The psychological impact of war and the refugee situation on South Sudanese children in refugee camps in Northern Uganda: An exploratory study

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 529-536

  Paardekooper, B ^a   De Jong, J T V M ^b   Hermanns, J M A ^c  

^a Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Post traumatic stress; Protective factors; Refugees; Resilience; Third world children; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEPRESSION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; QUESTIONNAIRE; REFUGEE; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SUDAN; UGANDA; WAR;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; REFUGEES; SAMPLING STUDIES; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SUDAN; SURVIVORS; UGANDA; WAR;

EID: 0032958083     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002196309900390X     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ajducovic, M., & Ajducovic, D. (1993). Psychological well-being of refugee children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 843-854.
2. Akol, J. O. (1994). A crisis of expectations returning to the Southern Sudan in the 1970s. In T. Albert & H. Morsink (Eds.), When refugees go home (pp. 78-95). Geneva: UNRISD.
3. Antonucci, T. C. (1985). Social support: Theoretical advances, recent findings and pressing issues. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 21-37). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
4. Ayalon, O. (1983). Children facing terrorists, can they be helped? In A. Sunier & O. Ayalon (Eds.), The Holocaust and its perseverance (pp. 32-57). Nijkerk, The Netherlands: van Gorcum.
5. Baker, A. M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifadah on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. American Journal of Orthopsychiatrv, 60, 496-505.
6. Barrera, M., & Ainlay, S. L. (1983). The structure of social support: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 133-143.
7. Barrera, M., Sandler, I. N., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435-447.
8. Becker, D., Castillo, M. I., Gomez, E., Kovalskys, J., & Lira, E. (1989). Subjectivity and politics: The psychotherapy of extreme traumatization in Chile. International Journal of Mental Health, 18, 80-97.
9. Belter, R. W., Dunn, S. E., & Jeney, P. (1991). The psychological impact of Hurricane Hugo on children: A needs assessment. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 155-161.
10. Boothby, N., Sultan, A., & Upton, P. (1991): Children of Mocambique: The cost of survival. Washington, DC: USCR.
11. Burke, J. D., Borus, J. F., Burns, B. J., Millstein, H. K., & Beasley, M. C. (1982). Changes in children's behavior after a natural disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1010-1014.
12. Burr, J. M., & Collins, R. O. (1995). Requiem for the Sudan - war, drought, and disaster relief on the Nile. Boulder, CO; Westview Press.
13. Chimienti, G., & Abu-Nasr, J. (1993). Children's reactions to war-related stress II. The influence of gender, age, and the mother's reaction. International Journal of Mental Health, 21, 71-86.
14. Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social support as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.
15. Dawes, A., Tredoux, C., & Feinstein, A. (1989). Political violence in South Africa: Some effects on children of the violent destruction of their community. International Journal of Mental Health, 19, 16-43.
16. De Jong, J. T. V. M. (1987). A descent into African psychiatry. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute.
17. De Jong, J. T. V. M. (1996). IPSER program for the identification, management and prevention of psychosocial and mental health problems of refugees and victims of organized violence within primary health care of adults and children. Amsterdam: TPO.
18. Earls, F., Smith, E., Reich, W., & Jung, K. G. (1988). Investigating psychopathological consequences of a disaster on children: A pilot study incorporating a structured diagnostic approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 90-95.
19. Elbedour, S., ten Bensel, R., & Bastien, D. (1993). An ecological integrated model of children of war: Individual and social psychology. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 805-819.
20. Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. S. (1985). Developmental perspective on psychic trauma in childhood. In C. G. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake (pp. 36-52). New York: Plenum Press.
21. Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839-852.
22. Freud, A., & Dann, S. (1969). An experiment in group upbringing. Indications for Child Analysis and Other Papers. 80, 163-229.
23. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45.
24. Gersons, B. (1990). Post-traumatische Stressstoornis: de geschiedenis van een recent begrip. (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: History of a recent concept). Maandblad Geestelijke Volks-gezondheid, 44, 891-907.
25. Gibbs, M. S. (1989). Factors within the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology : A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 489-514.
26. Giel, R., de Arango, M. V., Climent, C. E., Harding, T. W., Ibrahim, H. H. A., Ladrigo-Ignacio, L., Srinivasa Murthy. R., Salazar, M. C., Wig, N. N., & Younis, Y. O. A. (1981). Childhood mental disorders in primary health care: Results of observations in four developing countries. Pediatrics, 68, 677-683.
27. Goodwin, J. (1988). Post-traumatic symptoms in abused children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 475-488.
28. Halpern, E. (1982). Child helps child in a natural setting, children's support systems in coping with orphanhood. In N. A. Milgram, C. D. Spielberger, & I. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (No. 8, pp. 261-266). New York: Hemisphere Publishers.
29. Hanbury, C. (Ed.). (1994). Child-to-child and children living in camps. London: Child-to-Child Trust.
30. Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Harper Collins.
31. Hirsch, B. J. (1981). Social networks and the coping process: Creating personal communities. In B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social networks and social support (pp. 149-170). London: Sage.
32. Hogman, F. (1983). Displaced Jewish children during World War II: How they coped. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23, 51-66.
33. Jeney-Gammon, P., Daugherty, T. H., Finch, A. J., Belter, R. W., & Foster, K. (1993). Children's coping styles and report of depressive symptoms following a natural disaster. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 259-267.
34. Jensen, P. S., & Shaw, J. (1993). Children as victims of war: Current knowledge and future research needs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 697-708.
35. Keen, D. (1994). The benefits of famine - a political economy of famine and relief in southwestern Sudan, 1983-1989. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
36. Lazarus, R. L., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York : Springer.
37. Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and PTSD in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111-116.
38. Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
39. Peltzer, K. (1995). IPSER report on the Intervention Project on the identification, management and prevention of psychosocial and mental health problems of refugees and other victims of man-made disaster in Northern Uganda. Amsterdam: TPO.
40. Peltzer, K., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (1998). Community-based services in refugee camps. The IPSER psychosocial assistance programme for Sudanese Refugees in Uganda. Manuscript in preparation.
41. Punamaki, R.-L. (1987). Content of and factors affecting coping modes among Palestinian children. Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, 6, 86-98.
42. Punamaki, R.-L. (1988). Historical-political and individualistic determinants of coping modes and fears among Palestinian children. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 721-739.
43. Punamaki, R.-L. (1989). Political violence and mental health. International Journal of Mental Health, 17, 3-15.
44. Punamaki, R.-L. (1992). Natural healing processes and experiences of political violence. Paper presented at the RSP meeting on Children in Violent Environments, Oxford, U.K.
45. Punamaki, R.-L. (1993). The junction of dreaming and playing in conditions of political violence. Paper presented at the International Conference on Mental Health, Gaza.
46. Punamaki, R.-L. (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children's psychosocial well-being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55-69.
47. Punamaki, R.-L., & Suleiman, R. (1990). Predictors and effectiveness of coping with political violence among Palestinian children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 67-77.
48. Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1987). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 445-473.
49. Qouta, S., Punamaki, R.-L., & El Saraj, E. (1995). The relations between traumatic experiences, activity, and cognitive and emotional responses among Palestinian children. International Journal of Psychology, 30, 289-304.
50. Richman, N. (1993). Annotation: Children in situations of political violence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1286-1302.
51. Richters, J. E., Martinez, P., & Valla, J.-P. (1990). Levonn, A Cartoon-based Interview for Assessing Children's Distress Symptoms. Bethesda, MD: NIMH.
52. Scheper-Hughes, N. (1985). Culture, scarcity and maternal thinking: Maternal detachment and infant survival in a Brazilian shantytown. Ethos, 13, 291-317.
53. Shisana, O., & Celentano, D. D. (1987). Relationships of chronic stress, social support, and coping style to health among Namibian refugees. Social Science and Medicine, 24, 145-157.
54. Silber, E., Perry, S. E., & Block, D. A. (1957). Patterns of parent-child interaction in a disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 416-422.
55. Smit, M. (1993). Sociale netwerken en sociale steun bij jongeren: een taxatieprocedure voor de hulpverlening. (Social networks and social support with adolescents: An appraisal procedure for the mental health professional.) Kind en Adolescent, 14, 92-100.
56. Spirito, A., Stark, L. J., Grace, N., & Stamoulis, D. (1991). Common problems and coping strategies reported in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 531-544.
57. Straker, G., Mendelsohn, M., & Tudin, P. (1995). The effects of diverse forms of political violence on the emotional and moral concerns of youth, children - war and persecution (Congress Proceedings) (pp. 115-123). Hamburg: Secolo.
58. Strzenecka, H. (1949). L'influence de la guerre sur les attitudes de la jeunesse. Sauvegarde, 28, 133-151; cited in J.-P. Leyens & A. Mahjoub (1992). The psychosocial effects of war on children and adolescents. Paper presented at the course on Mental Health of Refugee Children Exposed to Violent Environments, Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford.
59. Strzenecka, H. (1949). L'influence de la guerre sur les attitudes de la jeunesse. Sauvegarde, 28, 133-151; cited in J.-P. Leyens & A. Mahjoub (1992). The psychosocial effects of war on children and adolescents. Paper presented at the course on Mental Health of Refugee Children Exposed to Violent Environments, Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford.
60. Tempelman, G. (1996). Cultuur-eigen copingstrategieen bij getraumatiseerde Zuid-Sudanese vluchtelingen in Uganda; voorlopige bevindingen. (Culture-specific coping strategies with traumatized South-Sudanese refugees in Uganda: Preliminary findings.) Research report for Anthropology Masters Thesis, University of Amsterdam.
61. Terr, L. C. (1979). Children of Chowchilla : A study of psychic trauma. Psycho-Analytic Study of the Child, 34, 547-623.
62. Tracy, E. M., & Whittaker, J. K. (1990). The social network map: Assessing social support in clinical practice. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, October, 461-470.
63. Udwin, O. (1993). Annotation: Children's reactions to traumatic events. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 115-127.
64. UNICEF, Regional Office for the Middle East & North Africa. (1991). Jordanian children in the eye of the storm. Amman, Jordan: UNICEF.
65. Valla, J.-P., Bergeron, L., Beruhe, H., Gaudet, N., & St-Georges, M. (1994). A structured pictorial questionnaire to assess DSM-III-R based diagnoses in children (6-11 years): Development, validity, and reliability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 403-423.
66. van Elderen, T., Macs, S., Madalisnka, J., & Komproe, I. (1996). Coping, angst en vitale uitputting na een coronair incident (Coping, strategies, and vital exhaustion in patients with coronary heart disease). Gedrag en Gezondheid, 24, 207-214.
67. Vitaliano, P. P., Maiuro, R. D., Bolton, P. A., & Armsden, G. C. (1975). A psycho-epidemiological approach to the study of disaster. Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 99-122.
68. Williams, H. A. (1990). Families in refugee camps. Human Organization, 49, 100-109.
69. Wortman, C. B., & Lehman, D. R. (1985). Reactions to victims of life crises: Support attempts that fail. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support : Theory, research and applications (pp. 464-489). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
70. Yule, W., & Williams, R. (1990). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 279-295.