel to glomerulosclerosis. Contemp Issues Nephrol 26: 23-54, 1992
116. Yoshida Y, Fogo A, Ichikawa I: Glomerular hemodynamic changes vs. hypertrophy in experimental glomerular sclerosis. Kidney Int 35: 654-660, 1989
117. Yoshida Y, Kawamura T, Ikoma M, Fogo A, Ichikawa I: Effects of antihypertensive drugs on glomerular morphology. Kidney Int 36: 626-635, 1989
118. Schmitz A, Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF: Glomerular volume in type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent-Diabetes) diabetes estimated by a direct and unbiased stereological method. Lab Invest 62: 108-113, 1990
119. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF, Mogensen CE: Low birth weight: Is it associated with few and small glomeruli in normal persons and NIDDM (non-insulin-dependent-diabetes mellitus) patients? Diabetologia 39: 1634-1637, 1996
120. Soosaipillai MC: Quantitative morphology of glomeruli in normal rats and in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Melbourne, 1994
121. Soosaipillai MC, Bertram JF, Ryan GB: Absolute volumes of glomerular cells and glomerular compartments in the normal rat kidney. Acta Stereol 13: 63-68, 1994
122. Griffiths G, Quinn P, Warren G: Dissection of Golgi complex I. Monensin inhibits the transport of viral membrane proteins from medial to trans-Golgi cisternae in baby hamster kidney cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. J Cell Biol 96: 835-850, 1983
123. Griffiths G, Fuller SD, Back R, Hollinshead M, Pfeiffer S, Simons K: The dynamic nature of the Golgi complex. J Cell Biol 108: 277-297, 1989
124. Baudhuin P: Morphometry of subcellular fractions. Methods Enzymol 32: 3-20, 1974
125. Schwerzmann K, Cruz-Orive LM, Eggman R, Sanger A, Weibel ER: Molecular architecture of the inner membrane of mitochondria from rat liver: A combined biochemical and stereological study. J Cell Biol 102: 97-103, 1986
126. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EB: Particle sizes and their distributions estimated from line- and point-sampled intercepts, including graphical unfolding. J Microsc 131: 291-310, 1983
127. n. Actualités Sci Indust 252: 1-22, 1935
128. Blaschke W: Integralgeometrie 2. Zu Ergebnissen von M W Crofton. Bull Math Soc Roumaine Sci 37: 3-11, 1935
129. Petkantschin B: Integralgeometrie 6. Zusammenhänge zwischen den Dichten der linearen Underräume im n-dimensionale Raum. Abh Math Sem Univ Hamburg 11: 249-310, 1936
130. Marcussen N, Ottosen PD, Christensen S: Atubular glomeruli in lithium-induced chronic nephropathy in rats. Lab Invest 61: 295-302, 1989
131. Artacho-Perula E, Roldan-Villabolos R, Salcedo-Leal I, Vaamonde-Lemos R: Stereological estimates of volume-weighted mean glomerular volume in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Lab Invest 68: 56-61, 1993
132. Brooks B, Sørensen FB, Olsen S, Nielsen PH: Classification of tubulo-papillary renal cortical tumours using estimates of nuclear volume. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 101: 378-386, 1993
133. Nielsen K, Colstrup H, Nilsson T, Gundersen HJG: Stereological estimates of nuclear volume correlated with histopathological grading and prognosis of bladder tumour. Virchows Arch B 52: 41-54, 1986
134. Nielsen K, Ørntoft T, Wolf H: Stereological estimates of nuclear volume in non-invasive bladder tumors (Ta) correlated with the recurrence pattern. Cancer 64: 2269-2274, 1989
135. Serra J: Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology, London, Academic Press, 1982, pp 318-372
136. Østerby R: Glomerular structural changes in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: Consequences, causes, and prevention. Diabetologia 35: 803-812, 1992
137. Walker JD, Close CF, Jones SL, Rafftery M, Keen H, Viberti GC, Østerby R: Glomerular structure in Type-1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with normo- and microalbuminuria. Kidney Int 41: 741-748, 1992
138. Bangstad H-J, Østerby R, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Berg KJ, Hartmann A, Nyberg G, Frahm Bjørn F, Hanssen KF: Early glomerulopathy is present in young Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 36: 523-529, 1993
139. Miles RE, Davy P: Precise and general conditions for the validity of a comprehensive set of stereological fundamental formulae. J Microsc 107: 211-226, 1976
140. Mattfeldt T, Möbius HJ, Mall G: Orthogonal triplet probes: An efficient method for unbiased estimation of length and surface of objects with unknown orientation in space. J Microsc 139: 279-289, 1985
141. Lojda Z: Studies on dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV (glycyl-proline naphthylamidase). Histochemistry 59: 153-166, 1979
142. Batra S, König MF, Cruz-Orive LM: Unbiased estimation of capillary length from vertical slices. J Microsc 178: 152-159, 1995
143. Larsen JO, Gundersen HJG, Nielsen J: Global spatial sampling with isotropic virtual planes: Estimators of length density and total length in thick, arbitrarily orientated sections. J Microsc 191: 238-248, 1998
144. Nagata M, Scharer K, Kriz W: Glomerular damage after unine-phrectomy in young rats. I. Hypertrophy and distortion of capillary architecture. Kidney Int 42: 136-147, 1992
145. Seyer-Hansen K, Hansen J, Gundersen HJG: Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: A morphometric study. Diabetologia 18: 501-505, 1980
146. Rasch R: Tubular lesions in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Diabetologia 27: 32-37, 1984
147. Rasch R, Gøtzsche O: Regression of glycogen nephrosis in experimental diabetes after pancreatic islet transplantation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 96: 749-754, 1988
148. Baddeley AJ, Averbach P: Stereology of tubular structures. J Microsc 131: 323-340, 1983
149. Maddox DA, Deen WM, Brenner BM: Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration. VI. Studies in the primate. Kidney Int 5: 271-278, 1974
150. Casellas D, Navar LG: In vitro perfusion of juxtamedullary nephrons in the rats. Am J Physiol 246: F349-F358, 1984
151. Ichikawa I, Maddox DA, Brenner BM: Maturational development of glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. Am J Physiol 236: F465-F471, 1979
152. John E, Goldsmith DI, Spitzer A: Quantitative changes in the canine glomerular vasculature during development: Physiologic implications. Kidney Int 20: 223-229, 1981
153. Gattone VH, Evan AP, Willis LR, Luft FC: Renal afferent arteriole in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 5: 8-16, 1983
154. Kimura K, Nanba S, Tojo A, Hirata Y, Matsuoka H, Sugimoto T: Variations in arterioles in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Morphometric analysis of afferent and efferent arterioles. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 415: 565-569, 1989
155. Kimura K, Tojo A, Matsuoka H, Sugimoto T: Renal arteriolar diameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Vascular cast study. Hypertension 18: 101-110, 1991
156. Skov K, Mulvany MJ, Korsgaard N: Morphology of renal afferent arterioles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 20: 821-827, 1992
157. Seyer-Hansen K, Gundersen HJG, Østerby R: Stereology of the rat kidney during compensatory renal hypertrophy. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Sect A 93: 9-12, 1985
158. Madsen KM, Tisher CC: Structural-functional relationships along the distal nephron. Am J Physiol 250: F1-F5, 1986
159. Stanton BA, Kaissling B: Regulation of renal ion transport and cell growth by sodium. Am J Physiol 257: F1-F10, 1989
160. Maunsbach AB, Giebisch GH, Stanton BA: Effects of flow rate on proximal tubule ultrastructure. Am J Physiol 253: F582-F587, 1987
161. Stetson DL, Wade JB, Giebisch G: Morphologic alterations in the rat medullary collecting duel following potassium depletion. Kidney Int 17: 45-56, 1980
162. Madsen KM, Tisher CC: Cellular response to acute respiratory acidosis in rat medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol 245: F670-F679, 1983
163. Dørup J: Structural adaptation of intercalated cells in rat renal cortex to acute metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. J Ultrastruct Res 92: 119-131, 1985
164. Verlander JW, Madsen KM, Tisher CC: Effect of acute respiratory acidosis on two populations of intercalated cells in rat cortical collecting duct. Am J Physiol 253: F1142-F1156, 1987
165. Mathiasen FØ, Gundersen HJG, Maunsbach AB, Skriver E: Surface areas of basolateral membranes in renal distal tubules estimated by vertical sections. J Microsc 164: 247-261, 1991
166. Kubinova L, Janacek J: Fakir method for unbiased estimation of surface area from thick slices. J Microsc 191: 201-211, 1998
167. Hirose K, Tsuchida H, Østerby R, Gundersen HJG: Development of glomerular lesions in experimental long-term diabetes in the rat. Kidney Int 21: 889-895, 1982
168. Kroustrup JP, Gundersen HJG, Østerby R: Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. III. Early enlargement of the capillary surface. Diabetologia 13: 207-210, 1977
169. Hirose K, Tsuchida H, Østerby R, Gundersen HJG: A strong correlation between glomerular filtration rate and filtration surface in diabetic kidney hyperfunction. Lab Invest 43: 434-437, 1980
170. Mauer SM, Steffes MW, Ellis EN, Sutherland DER, Brown DM, Goetz FC: Structural-functional relationships in diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Invest 74: 1143-1155, 1984
171. Ellis EN, Steffes MW, Goetz FC, Sutherland DER, Mauer SM: Glomerular filtration surface in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 29: 889-894, 1986
172. Østerby R, Parving HH, Nyberg G, Hommel E, Jørgensen HE, Løkkegaard H, Svalander C: A strong correlation between filtration rate and filtration surface in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 31: 265-270, 1988
173. Østerby R, Parving HH, Hommel E, Jørgensen HE, Løkkegaard H: Glomerular structure and function in diabetic nephropathy: From early to advanced stages. Diabetes 39: 1057-1063, 1990
174. Horster M, Lewy JE: Filtration fraction and extraction of PAH during neonatal period in the rat. Am J Physiol 219: 1061-1065, 1970
175. Aperia A, Herin P: Development of glomerular perfusion rate and nephron filtration rate in rats 17-60 days old. Am J Physiol 228: 1319-1325, 1975
176. Aperia A, Larsson L: Correlation between fluid reabsorption and proximal tubule ultrastructure during development of the rat kidney. Acta Physiol Scand 105: 11-22, 1979
177. Larsson L, Celsi G, Maunsbach AB: Correlation between single nephron glomerular filtration rate and filtration area in superficial glomeruli of developing rats. Acta Physiol Scand 132: 413-417, 1988
178. Larsson L, Maunsbach AB: The ultrastuctural development of the glomerular filtration barrier in the rat kidney: A morphometric analysis. J Ultrastruct Res 72: 392-406, 1980
179. Weibel ER, Knight WB: A morphometric study on the thickness of the pulmonary air-blood barrier. J Cell Biol 21: 367-384, 1964
180. Siperstein MD, Unger RH, Madison LL: Studies of muscle capillary basement membranes in normal subjects, diabetic and prediabetic patients. J Clin Invest 47: 1973-1999, 1968
181. Williamson JR, Vogler NJ, Kilo C: Estimation of vascular basement membrane thickness. Diabetes 18: 567-578, 1969
182. Kilo C, Vogler N, Williamson JR: Muscle capillary basement membrane changes related to aging and to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 21: 881-905, 1972
183. Østerby R: Morphometric studies of the peripheral glomerular basement membrane in early juvenile diabetes. I. Development of initial basement membrane thickening. Diabetologia 8: 84-92, 1972
184. Østerby R: Morphometric studies of the peripheral glomerular basement membrane in early juvenile diabetes. II. Topography of the initial lesions. Diabetologia 9: 108-114, 1973
185. Mauer SM, Steffes MW, Connett J, Najarian JS, Sutherland DER, Barbosa J: The development of lesions in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium after transplantation of normal kidneys to diabetic patients. Diabetes 32: 948-952, 1983
186. Steffes MW, Sutherland DER, Goetz FC, Rich, SS, Mauer SM: Studies of kidney and muscle biopsies in identical twins discordant for type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 312: 1281-1287, 1985
187. Rasch R: Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy in streptozotocin diabetic rats by insulin treatment: Glomerular basement membrane thickness. Diabetologia 16: 319-324, 1979
188. Steffes MW, Brown DM, Basgen JM, Matas AJ, Mauer SM: Glomerular basement membrane thickness following islet transplantation in the rat. Lab Invest 41: 116-118, 1979
189. Mayhew TM, Sharma AK, McCallum KNC: Effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on renal morphology in experimental diabetes. J Pathol 151: 157-161, 1987
190. Nyengaard JR, Chang K, Berhorst S, Reiser K, Williamson JR, Tilton RG: Discordant effects of guanidines on nephropathy and vascular dysfunction versus advanced glycation sequelae in rats with chronic streptozotocin diabetes. Diabetes 46: 94-106, 1997
191. Gundersen HJG, Seefeldt T, Østerby R: Glomerular epithelial foot processes in normal man and rats: Distribution of true width and its intra- and inter-individual variation. Cell Tissue Res 205: 147-155, 1980
192. Seefeldt T, Bohman S-O, Gundersen HJG, Maunsbach AB, Posborg Petersen V, Olsen S: Quantitative relationship between glomerular foot process width and proteinuria in glomerulonephritis. Lab Invest 44: 541-554, 1981
193. Bohman SO, Jaremko G, Bohlin AB, Berg U: Foot process fusion and glomerular filtration rate in minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 25: 72-78, 1984
194. Olivetti G, Giacomelli F, Wiener J: Morphometry of superficial glomeruli in acute hypertension in the rat. Kidney Int 27: 31-38, 1985
195. Shea M, Raskova J, Morrison AB: A stereologic study of glomerular hypertrophy in the subtotally nephrectomized rat. Am J Pathol 90: 201-210, 1978
196. Gundersen HJG: Stereology: The fast lane between neuroanatomy and brain function - or still only a tightrope? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 137: 8-13, 1992
197. Gundersen HJG, Østerby R: Optimizing sampling efficiency of stereological studies in biology: Or "Do more less well." J Microsc 121: 65-73, 1981
198. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ: Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 3rd Ed., New York, W. H. Freeman and Co., 1995, pp 272-320
199. Shay J: Economy of effort in electron microscope morphometry. Am J Pathol 81: 503-512, 1975
200. Nicholson WL: Application of statistical methods in quantitative microscopy. J Microsc 113: 223-239, 1978
201. Gundersen HJG, Østerby R: Sampling efficiency and biological variation in stereology. Mikroskopie Suppl 37: 143-148, 1980
202. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EBV, Kiêu K, Jensen J: The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology - reconsidered. J Microsc 193: 199-211, 1999
203. Cochran WG: Sampling Techniques, 3rd Ed., New York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1977
204. Kroustrup JP, Gundersen HJG: Sampling problems in an heterogeneous organ: Quantitation of relative and total volume of pancreatic islets by light microscopy. J Microsc 132: 43-55, 1983
205. Bertram JF: Analyzing renal glomeruli with the new stereology. Int Rev Cytol 161: 111-172, 1995
206. Cruz-Orive LM, Weibel ER: Recent stereological methods for cell biology: A brief survey. Am J Physiol 258: 148-156, 1990
207. Gundersen HJG, Bendtsen TF, Korbo L, Marcussen N, Møller A, Nielsen K, Nyengaard JR, Pakkenberg B, Sørensen FB, Vesterby A, West MJ: Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 96: 379-394, 1988
208. Gundersen HJG, Bagger P, Bendtsen TF, Evans SM, Korbo L, Marcussen N, Møller A, Nielsen K, Nyengaard JR, Pakkenberg B, Sørensen FB, Vesterby A, West MJ: The new stereological tools: Disector, fractionator, nucleator and point sampled intercepts and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 96: 857-881, 1988