Neural plasticity in the adult insect brain and its hormonal control

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 190, Issue , 1999, Pages 137-174

  Strambi, Colette ^a   Cayre, Myriam ^a   Strambi, Alain ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Hormones; Insects; Neural plasticity

Indexed keywords

ECDYSTEROID; JUVENILE HORMONE;

BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; CELL FATE; CELL FUNCTION; EGG LAYING; ENDOCRINOLOGY; GLIA CELL; HONEYBEE; HORMONAL REGULATION; INSECT; METAMORPHOSIS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPIL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

APIS MELLIFERA; BASIDIOMYCOTA; HEXAPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 0032955344     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62147-6     Document Type: Review

References (248)

1. Altmann, J. (1963). Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brains of rats and cats. Anat. Rec. 145, 573-591.
2. Altmann, J. (1967). Postnatal growth and differentiation of the mammalian brain, with implications for a morphological theory of memory. In "The Neurosciences: A Study Program" (G. C. Quarton, T. Melnechuck, and F. O. Schmitt, eds.), pp. 723-743. Rockfeller Univ. Press, New York.
3. Alvarez-Buylla, A., Ling, C. H., and Nottebohm, F. (1992). High vocal center growth and its relation to neurogenesis, neuronal replacement and song acquisition in juvenile canaries. J. Neurobiol. 23, 396-406.
4. Anderson, D. J. (1989). The neural crest cell lineage problem: Neuropoiesis? Neuron 3, 1-12.
5. Atkins, G., and Pollack, G. S. (1986). Age-dependent occurrence of an ascending axon on the omega neuron of the cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. J. Comp. Neural. 243, 527-534.
6. Atkins, G., and Stout, J. (1994). Processing song signals in the cricket and its hormonal control. Am. Zoot. 34, 655-669.
7. Atkins, G., Henley, J., Handysides, R., and Stout, J. (1992). Evaluation of the behavioral roles of ascending auditory interneurons in calling song phonotaxis by the female cricket (Acheta domestiau). J. Comp. Physiol. A 170, 363-372.
8. Balling, A., Technau, G. M., and Heisenberg, M. (1987). Are the structural changes in adult Drosophila mushroom bodies memory traces? Studies on biochemical learning mutants. J. Neurogenet. 4, 65-73.
9. Barth, M., and Heisenberg, M. (1997). Vision affects mushroom bodies and central complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Learning Memory 4, 219-229.
10. Barth, M., Hirsch, H. V. B., Meinertzhagen, I. A., and Heisenberg, M. (1997). Experiencedependent developmental plasticity in the optic lobe of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Neurosci. 17,1493-1504.
11. Barton-Browne, L., Bartell, R. J., van Genven, A. C. M., and Lawrence, L. A. (1976). Relationship between protein ingestion and sexual receptivity in females of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Physiol. Entomol. 1, 235-240.
12. Bauer, V. (1904). Zur Innern Metamorphose des Zentral Nervensystems der Insekten. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Ontog. Tiere 20, 123-152.
13. Bidmon, H. J., Granger, N. A., Cherbas, P., Maroy, P., and Stumpf, W. E. (1991). Ecdysteroid receptors in the central nervous system of Manduca sexta: Their changes in distribution and quantity during larval-pupal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 310, 337-355.
14. Bieber, M., and Fuldner, D. (1979). Brain growth during the adult stage of a holometabolous insect. Natunvissenschaften 66, 426.
15. Bollenbacher, W. E., Smith, S. L., Goodman, V., and Gilbert, L. I. (1981). Ecdysteroid titer during larval-pupal-adult development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Gen. Cornp. Endocrinol. 44, 302-306.
16. Booker, R., and Truman, J. W. (1987a). Post-embryonic neurogenesis in the CNS of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. I. Neuroblast arrays and the fate of their progeny during metamorphosis. J. Comp. Neural. 255, 548-559.
17. Booker, R., and Truman, J. W. (1987b). Post-embryonic neurogenesis in the CNS of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. II. Hormonal control of imaginai nest cell degeneration and differentiation during metamorphosis. /. Neiirosci. 7, 4207-4114.
18. Borovsky, D., Carlson, D. A., Hancock, R. G., Rembold, H., and Van Handel, E. (1994). De novo synthesis of juvenile hormone III and I by the accessory glands of the male mosquito. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24, 437-444.
19. Bottjer, S. W., Miesner, E. A., and Arnold, A. P. (1986). Changes in neuronal number, density and size account for increases in volume of song control nuclei during song development in zebra finches. Neiirosci. Lett. 67, 263-268.
20. Brandon, J. G., and Coss, R. G. (1982). Rapid dendritic spine stem shortening during one-trial learning: The honeybee's first orientation flight. Brain Res. 252, 51-61.
21. Breedlove, S. M., and Arnold, A. P. (1981). Sexually dimorphic motor nucleus in the rat lumbar spinal cord: Response to adult hormone manipulation, absence in androgen-insensitive rats. Brain Res. 225, 297-307.
22. Brodfuehrer, P. D., and Hoy, R. R. (1988). Effect of auditory deafferentation on the synaptic connectivity of a pair of identified interneurons in adult field crickets. J. Neurobiol. 19,17-38.
23. Brown, S. D., Johnson, F., and Bottjer, S. W. (1993). Neurogenesis in adult canary telencephalon is independent of gonadal hormone levels. J. Neurosci. 13, 2024-2032.
24. Bulloch, A. G. M., and Ridgway, R. L. (1989). Neuronal plasticity in the adult invertebrate nervous system. /. Neurobiol. 20, 295-311.
25. Butenandt, A., and Karlson, P. (1954). Über die Isolierung eines Metamorphose-Hormons der Insekten in kristallisierter Form. Z. Naturforsch. 9b, 389-391.
26. Cameron, H. A., and Gould, E. (1994). Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 61, 203-209.
27. Cameron, H. A., and Gould, E. (1996). Distinct populations of cells in the adult dentate gyrus undergo mitosis or apoptosis in response to adrenalectomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 369, 56-63.
28. Cayre, M., Tirard, A., Charpin, P., Augier, R., Strambi, C, and Strambi, A. (1993). Age and tissue-dependent changes of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities in neural tissue and fat body of adult crickets. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 24, 219-228.
29. Cayre, M., Strambi, C, and Strambi, A. (1994). Neurogenesis in an adult insect brain and itshormonal control. Nature 368, 57-59.
30. Cayre, M., Strambi, C., Tirard, A., Renucci, M., Charpin, P., Augier, R., and Strambi, A. (1995). Effects of juvenile hormone on polyamines of the fat body and neural tissue of the cricket Acheta domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physio. A 111, 241-250.
31. Cayre, M., Strambi, C., Charpin, P., Augier, R., Meyer, M. R., Edwards, J. S., and Strambi, A. (1996a). Neurogenesis in adult insect mushroom bodies. /. Comp. Neural. 371,300-310.
32. Cayre, M., Strambi, C., Charpin, P., Augier, R., Renucci, M., and Strambi, A. (1996b). Influence of an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase on polyamine titres and oviposition behavior in the house cricket. Behav. Neitrosci. 110,1117-1125.
33. Cayre, M., Strambi, C., Charpin, P., Augier, R., and Strambi, A. (1997a). Inhibitory role of ecdysone on neurogenesis and polyamine metabolism in the adult cricket brain. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35, 85-97.
34. Cayre, M., Strambi, C., Charpin, P., Augier, R., and Strambi, A. (1997b). Specific requirement of putrescine for the mitogenic action of juvenile hormone on adult insect neuroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8238-8242.
35. Cayre, M., Buckingham, S. D., Strambi, A., Strambi, G, and Sattelle, D. B. (1998). Adult insect mushroom body neurons in primary culture: Cell morphology and characterization of potassium channels. Cell Tissue Res. 291, 8238-8242.
36. Champlin, D. T., and Truman, J. W. (1998). Ecdysteroid control of cell proliferation during optic lobe neurogenesis in the moth Manduca sexta. Development 125, 269-277.
37. Cooper, R. L., and Ruffner, M. E. (1998). Depression of synaptic efficacy at intermolt in crayfish neuromuscular junctions by 20-hydroxyecdysone, a molting hormone. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 1931-1941.
38. Corfas, G., and Dudai, Y. (1991). Morphology of a sensory neuron in Drosophila is abnormal in memory mutants and changes during aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7252-7256.
39. Coss, R. G., Brandon, J. G., and Globus, A. (1980). Changes in morphology of dendritic spines on honeybee calycal interneurons associated with cumulative nursing and foraging experience. Brain Res. 192, 49-59.
40. Couderc, J. L., and Dastugue, B. (1980). Ecdysterone-induced modifications of protein synthesis in a Drosophila melanogaster culture cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 97, 173-181.
41. Cusson, M., Yagi, K. J., Ding, Q., Duve, H., Thorpe, A., McNeil, J. N., and Tobe, S. S. (1991). Biosynthesis and release of juvenile hormone and its precursors in insects and crustaceans: The search for a unifying arthropod endocrinology. Insect Biochem. 21, 1-6.
42. Davis, R. L. (1996). Physiology and biochemistry of Drosophila mutants. Pliysiol. Rev. 76, 299-317.
43. Destephano, D. B., Brady, U. E., and Farr, C. A. (1982). Factors influencing oviposition behavior in cricket, Acheta domestiats. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 75, 111-114.
44. De Voogd, T. J., and Nottebohm, F. (1981). Gonadal hormones induce dendritic growth in the adult avian brain. Science 214, 202-204.
45. De Voogd, T. J., Nixdorf, B., and Nottebohm, F. (1985). Synaptogenesis and changes in synaptic morphology related to acquisition of a new behavior. Brain Res. 329, 304-308.
46. Drescher, W. (1960). Regenerationversuche am Gehirn von Periplaneta americana unter Berücksichtigung von Verhaltensänderung und Neurosekretion. Z. Morphol. Ökol. Tiere 48, 576-649.
47. Dujardin, F. (1850). Mémoire sur le système nerveux des insectes. Ann. Sei. Nat. Zool. 14, 195-206.
48. Durst, C., Eichmüller, S., and Menzel, R. (1994). Development and experience lead to increased volume of subcompartments of the honeybee mushroom body. Behav. Neural Biol. 62, 259-263.
49. Edwards, J. S. (1969). Postembryonic development and regeneration of the insect nervous system. Adv. Insect Physiol. 6, 97-137.
50. Erber, J., Homberg, U., and Gronenberg, W. (1987). Functional roles of the mushroom bodies in insects. In "Arthropod Brain: Its Evolution, Development, Structure and Functions" (A. P. Gupta, ed.), pp. 485-511. Wiley, New York.
51. Eriksson, P. S., Perfilieva, E., Bjork-Eriksson, T., Alborn, A. M., Nordborg, C., Peterson, D. A., and Gage, F. H. (1998). Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nature Med. 4, 1313-1317.
52. Fahrbach, S. E., and Robinson, G. E. (1996). Juvenile hormone, behavioral maturation, and brain structure in the honey bee. Dev. Neurosci. 18, 102-114.
53. Fahrbach, S. E., Giray, T., and Robinson, G. E. (1995a). Volume changes in the mushroom bodies of adult honey bee queens. Neurobiol. Learning Mem. 63, 181-191.
54. Fahrbach, S. E., Strande, J. L., and Robinson, G. E. (1995b). Neurogenesis is absent in the brain of adult honey bees and does not explain behavioral neuroplasticity. Neurosci. Lett. 197,145-148.
55. Fahrbach, S. E., Giray, T., Farris, S. M., and Robinson, G. E. (1997). Expansion of the neuropil of the mushroom bodies in male honey bees is coincident with the initiation of flight. Neurosci. Lett. 236, 135-138.
56. Fain, M. J., and Riddiford, L. M. (1976). Reassessement of the critical periods for prothoracicotropic hormone and juvenile hormone secretion in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 30, 131-141.
57. Feldlaufer, M. A., Herbert, E. W., Svoboda, J. A., Jr., and Thompson, M. J. (1986a). Biosynthesis of makisterone A and 20-hydroxyecdysone from labeled sterols by the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 3, 415-421.
58. Feldlaufer, M. A., Svoboda, J. A., Aldrich, J. R., and Lusby, W. R. (1986b). The neutral sterols of Megalotomus qiiinqiiespinosiis (Say) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and identification of makisterone A as the major free ecdysteroid. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 3, 423-430.
59. Fluri, P., Luscher, M., Wille, H., and Gerig, L. (1982). Changes in the weight of the pharyngeal gland and haemolymph titres of juvenile hormone, protein and vitellogenin in worker honey bees. J. Insect Physiol. 28, 61-69.
60. Forel, A. (1874). Les fourmis de la Suisse. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sei. Natur. 26,1-200.
61. Fröhlich, A., and Meinertzhagen, I. A. (1982). Synaptogenesis in the first optic neuropile of the fly's visual system. J. Neurocytol. 11, 159-180.
62. Fuchs, E., Dustmann, J. H., Stadier, H., and Schürmann, F. W. (1989). Neuroactive compounds in the brain of the honeybee during imaginai life. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 92,337-342.
63. Gade, G., Hoffmann, K. H., and Spring, J. H. (1997). Hormonal regulation in insects: Facts, gaps, and future directions. Entomol. Rev. 77, 963-1032.
64. Gascuel, J., and Masson, C. (1987). Influence of olfactory deprivation on synapse frequency in developing antennal lobe of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Neurosci, Res. Commun. 1, 173-180.
65. Goldman, S. A. (1998). Adult neurogenesis: From canaries to the clinic. /. Neurobiol. 36, 267-286.
66. Goldman, S. A., and Nottebohm, F. (1983). Neuronal production, migration and difference in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 1390-1394.
67. Goltzené, F., Lagueux, M., Charlet, M., and Hoffmann, J. A. (1978). The follicle cell epithelium of maturing ovaries of Locusta migratoria: A new biosynthetic tissue for ecdysone. HoppeSeylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 359, 1427-1434.
68. Goodman, W. G., Huang, Z. H., Robinson, G. E., Strambi, C., and Strambi, A. (1993). A comparison of two juvenile hormone radioimmunoassys. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 23, 147-152.
69. Gould, E. (1994). The effects of adrenal steroids and excitatory input on neuronal birth and survival. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 743, 73-93.
70. Gould, E., and Cameron, H. A. (1996). Regulation of neuronal birth, migration and death in the rat dentate gyms. Dev. Neurosci. 18, 22-35.
71. Gould, E., and McEwen, B. S. (1993). Neuronal birth and death. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol 3, 676-682.
72. Gould, E., Tanapat, P., McEwen, B. S., Flügger, G., and Fuchs, E. (1998). Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3168-3171.
73. Graichen, E. (1936). Das Zentralnervensystem von Nepa cinerea mit Einschluss des sympathischen Nervensystems. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anal. 61, 195-238.
74. Greenwood, M, and Chapman, R. F. (1984). Differences in numbers of sensilla on the antennae of solitarious and gregarious Locusta migratoria (L.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 13, 295-301.
75. Gronenberg, W. (1996). Neuroethology of ants. Naturwissenschaften 83,15-27.
76. Gronenberg, W., Heeren, S., and Hölldobler, B. (1996). Age-dependent and task-related morphological changes in the brain and the mushroom bodies of the ant Camponolus floridanus. J. Exp. Blol. 199, 2011-2019.
77. Hagedorn, H. H. (1985). The role of ecdysteroids in reproduction. In "Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology" (G. A. Kerkut and L. I. Gilbert, eds.), Vol. 8, pp. 205-262. Pergamon, Oxford.
78. Hagedorn, H. H. (1989). Physiological roles of hemolyph ecdysteroids in the adult insect. In "Ecdysone: From Chemistry to Mode of Action" ( J. Koolman, ed.), pp. 279-289. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
79. Hagedorn, H. H., O'Connor, J. D., Fuchs, M. S., Sage, B., Schlaeger, D. A., and Bohm, M. K. (1975). The ovary as a source of a-ecdysone in an adult mosquito. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 72, 3255-3259.
80. Hancock, R. G., and Foster, W. A. (1992). Juvenile hormone-mediated host-seeking behavior in mosquitoes: Effects of energy-reserve status. In "Insect Juvenile Homone Research. Fundamental and Applied Approaches" (B. Mauchamp, F. Couillaud, and J. C. Baehr, eds.), pp. 111-118. INRA Editions, Paris.
81. Hartmann, R., Loher, W., and Huber, F. (1994). Correlation between the rate of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in vitro and sexual behavior patterns in Gomphoceriis riifus females. Naturwissenschaften 81, 40-41.
82. Heisenberg, M. (1994). Central brain function in insects: Genetic studies on the mushroom bodies and central complex in Drosophila. Prog. Zool. 39, 61-79.
83. Heisenberg, M., Heusipp, M., and Wanke, T. (1995). Structural plasticity in the Drosophila brain. J. Neurosci. 15,1951-1960.
84. Henley, J., Greenwood, J., Stout, J., and Atkins, G. (1992). Age-correlated changes and juvenile hormone III regulation of the syllable-period specific responses of the L3 auditory interneuron in the cricket Acheta domestiais. J. Coinp. Physiol. A 170, 259-270.
85. Henrich, V. C., and Brown, N. E. (1995). Insect nuclear receptors: A developmental and comparative perspective. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 95, 881-897.
86. Herman, W. S. (1967). The ecdysial glands of arthropods. Int. Rev. Cylol. 22, 269-347.
87. Hertel, H. (1983). Change of synapse frequency in certain photoreceptors of the honeybee after chromatic deprivation. J. Comp. Physiol. 151, 477-482.
88. Hoffmeister, H., and Grützmacher, H. F. (1966). Zur Chemie des Ecdysterons. Tetrahedron Lett. 33, 4017-4023.
89. Horn, D. H. S., Middleton, E. J., Wunderlich, J. A., and Hampshire, F. (1966). Identity of the moulting hormones of insects and crustaceans. Chem. Commun. 339-340.
90. Howse, P. E. (1975). Brain structure and behavior in insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 20, 359-379.
91. Hoy, R. R., Nolen, T. G., and Casaday, G. C. (1985). Dendritic sprouting and compensatory synaptogenesis in an identified interneuron follow auditory deprivation in a cricket. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 7772-7776.
92. Huang, Z. Y., and Robinson, G. A. (1992). Honeybee colony integration. Worker-worker interactions mediate hormonally regulated plasticity in the division of labor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11726-11729.
93. Huang, Z. Y., Robinson, G. E., Tobe, S. S., Yagi, K. J., Strambi, C, Strambi, A., and Stay, B. (1991). Hormonal regulation of behavioural development in the honey bee is based on changes in the rate of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. J. Insect Physiol. 37, 733-741.
94. Huang, Z. Y., Robinson, G. E., and Borst, D. W. (1994). Physiological correlates of division of labor among similarly aged honey bees. J. Comp. Physiol. A 174, 731-739.
95. Ito, K., and Hotta, Y. (1992). Proliferation pattern of postembryonic neuroblasts in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 149, 134-148.
96. Jarrard, R. (1995). What does the hippocampus really do? Behav. Brain Res. 71, 1-10.
97. Johansson, A. S. (1957). The nervous system of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 83, 119-183.
98. Jones, G. (1995). Molecular mechanisms of action of juvenile hormone. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40,147-169.
99. Jones, G., and Sharp, P. A. (1997). Ultraspiracle: An invertebrate nuclear receptor for juvenile hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13499-13503.
100. Jonescu, C. (1909). Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Gehirn der Honigbiene. Jena Z. Nalunviss. 45, 111-180.
101. Kaplan, M., and Bell, D. (1984). Mitotic neuroblasts in the 9 day old and 11 month old rodent hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 4, 1429-1441.
102. Kaplan, M. S., and Hinds, J. W. (1977). Neurogenesis in the adult rat: Electron microscopic analysis of light radioautographs. Science 197, 1092-1094.
103. Kawata, M. (1995). Roles of steroid hormones and their receptors in structural organization in the nervous system. Neurosci. Res. 24, 1-46.
104. Kenyon, F. C. (1896). The brain of the bee. A preliminary contribution to the morphology of the nervous system of Arthropoda. J. Comp. Neurol. 6,133-210.
105. Kimura, K., and Truman, J. W. (1990). Postmetamorphic cell death in the nervous and muscular systems of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Neurosci. 10, 403-411.
106. Kirschenbaum, S. R., Higgins, M. R., Tveten, M., and Tolbert, L. P. (1995). 20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulates proliferation of glial cells in the developing brain of the moth Manduca sexto. J. Netirobiol 28, 234-247.
107. Koelle, M. R., Talbot, W. S., Segraves, W. A., Bender, M. T., Cherbas, P., and Hogness, D. S. (1991). The Drosophila EcR gene encodes an ecdysone receptor, a new member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Cell 67, 59-77.
108. Kokai, I. C., and Mercer, A. R. (1997). Age-related changes in dopamine receptor densities in the brain of the honey bee Apis mellifera. J. Comp. Physiol. A 181, 415-423.
109. Koudele, K., Stout, J., and Reichert, D. (1987). Factors which influence female crickets (Acheta domesticus) phonotactic and sexual responsiveness to males. Physiol. Entomol. 12, 67-80.
110. Kraft, R., Levine, R. B., and Restifo, L. L. (1998). The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone enhances neunte growth of Drosophila mushroom body neurons isolated during metamor-phosis. J. Neurosci. 18, 8886-8899.
111. Krai, K., and Meinertzhagen, I. A. (1989). Anatomical plasticity of synapses in the lamina of the optic lobe of the fly. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 323,155-183.
112. Kurz, E. M., Sengelaub, D. R., and Arnold, A. P. (1986). Androgens regulate the dendritic length of mammalian motoneurons in adulthood. Science 232, 395-398.
113. Lagueux, M., Hirn, M., and Hoffmann, J. A. (1977). Ecdysone during ovarian development in Locusta migratoria. J. Insect Physiol. 23,109-119.
114. Lauder, J. M. (1993). Neurotransmitters as growth regulatory signals: Role of receptors and second messengers. Trends Neurosci. 16, 233-240.
115. Levine, R. B. (1989). Expansion of the axonal arborizations of persistent sensory neurons during insect metamorphosis. The role of 20-hydroxyecdysone. J. Neurosci. 9, 1045-1054.
116. Levine, R. B., and Truman, J. W. (1985). Dendritic reorganization of abdominal motoneurons during metamorphosis of the moth, Manduca sexta. J. Neurosci. 5, 2424-2431.
117. Levine, R. B., and Weeks, J. C. (1996). Cell culture approaches to understanding the actions of steroid hormones on the insect nervous system. Dev. Neurosci. 18, 73-86.
118. Levine, R. B., Truman, J. W., Linn, D., and Bate, C. M. (1986). Endocrine regulation of the form and function of axonal arbors during insect metamorphosis. J. Neurosci. 6, 293-299.
119. Loeb, M. J., Brandt, E. P., and Birnbaum, M. J. (1984). Ecdysteroid production by testes of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, from last larval instar to adult. J. Insect Physiol. 30, 375-381.
120. Loher, W., Weber, T., Rembold, H., and Huber, F. (1992). Persistence of phonotaxis in females of four species of crickets following allatectomy. J. Comp. Physiol. A 171, 325-341.
121. Loi, P. K., and Tublitz, N. J. (1993). Hormonal control of transmitter plasticity in insect peptidergic neurons. I. Steroid regulation of the decline in cardioacceleratory peptide 2 (CAP2) expression. J. Exp. Biol. 181, 175-194.
122. Masson, C., and Arnold, G. (1984). Ontogeny, maturation and plasticity in the olfactory system in the workerbee. J. Insect Physiol. 30, 7-14.
123. Masson, C., and Mustaparta, H. (1990). Chemical information processing in the olfactory system of insects. Physiol. Rev. 70, 199-245.
124. Matsumoto, A., Arnold, A. P., Zampighi, G. A., and Micevych, P. E. (1988). Androgenic regulation of gap junctions between motoneurons in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 8,4177-4183.
125. Menzel, R., Durst, C., Erber, J., Eichmüller, S., Hammer, M., Hildebrand, H., Mauelshagen, J., Müller, U., Rosenboom, H., Rybak, J., Schäfer, S., and Scheidler, A. (1994). The mushroom bodies in the honeybee: From molecules to behaviour. Prog. Zool. 39, 81-102.
126. Mercer, A. R., Kirchhof, B. S., and Hildebrand, J. G. (1996). Enhancement by serotonin of the growth in vitro of antennal lobe neurons of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta. J. Neurobiol. 29, 49-64.
127. Mizunami, M., Strausfeld, N. J., and Weibrecht, J. M. (1993). A new role for the insect mushroom bodies: Place memory and motor control. In "Biological Neural Networks in Invertebrate Neuroethology and Robotics" (R. D. Breer, R. E. Ritzman and T. McKenna, eds.), pp. 199-225. Academic Press, New York.
128. Mobbs, P. G. (1982). The brain of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. I. The connections and spatial organization of the mushroom bodies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 298, 309-354.
129. Morgan, S. M., Huryn, V. M. B., Downes, S. R., and Mercer, A. R. (1998). The effects of queenlessness on the maturation of the honey bee olfactory system. Brain Res. 91,115-126.
130. Murphey, R. K. (1986a). The myth of the inflexible invertebrate: Competition and synaptic remodelling in the development of invertebrate nervous system. J. Neurobiol. 17,585-591.
131. Murphey, R. K. (1986b). Competition and the dynamics of axon arbor growth in the cricket. J. Comp. Neurol 251, 100-110.
132. Neckameyer, W. W. (1998). Dopamine modulated female sexual receptivity in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Neurogenet. 12, 101-114.
133. Neder, R. (1959). Allometrisches Wachstum von Hirnteilen bei drei verschiedenen grossen Schabenarten. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 4, 411-464.
134. Nordeen, E. J., and Nordeen, K. W. (1989). Estrogens stimulate the incorporation of new neurons into avian song nuclei during adolescence. Dev. Brain Res. 49, 27-32.
135. Nordlander, R. H., and Edwards, J. S. (1970). Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippiis L. Wilhelm Roiix' Archiv. 164, 247-260.
136. Oland, L. A., and Hayashi, J. H. (1993). Effects of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and prior sensory input on the survival and growth of moth central olfactory neurons in vitro. J. Neurobiol. 24, 1170-1186.
137. Oleskevich, S., Clements, J. D., and Srinivasan, M. V. (1997). Long-term synaptic plasticity in the honeybee. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 528-532.
138. Onishi, E., Otaki, T., and Fukuda, S. (1971). Ecdysone in the eggs of Bombyx silkworm. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 47, 413-415.
139. Oro, A. E., McKeown, M., and Evans, R. M. (1992). The Drosophila retinoid X receptor homolog ultraspiracle functions in both female reproduction and eye morphogenesis. Development 115, 449-462.
140. Pandazis, G. (1930). Über die relative Ausbildung der Gehirnzentren bei biologisch verschiedenen Ameisenarten. Z. Morphol. Ökol. Tiere 18, 114-169.
141. Panov, A. A. (1957). The structure of the brain in insects in successive stages of postembryonic development. Rev. Entomol. U.R.S.S. 36, 269-284.
142. Panov, A. A. (1960). The structure of insect brain during successive stages of development. III. Optic lobes. Rev. Entomol.'U.R.S.S. 39, 55-68.
143. Panov, A. A. (1963). The origin and fate of neuroblasts, neurons and neuroglial cells in the central nervous system of the China oak silkworm Antherea pernyi Guer. (Lepidoptera, Attacidae). Dev. Entomol. U.R.S.S. 42, 186-191.
144. Paton, J. A., and Nottebohm, F. (1984). Neurons generated in the adult brain are recruited into functional circuits. Science 225, 1046-1048.
145. Pipa, R. L. (1978). Patterns of neural reorganization during the postembryonic development of insects. Int. Rev. Cytol. (Suppl. 7), 403-438.
146. Prugh, J., Delia Croce, K., and Levine, R. B. (1992). Effects of the steroid hormone, 20hydroxyecdysone, on the growth of neurites by identified insect motoneurons in vitro. Dev. Biol. 154, 331-347.
147. Pyza, E., and Meinertzhagen, I. A. (1993). Daily and circadian rhythms of synaptic frequency in the first visual neuropil of the housefly's (Musca domestica L.) optic lobe. Proc. R. Soc. London B 254, 97-105.
148. Pyza, E., and Meinertzhagen, I. A. (1995). Monopolar cell axons in the first optic neuropil of the housefly, Musca domestica L., undergo daily fluctuations in diameter that have a circadian basis. J. Neurosci. 15, 407-418.
149. Ramaswamy, S. B., and Gupta A. P. (1981). Effects of juvenile hormone on sense organs involved in mating behaviour of Blatella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Batellidae). J. Insect Physiol. 27, 601-608.
150. Rees, H. H. (1989). Zooecdysteroids: Structure and occurrence. In "Ecdysone: From Chemistry to Mode of Action" ( J. Koolman, ed.), pp. 28-38. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
151. Rensch, B. (1959). Trends toward progress of brain and sense organs. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 24, 291-303.
152. Renucci, M., and Rage, P. (1985). Saisie de données dans l'étude du comportement animal. Electronique Appl. 44, 87-92.
153. Renucci, M., and Strambi, A. (1981). Evolution des ecdystéroïdes ovariens et hémolymphatiqueees au cours de la maturation ovarienne chez Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptère). C. R. Acad. Sei. Paris 293, 825-830.
154. Renucci, M., and Strambi, C. (1983). Juvenile hormone levels, vitellogenin and ovarian development in Acheta domesticus. Experientia 39, 618-620.
155. Renucci, M., Martin, N., and Strambi, C. (1984). Temporal variations of hemolymph esterase activity and juvenile hormone titers during oocyte maturation in Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55, 480-487.
156. Renucci, M., Strambi, A., and Augier, R. (1985). Physiological approaches to the onset of receptivity in female Acheta domesticus. I. Role of the corpora allata and ovaries. Harm. Behav. 19, 441-453.
157. Renucci, M., Strambi, A., and Strambi, C. (1987). Ovarian development and endocrine control of the vitellogenesis in the house cricket Acheta domesticus. Gen. Endocrinol. 6, 83-92.
158. Renucci, M., Cherkaoui, L., Rage, P., Augier, R., and Strambi, A. (1988). Effet de l'ovariectomie et de l'allatectomie sur les mouvements de l'ovipositeur des femelles vierges d"Acheta domesticus. C. R. Acad. Sci. 307, 729-733.
159. Renucci, M., Strambi, C., Strambi, A., Augier, R., and Charpin, P. (1990). Ovaries and regulation of juvenile hormone titer in Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptera). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 78,137-140.
160. Renucci, M., Cherkaoui, L., Rage, P., Augier, R., and Strambi, A. (1992). Juvenile hormone exerts a primer effect on oviposition behaviour in Acheta domesticus. In "Insect Juvenile Hormone Research: Fundamental and Applied Approaches" (B. Mauchamp, F. Couillaud, and J. C. Baehr, eds.), pp. 147-163. INRA Editions, Paris.
161. Richard, D. S., Applebaum, S. W., Sliter, T. J., Baker, F. C, Schooley, D. A., Reuter, C. C, Henrich, V. C., and Gilbert, L. I. (1989). Juvenile hormone bisepoxide biosynthesis in vitro by the ring gland of Drosophila melanogaster: A putative juvenile hormone in the higher Diptera. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 86, 1421-1425.
162. Riddiford, L. M. (1994). Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone. I. General considerations and prematamorphic actions. Adv. Insect Physiol. 24, 213-274.
163. Ringo, J. (1996). Sexual receptivity in insects. Annit. Rev. Entomol. 41, 473-494.
164. Ringo, J., Werczberger, R., Altaratz, M., and Segal, D. (1991). Female sexual receptivity is defective in juvenile hormone-deficient mutants of the apterous gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Behav. Genet. 21, 453-469.
165. Robert, A., Strambi, A., Strambi, C., and Gonella, J. (1986). Opposite effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on in vitro uterus motility of a tsetse fly. Life Sei. 39, 2617-2622.
166. Robinow, S., Talbot, W. S., Hogness, D. S., and Truman, J. W. (1993). Programmed cell death in the Drosophila CNS is ecdysone-regulated and coupled with a specific ecdysone receptor isoform. Development 119, 1251-1259.
167. Robinson, G. E., Strambi, A., Strambi, C., Paulino-Simoes, Z. L., Tozeto, S. O., and NegraesBarbosa, J. M. (1987). Juvenile hormone titres in European and Africanized honey bees in Brazil. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 66, 457-459.
168. Robinson, G. E., Page, J. R. E., Strambi, C., and Strambi, A. (1989). Hormonal and genetic control of behavioral integration in honey bee colonies. Science 264, 109-112.
169. Robinson, G. E., Strambi, C, Strambi, A., and Feldlaufer, M. F. (1991). Comparison of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid haemolymph titres in adult worker and queen honey bees (Apis mellifera). J. Insect. Physiol. 37, 929-935.
170. Robinson, G. E., Page, J. R. E., Strambi, C, and Strambi, A. (1992). Colony integration in honey bees: Mechanisms of behavioral reversion. Ethology 2, 336-348.
171. Robinson, G. E., Fahrbach, S. E., and Winston, M. L. (1997). Insect societies and the molecular biology of social behavior. BioEssays 19,1099-1108.
172. Roederer, E., and Cohen, M. J. (1983). Regeneration of an identified central neuron in the cricket. I. Control of sprouting from soma, dendrites and axon. /. Neurosci. 3, 1835-1847.
173. Röller, H., Dahm, K. H., Sweeley, C. C., and Trost, B. M. (1967). The structure of the juvenile hormone. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. England 6, 179-180.
174. Röseler, P. F. (1985). Endocrine basis of diminance and reproduction in polistine paper wasp. Prog. Zool. 31, 260-272.
175. Röseler, P. F., Röseler, I., Strambi, A., and Augier, R. (1984). Influence of insect hormones on the establishment of dominance hierarchies among foundresses of the paper wasp, Polistes gallicus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 15, 133-142.
176. Rossbach, W. (1962). Histologische Untersuchungen über die Hirne naheverwandter RüsselKäfer (Curculionidae) mit unterschieldlichem Brutfüsorgeverhalten. Z. Morphol Ökol. Tiere 50, 616-650.
177. Rybak, J., and Meinertzhagen, I. A. (1990). Experience-dependent changes in the sizes and frequencies of photoreceptor synapses in the fly's optic lamina. In "Brain-PerceptionCognition, Proceedings of the 18th Göttingen Neurobiology Conferences" (N. Eisner and G. Roth, eds.), Abstract No. 196. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.
178. Schildberger, K., Wohlers, D. W., Schmitz, B., Kleindienst, H. U., and Huber, F. (1986). Morphological and physiological changes in central auditory neurons following unilateral foreleg amputation in larval crickets. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 158, 291-300.
179. Schooley, D. A., Baker, F. C., Tsai, L. W., Miller, C. A., and Jamieson, G. C. (1984). Juvenile hormones 0, I, and II exist only in Lepidoptera. In "Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Mode of Action of Invertebrate Hormones" (J. Hoffmann and M. Porchet, eds), pp. 371-381. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
180. Schürmann, F. W. (1987). The architecture of the mushroom bodies and related neuropiles in the insect brain. In "Arthropod Brain: Its Evolution, Development, Structure and Functions" (A. P. Gupta, ed.), pp. 231-264. New York.
181. Schwartz, L. M., and Truman, J. W. (1983). Hormonal control of rates of metamorphic development in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Dev. Biol. 99, 103-114.
182. Sehnal, F. (1989). Hormonal role of ecdysteroids in insect larvae. In
183. Shirk, P. D., Bhaskaran, G., and Röller, H. (1980). The transfer of juvenile hormone from the male to the female during mating in the Cecropia silkmoth. Experientia 36, 682-683.
184. Shirk, P. D., Bhaskaran, G., and Roller, H. (1983). Developmental physiology of corpora allata and accessory sex glands in the Cecropia silk moth. J. Exp. Zool. 227, 69-79.
185. Sigg, D., Thompson, C. M., and Mercer, A. R. (1997). Activity-dependent changes to the brain and behavior of the honey bee Apis mellifera (L.). J. Neurosci. 17, 7148-7156.
186. Slotkin, T. A., and Bartolome, J. (1986). Role of ornithine decarboxylase and the polyamines in nervous system development: A review. Brain Res. Bull. 17, 307-320.
187. Sloviter, R. S., Valiquette, G., Abrams, G. M., Ronk, E. C., Sollas, A. L., Paul, L. A., and Neubort, S. L. (1989). Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy. Science 243, 535-538.
188. Sloviter, R. S., Sollas, A. L., Dean, E., and Neubort, S. (1993). Adrenalectomy-induced granule cell degeneration in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus: Characterization of an in vivo model of controlled neuronal death. /. Camp. Neural. 330, 324-336.
189. Sobrier, M. L., Couderc, J. L., Chapel, S., and Dastugue, B. (1986). Expression of a new tubulin subunit is induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone in Drosophila cultured cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 134, 191-200.
190. Sobrier, M. L., Chapel, S., Couderc, J. L., Micard, D., Lecher, P., Somme-Martin, G., and Dastugue, B. (1989). 20-OH ecdysone regulates 60C β tubulin gene expression in Kc cells during Drosophila development. Exp. Cell Res. 184, 241-249.
191. Spindler-Barth, M., Junger, E., and Spindler, K. D. (1992). Vesicle formation and ecdysteroidinduced cellular differentiation in the epithelial cell line from Chironomus tentons. Tissue Cell 24, 919-934.
192. Stout, J. F., Gerard, G., and Hasso, S. (1976). Sexual responsiveness mediated by the corpora allata and its relationship to phonotaxis in the female cricket, Acheta domesticiis L.J. Comp. Physiol. 108, 1-9.
193. Stout, J. F., De Haan, C. H., and McGhee, R. W. (1983). Attractiveness of the male Acheta domesticiis calling song to females. J. Comp. Physiol. A 153, 509-521.
194. Stout, J., Atkins, G., and Burghardt, F. (1985). The characterization and possible importance for phonotaxis of "L"-shaped ascending acoustic interneurons in the cricket (Acheta domestiens). In "Acoustic and Vibrational Communication in Insects" (K. Kalmring and N. Eisner, eds.), pp. 89-100. P. Parey, Hamburg.
195. Stout, J. F., Walikonis, R. W., and Atkins, G. (1989). The influence of age and JH III levels on the sound processing characteristics of ascending auditory neurons in female crickets (Acheta domesticiis). In "Proceedings of the Second international Congress of Neuroethology," p. 75. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.
196. Stout, J., Atkins, G., and Zacharias, D. (1991). Regulation of cricket phonotaxis through hormonal control of the threshold of an identified auditory neuron. J. Comp. Physiol. A 169, 765-772.
197. Stout, J., Hayes, V., Zacharias, D., Henley, J., Stumpner, A., Hao, J., and Atkins, G. (1992). Juvenile hormone control phonotactic responsiveness of female cricket by genetic regulation of the response properties of identified auditory interneurons. In "Insect Juvenile Hormone Reasearch: Fundamental and Applied Approaches" (B. Mauchamp, J. C. Baehr, and F. Couillaud, eds.), pp. 265-283. INRA Editions, Paris.
198. Stout, J., Hao, H., Atkins, G., Stiedl, O., Ramseier, J., Coburn, P., Hayes, V., Henley, J., and Kirn, P. (1993). JH III regulates phonotaxis in crickets by controlling expression of nicotinic receptors in auditory interneurons. In "Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology" (M. Loeb, ed.), pp. 343-346. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
199. Stout, J., Hao, J., Kim, P., Mbungu, D., Bronsert, M., Slikkers, S., Maier, J., Kim, D., Bacchus, K., and Atkins, J. (1998). Regulation of the phonotactic threshold of the female cricket, Acheta domesticiis: Juvenile hormone III, allatectomy, LI auditory neuron thresholds, and environmental factors. J. Comp. Physiol. A 182, 635-645.
200. Stout, J., Hao, J., Kim, P., Mbungu, D., Bronsert, M., Slikkers, S., Maier, J., Kim, D., Bacchus, K., and Atkins, G. (1998a). Regulation of the phonotactic threshold of the female cricket, Acheta domesticus: Juvenile hormone III, allatectomy, LI auditory neuron thresholds, and environmental factors. J. Comp. Physiol. A 182, 635-645.
201. Stout, J., Hao, J., Coburn, P., Standish, T., Heinrich, C., and Atkins, G. (1998b). Correlation of nicotinic receptor-like mRNA expression with excitatory input into the behaviorally important LI and L3 auditory interneurons of the cricket, Acheta domesticiis. J. Exp. Zool. 281, 109-123.
202. Strambi, A., Strambi, C., and Cayre, M. (1997). Hormonal control of reproduction and reproductive behavior in crickets. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35, 393-404.
203. Strambi, C., Delbecque, J. P., and Connat, J. L. (1984). Identification by high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay of JH III in Acheta domesticiis. Insect Biochem. 14, 719-723.
204. Strausfeld, N. J. (1976). "Atlas of an Insect Brain." Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
205. Strong, L., and Amerasinghe, F. P. (1977). Allatectomy and sexual receptivity in females of Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 23, 131-135.
206. Stumpner, A., Atkins, G., and Stout, J. (1995). Processing of unilateral and bilateral auditory inputs by the ON1 and LI interneurons of the cricket Acheta domesticus and comparison to other cricket species. J. Comp. Physiol. A 177, 379-388.
207. Sugawara, T. (1986). Oviposition behaviour of the cricket Teleogrylliis commodiis: The site of action of an oviposition-stimulating factor and the role of the nervous system. J. Insect Physiol. 32, 485-492.
208. Sugawara, T., and Loher, W. (1986). Oviposition behaviour of the cricket Teleogrylliis commadus: Observation of external and internal events. J. Insect Physiol. 32, 179-188.
209. Sullivan, J. P., Robinson, G. E., and Fahrbach, S. E. (1996). Foraging behavior and mushroom bodies in allatectomized honey bees. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22, 1144.
210. Talbot, W. S., Swyryd, E. A., and Hogness, D. S. (1993). Drosophila tissues with different metamorphic response to ecdysone express different ecdysone receptor isoforms. Cell 73, 1323-1337.
211. Taylor, D. J., Robinson, G. E., Logan, B. J., Laverty, R., and Mercer, A. R. (1992). Changes in brain amine levels associated with the morphological and behavioural development of the worker honeybee. J. Comp. Physiol. A 170, 715-721.
212. Technau, G. M. (1984). Fiber number in the mushroom bodies of adult Drosophila melanogaster depends on age, sex, and experience. J. Neurogenet. 1, 113-126.
213. Thorson, J., Weber, T., and Huber, F. (1982). Auditory behavior of the cricket. II. Simplicity of calling song recognition in Gryllus, and anomalous phonotaxis at abnormal carrier frequencies. J. Comp. Physiol. A 146, 361-378.
214. Trabalon, M., and Campan, M. (1985). Etude de la réceptivité de la femelle de Calliphora
215. vomitoria (Dipteres, Calliphoridae) au cours du premier cycle gonadotrope. II. Effects d'une
216. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Biol. 13, 153-161.
217. Truman, J. W. (1988). Hormonal approaches for studying nervous system development in insects. Adv. Insect Physiol. 21, 1-34.
218. Truman, J. W. (1990). Metamorphosis of the central nervous system of Drosophila. J. Neurobiol. 21,1072-1084.
219. Truman, J. W. (1992). Developmental neuroethology of insect metamorphosis. /. Neurobiol. 23, 1404-1422.
220. Truman, J. W., and Bate, M. (1988). Spatial and temporal patterns of neurogenesis in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 125, 145-157.
221. Truman, J. W., and Reiss, S. E. (1988). Hormonal regulation of the shape of identified motoneurons in Manduca sexta. J. Neurosci. 8, 765-775.
222. Truman, J. W., and Riddiford, L. M. (1974). Hormonal mechanisms underlying insect behaviour. Adv. Insect Physiol. 10, 297-352.
223. Truman, J. W., and Schwartz, L. M. (1984). Steroid regulation of neuronal death in the moth nervous system. J. Neurosci. 4, 274-280.
224. Truman, J. W., Fahrbach, S. E., and Kimura, K. (1990). Hormones and programmed cell death. I. Insights from invertebrate studies. Prog. Brain Res. 86, 25-35.
225. Truman, J. W., Thorn, R. S., and Robinow, S. (1992). Programmed neuronal death in insect development. J. Neurobiol. 23, 1295-1311.
226. Truman, J. W., Talbot, W. S., Fahrbach, S. E., and Hogness, D. S. (1994). Ecdysone receptor expression in the CNS correlates with age-specific responses to ecdysteroids during Drosoph-ila and Manduca development. Development 120, 219-234.
227. Trumbo, S. T. (1997). Juvenile hormone-mediated reproduction in burying beetles: From behavior to physiology. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35, 479-490.
228. Trumbo, S. T., Borst, D. W., and Robinson, G. A. (1995). Rapid elevation of juvenile hormone titer during behavioral assessment of the breeding resource by burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis. J. Insect Physiol. 41, 535-543.
229. Tublitz, N. J., and Loi, P. K. (1993). Hormonal control of transmitter plasticity in insect peptidergic neurons. II. Steroid control of the up-regulation of bursicon expression. /. Exp. Biol. 181,195-212.
230. Vanhems, E., and Girardie, J. (1983). Undifferentiated cells present in the pars intercerebralis of larval and adult locusts are glial precursors. Autoradiographic and ultrastructural study in vivo and in vitro. Dev. Brain Res. 10, 177-185.
231. Vardi, N., and Camhi, J. M. (1982). Functional recovery from lesions in the escape system of the cockroach. II. Physiological recovery of the giant interneurons. J. Comp. Physiol. A 146, 299-309.
232. Waldrop, B., and Levine, R. B. (1992). Intersegmental interneurons serving larval and pupal mechanosensory reflexes in the moth Manduca sexta. J. Comp. Physiol. A 171, 195-205.
233. Walikonis, R., Schoun, D., Zacharias, D., Henley, J., Coburn, P., and Stout, J. (1991). Attrac-tiveness of the male Acheta domesticiis calling song to females. III. The relation of age-correlated changes in syllable period recognition and phonotactic threshold to juvenile hormone III biosynthesis. /. Comp. Physiol. A 169, 751-764.
234. Weeks, J. C. (1987). Time course of hormonal independence for developmental events in neurons and other cell types during insect metamorphosis. Dev. Biol. 124, 163-176.
235. Weeks, J. C, and Ernst-Utzschneider, K. (1989). Respecification of larval proleg motoneurons during metamorphosis of the tobacco hornworm, Mandtica sexta: Segmental dependence and hormonal regulation. /. Neiirobiol. 20, 569-592.
236. Weeks, J. C., and Levine, R. B. (1990). Postembryonic neuronal plasticity and its hormonal control during insect metamorphosis. Annit. Rev. Nettrosci. 13, 183-194. Weeks, J. C., and Levine, R. B. (1995). Steroid hormone effects on neurons subserving behavior. Curr. Opin. Neiirobiol. 5, 809-815.
237. Weeks, J. C, and Truman, J, W. (1985). Independent steroid control of the fates of motoneurons and their muscles during insect metamorphosis. J. Neurosci. 5, 2290-2300.
238. Weeks, J. C., and Truman, J. W. (1986). Hormonally mediated reprogramming of muscles and motoneurons during the larval-pupal transformation of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J. Exp. Biol. 125,1-13.
239. Weeks, J. C, Jacobs, G. A., Pierce, J. T., Sandstrom, D. J., Streicher!, L. C., Trimmer, B. A., Wiel, D. E., and Wood, E. R. (1997). Neural mechanisms of behavioral plasticity: Metamorphosis and learning in Manduca sexta. Brain Behav. Evol. 50(Suppl. 1), 69-80.
240. Weiss, M. J., and Edwards, J. S. (1974). "Growth rings" in the corpora pedunculata of the insect brain: An autoradiographic and silver impregnation analysis. Am. Zool. 14,1253.
241. Wigglesworth, V. B. (1936). The function of the corpus allatum in the growth and reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). Q. J. Microscop. Sci. 79, 91-121.
242. Winnington, A. P., Napper, R. M., and Mercer, A. R. (1996). Structural plasticity of identified glomeruli in the antennal lobes of the adult worker honey bee./. Comp. Neural. 365,479-490.
243. Winston, M. L. (1987). "The Biology of the Honey Bee." Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
244. Withers, G. S., Fahrbach, S. E., and Robinson, G. E. (1993). Selective neuroanatomical plasticity and division of labour in the honeybee. Nature 364, 238-240.
245. Withers, G. S., Fahrbach, S. E., and Robinson, G. E. (1995). Effects of experience and juvenile hormone on the organization'of the mushroom bodies of honey bees. J. Neiirobiol. 26, 130-144.
246. Witten, J. L., and Truman, J. W. (1996). Developmental plasticity of neuropeptide expression in motoneurons of the moth, Manduca sexta: Steroid hormone regulation. J. Neiirobiol. 29, 99-114.
247. Wyatt, G. R., and Davey, K. G. (1996). Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone. II. Roles of juvenile hormone in adult insects. Adv. Insect Physiol. 26, 1-155.
248. Yao, T. P., Segraves, W. A., Oro, A. E., McKeown, M., and Evans, R. M. (1992). Drosophila idtraspiracle modulates ecdysone receptor function via heterodimer formation. Cell 71, 63-72.