메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 15-29

Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Author keywords

Abnormal behaviors; Chimpanzees; Learning; Pan troglodytes; Psychological well being; Rearing; Sex differences

Indexed keywords

ABNORMALITY; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; CAPTIVITY; PRIMATE;

EID: 0032955221     PISSN: 02752565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<15::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-R     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (85)

References (72)
  • 2
    • 0012745765 scopus 로고
    • Early social experience and the development of self-aggression in monkeys
    • Anderson JR, Chamove AS. 1985. Early social experience and the development of self-aggression in monkeys. Biol Behav 10:147-157.
    • (1985) Biol Behav , vol.10 , pp. 147-157
    • Anderson, J.R.1    Chamove, A.S.2
  • 3
    • 0030442372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences on development in infant chimpanzees: Enculturation, temperament, and cognition
    • Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST, editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Bard KA, Gardner KH. 1996. Influences on development in infant chimpanzees: enculturation, temperament, and cognition. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST, editors. Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 235-256.
    • (1996) Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes , pp. 235-256
    • Bard, K.A.1    Gardner, K.H.2
  • 5
    • 3643066117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal and abnormal behaviors of laboratory animals: What do they mean?
    • Bayne K. 1996. Normal and abnormal behaviors of laboratory animals: what do they mean? Lab Anim 25:21-24.
    • (1996) Lab Anim , vol.25 , pp. 21-24
    • Bayne, K.1
  • 6
    • 84990001130 scopus 로고
    • Development of abnormal stereotyped behaviors
    • Berkson G. 1968. Development of abnormal stereotyped behaviors. Devel Psych 1:118-132.
    • (1968) Devel Psych , vol.1 , pp. 118-132
    • Berkson, G.1
  • 7
    • 78651146716 scopus 로고
    • Stereotyped behaviors of chimpanzees: Relation to general arousal and alternative activities
    • Berkson G, Mason WA. 1964. Stereotyped behaviors of chimpanzees: relation to general arousal and alternative activities. Percept Mot. Skills 19:635-652.
    • (1964) Percept Mot. Skills , vol.19 , pp. 635-652
    • Berkson, G.1    Mason, W.A.2
  • 8
    • 0344850564 scopus 로고
    • Effect of early social experience on the expression of abnormal behavior among juvenile chimpanzees
    • abstract
    • Bloomsmith MA, Haberstroh MD. 1995. Effect of early social experience on the expression of abnormal behavior among juvenile chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 36:110 (abstract).
    • (1995) Am J Primatol , vol.36 , pp. 110
    • Bloomsmith, M.A.1    Haberstroh, M.D.2
  • 9
    • 0028578913 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile and adolescent chimpanzee behavioral development in complex groups
    • Bloomsmith MA, Pazol KA, Alford PL. 1994. Juvenile and adolescent chimpanzee behavioral development in complex groups. App Anim Behav Sci 39:73-87.
    • (1994) App Anim Behav Sci , vol.39 , pp. 73-87
    • Bloomsmith, M.A.1    Pazol, K.A.2    Alford, P.L.3
  • 10
    • 0026044308 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a chimpanzee enrichment enclosure
    • Brent L, Lee DR, Eichberg JW. 1991. Evaluation of a chimpanzee enrichment enclosure. J Med Primatol 20:29-34.
    • (1991) J Med Primatol , vol.20 , pp. 29-34
    • Brent, L.1    Lee, D.R.2    Eichberg, J.W.3
  • 11
    • 0011388497 scopus 로고
    • Self-rocking in infancy
    • Brody S. 1980. Self-rocking in infancy. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 9:464-491.
    • (1980) J Am Psychoanal Assoc , vol.9 , pp. 464-491
    • Brody, S.1
  • 12
    • 0345282001 scopus 로고
    • Self-aggression in nonhuman primates: A review of its developmental/possible causes, methods of therapeutic treatment, and its relevance to the zoo situation
    • Silver Springs, MO: AAZPA.
    • Bushong D, Schapiro SJ, Bloomsmith MA. 1992. Self-aggression in nonhuman primates: a review of its developmental/possible causes, methods of therapeutic treatment, and its relevance to the zoo situation. AAZPA regional proceedings. Silver Springs, MO: AAZPA. p 723-729.
    • (1992) AAZPA Regional Proceedings , pp. 723-729
    • Bushong, D.1    Schapiro, S.J.2    Bloomsmith, M.A.3
  • 14
    • 0003122311 scopus 로고
    • Is social housing of primates always the optimal choice?
    • Novak MA, Petto AJ, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Coe CL. 1991. Is social housing of primates always the optimal choice? In: Novak MA, Petto AJ, editors. Through the looking glass. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p 78-92.
    • (1991) Through the Looking Glass , pp. 78-92
    • Coe, C.L.1
  • 16
    • 0002035123 scopus 로고
    • Some behavioral disturbances of great apes in captivity
    • Hamburg DA, McCown ER, editors. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings
    • Davenport RK. 1979. Some behavioral disturbances of great apes in captivity. In: Hamburg DA, McCown ER, editors. The great apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings. p 341-357.
    • (1979) The Great Apes , pp. 341-357
    • Davenport, R.K.1
  • 17
    • 0040999164 scopus 로고
    • Stereo-typed movements of mental defectives: II. Effects of novel objects
    • Davenport RK Jr, Berkson G. 1963. Stereo-typed movements of mental defectives: II. Effects of novel objects. Am J Mental Defic 67:879-882.
    • (1963) Am J Mental Defic , vol.67 , pp. 879-882
    • Davenport R.K., Jr.1    Berkson, G.2
  • 18
    • 0002927877 scopus 로고
    • Stereo-typed behavior of the infant chimpanzee
    • Davenport RK, Menzel EW. 1963. Stereo-typed behavior of the infant chimpanzee. Arch Gen Psychiatry 8:99-104.
    • (1963) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 99-104
    • Davenport, R.K.1    Menzel, E.W.2
  • 19
    • 0002716081 scopus 로고
    • Differential rearing of the chimpanzee: A project survey
    • Bourne GH, editor. Basel: S. Karger
    • Davenport RK, Rogers CM. 1970. Differential rearing of the chimpanzee: a project survey. In: Bourne GH, editor. The Chimpanzee, vol 3. Basel: S. Karger. p 337-360.
    • (1970) The Chimpanzee , vol.3 , pp. 337-360
    • Davenport, R.K.1    Rogers, C.M.2
  • 21
    • 0003040190 scopus 로고
    • The social nature of primates
    • Novak MA, Petto AJ, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • de Waal F. 1991. The social nature of primates. In: Novak MA, Petto AJ, editors. Through the looking glass. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p 67-77.
    • (1991) Through the Looking Glass , pp. 67-77
    • De Waal, F.1
  • 22
    • 0018216205 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal behaviour patterns developing in chimpanzee infants during nursery care - A note
    • Dienske H, Griffin R. 1978. Abnormal behaviour patterns developing in chimpanzee infants during nursery care - a note. J Child Psychol Psych 19:387-391.
    • (1978) J Child Psychol Psych , vol.19 , pp. 387-391
    • Dienske, H.1    Griffin, R.2
  • 23
    • 0002042178 scopus 로고
    • Strangers in a strange land: Abnormal behaviors or abnormal environments?
    • Erwin J, Maple TL, Mitchell G, editors. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
    • Erwin J, Deni R. 1979. Strangers in a strange land: abnormal behaviors or abnormal environments? In: Erwin J, Maple TL, Mitchell G, editors. Captivity and behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p 1-28.
    • (1979) Captivity and Behavior , pp. 1-28
    • Erwin, J.1    Deni, R.2
  • 24
    • 0015866946 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal behavior in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys
    • Erwin J, Mitchell G, Maple T. 1973. Abnormal behavior in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys. Psychol Rep 33:515-523.
    • (1973) Psychol Rep , vol.33 , pp. 515-523
    • Erwin, J.1    Mitchell, G.2    Maple, T.3
  • 25
    • 0018342936 scopus 로고
    • The onset of rhythmic activities in normal and high-risk infants
    • Field T, Ting G, Shuman HH. 1979. The onset of rhythmic activities in normal and high-risk infants. Dev Psychobiol 12:97-100.
    • (1979) Dev Psychobiol , vol.12 , pp. 97-100
    • Field, T.1    Ting, G.2    Shuman, H.H.3
  • 26
    • 0001335505 scopus 로고
    • Consistency and variability in the behavior of mature, isolation-reared, male rhesus macaques
    • Fittinghoff NA, Jr, Lindburg DG, Gomber J, Mitchell G. 1974. Consistency and variability in the behavior of mature, isolation-reared, male rhesus macaques. Primates 15:111-140.
    • (1974) Primates , vol.15 , pp. 111-140
    • Fittinghoff N.A., Jr.1    Lindburg, D.G.2    Gomber, J.3    Mitchell, G.4
  • 27
    • 0024101270 scopus 로고
    • Coprophagy in marmosets due to insufficient protein (amino acid) intake
    • Flurer CI, Zucker H. 1988. Coprophagy in marmosets due to insufficient protein (amino acid) intake. Lab Anim 22:330-331.
    • (1988) Lab Anim , vol.22 , pp. 330-331
    • Flurer, C.I.1    Zucker, H.2
  • 28
    • 0344850562 scopus 로고
    • Signing interactions between mother and infant chimpanzees
    • Heltne PG, Marquardt LA, editors. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Fouts DH. 1989. Signing interactions between mother and infant chimpanzees. In: Heltne PG, Marquardt LA, editors. Understanding chimpanzees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p 242-251.
    • (1989) Understanding Chimpanzees , pp. 242-251
    • Fouts, D.H.1
  • 30
    • 0015091610 scopus 로고
    • Psychopathology in man and lower animals
    • Fox MW. 1971. Psychopathology in man and lower animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159: 66-77.
    • (1971) J Am Vet Med Assoc , vol.159 , pp. 66-77
    • Fox, M.W.1
  • 31
    • 2642623284 scopus 로고
    • Social processes affecting the appearance of innovative behaviors in capuchin monkeys
    • Basel
    • Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E. 1990. Social processes affecting the appearance of innovative behaviors in capuchin monkeys. Folia Primatol (Basel) 54:155-165.
    • (1990) Folia Primatol , vol.54 , pp. 155-165
    • Fragaszy, D.M.1    Visalberghi, E.2
  • 32
    • 0011054882 scopus 로고
    • Resocialization of asocial chimpanzees
    • Bernirschke K, editor. New York: Springer
    • Fritz J. 1986. Resocialization of asocial chimpanzees. In: Bernirschke K, editor. Primates: the road to self-sustaining populations. New York: Springer. p 351-359.
    • (1986) Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations , pp. 351-359
    • Fritz, J.1
  • 33
    • 0018649299 scopus 로고
    • Resocialization of chimpanzees: Ten years of experience at the Primate Foundation of Arizona
    • Fritz P, Fritz J. 1979. Resocialization of chimpanzees: ten years of experience at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. J Med Primatol 8:202-221.
    • (1979) J Med Primatol , vol.8 , pp. 202-221
    • Fritz, P.1    Fritz, J.2
  • 34
    • 84996050770 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal behaviors, with a special focus on rocking, and reproductive competence in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
    • Fritz J, Nash LT, Alford P, Bowen J. 1992a. Abnormal behaviors, with a special focus on rocking, and reproductive competence in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 27:161-176.
    • (1992) Am J Primatol , vol.27 , pp. 161-176
    • Fritz, J.1    Nash, L.T.2    Alford, P.3    Bowen, J.4
  • 35
    • 84995137562 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between forage material and levels of coprophagy in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
    • Fritz J, Maki S, Nash LT, Martin T, Matevia M. 1992b. The relationship between forage material and levels of coprophagy in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biol 11:313-318.
    • (1992) Zoo Biol , vol.11 , pp. 313-318
    • Fritz, J.1    Maki, S.2    Nash, L.T.3    Martin, T.4    Matevia, M.5
  • 37
    • 0345713576 scopus 로고
    • Differential early experience and behavior in adult male chimpanzees
    • abstract
    • Gabriel SW, Alford PL, Bramblett CA. 1986. Differential early experience and behavior in adult male chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 10:402 (abstract).
    • (1986) Am J Primatol , vol.10 , pp. 402
    • Gabriel, S.W.1    Alford, P.L.2    Bramblett, C.A.3
  • 38
    • 0002538582 scopus 로고
    • Imitation in animals: History, definitions, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory
    • Zentall TR, Galef BG Jr, editors. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Galef BF Jr. 1988. Imitation in animals: history, definitions, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In: Zentall TR, Galef BG Jr, editors. Social learning: psychological and biological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p 3-28.
    • (1988) Social Learning: Psychological and Biological Perspectives , pp. 3-28
    • Galef B.F., Jr.1
  • 39
    • 85038184740 scopus 로고
    • Housing conditions and the ontogeny of stereotyped locomotor and abnormal self-directed activities in rhesus monkeys
    • Rijswijk, Netherlands: TNO Primate Center
    • Goosen C. 1986. Housing conditions and the ontogeny of stereotyped locomotor and abnormal self-directed activities in rhesus monkeys. In: Annual report, institution of the division for health research TNO. Rijswijk, Netherlands: TNO Primate Center. p 287-290.
    • (1986) Annual Report, Institution of the Division for Health Research TNO , pp. 287-290
    • Goosen, C.1
  • 40
    • 85038186394 scopus 로고
    • Studies of disturbed behaviour in macaques
    • Jonker M, editor. Rijswijk, Netherlands: TNO Primate Center
    • Goosen C. 1988. Studies of disturbed behaviour in macaques. In: Jonker M, editor. Biomedical research in primates. Rijswijk, Netherlands: TNO Primate Center. p 69-74.
    • (1988) Biomedical Research in Primates , pp. 69-74
    • Goosen, C.1
  • 42
    • 84995163259 scopus 로고
    • Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: Description and intervention
    • Gould E, Bres M. 1986. Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: description and intervention. Zoo Biol 5:241-250.
    • (1986) Zoo Biol , vol.5 , pp. 241-250
    • Gould, E.1    Bres, M.2
  • 43
    • 0002267086 scopus 로고
    • Invention and social transmission: New data from wild vervet monkeys
    • Byrne RW, Whiten A, editors. Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • Hauser MD. 1988. Invention and social transmission: new data from wild vervet monkeys. In: Byrne RW, Whiten A, editors. Machiavellian intelligence. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p 327-343.
    • (1988) Machiavellian Intelligence , pp. 327-343
    • Hauser, M.D.1
  • 44
    • 84979181603 scopus 로고
    • Coprophagy in apes
    • Hill CA. 1966. Coprophagy in apes. Int Zoo Year 6:251-257.
    • (1966) Int Zoo Year , vol.6 , pp. 251-257
    • Hill, C.A.1
  • 45
    • 0031392548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking from tails: Social learning of a novel behaviour in a group of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)
    • Hosey GR, Jacques M, Pitts A. 1997. Drinking from tails: social learning of a novel behaviour in a group of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Primates 38:415-422.
    • (1997) Primates , vol.38 , pp. 415-422
    • Hosey, G.R.1    Jacques, M.2    Pitts, A.3
  • 46
    • 0344850556 scopus 로고
    • Decision analysis for developing programs of psychological well-being: A bias-for-action approach
    • Novak MA, Petto AJ, editors. Washington DC: American Psychological Association
    • Keeling ME, Alford PL, Bloomsmith MA. 1991. Decision analysis for developing programs of psychological well-being: a bias-for-action approach. In: Novak MA, Petto AJ, editors. Through the looking glass. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. p 57-68.
    • (1991) Through the Looking Glass , pp. 57-68
    • Keeling, M.E.1    Alford, P.L.2    Bloomsmith, M.A.3
  • 49
    • 0039288694 scopus 로고
    • The use of behavioral management techniques to reduce or eliminate abnormal behavior
    • Laule G. 1993. The use of behavioral management techniques to reduce or eliminate abnormal behavior. Animal Behavior Information Center Newsletter 4:1-2, 8-11.
    • (1993) Animal Behavior Information Center Newsletter , vol.4 , pp. 1-2
    • Laule, G.1
  • 50
    • 84995121878 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo
    • Marriner LM, Drickamer LC. 1994. Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo. Zoo Biol 13:267-275.
    • (1994) Zoo Biol , vol.13 , pp. 267-275
    • Marriner, L.M.1    Drickamer, L.C.2
  • 51
    • 0025956198 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypies: A critical review
    • Mason GJ. 1991. Stereotypies: a critical review. Anim Behav 41:1015-1037.
    • (1991) Anim Behav , vol.41 , pp. 1015-1037
    • Mason, G.J.1
  • 52
    • 0016506726 scopus 로고
    • Effects of maternal mobility on the development of rocking and other behaviors in rhesus monkeys: A study with artificial mothers
    • Mason WA, Berkson G. 1975. Effects of maternal mobility on the development of rocking and other behaviors in rhesus monkeys: a study with artificial mothers. Dev Psychobiol 8:197-211.
    • (1975) Dev Psychobiol , vol.8 , pp. 197-211
    • Mason, W.A.1    Berkson, G.2
  • 54
    • 0022844578 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral responsiveness of young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to a novel environment
    • Basel
    • Miller LC, Bard KA, Juno CJ, Nadler RD. 1986. Behavioral responsiveness of young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to a novel environment. Folia Primatol (Basel) 47: 128-142.
    • (1986) Folia Primatol , vol.47 , pp. 128-142
    • Miller, L.C.1    Bard, K.A.2    Juno, C.J.3    Nadler, R.D.4
  • 55
    • 21344488694 scopus 로고
    • Regurgitation and reingestion in a captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
    • Morgan L, Menkhus-Howell S, Fritz J. 1993. Regurgitation and reingestion in a captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Lab Anim 22:42-45.
    • (1993) Lab Anim , vol.22 , pp. 42-45
    • Morgan, L.1    Menkhus-Howell, S.2    Fritz, J.3
  • 56
    • 0345281983 scopus 로고
    • The development of stereotyped body rocking in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reared in a variety of nursery settings
    • Pazol KA, Bloomsmith MA. 1993. The development of stereotyped body rocking in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reared in a variety of nursery settings. Anim Welfare 2:113-129.
    • (1993) Anim Welfare , vol.2 , pp. 113-129
    • Pazol, K.A.1    Bloomsmith, M.A.2
  • 57
    • 0009841787 scopus 로고
    • Normal and abnormal behaviour in captive primates
    • Poole TB. 1988. Normal and abnormal behaviour in captive primates. Primate Report 22:3-12.
    • (1988) Primate Report , vol.22 , pp. 3-12
    • Poole, T.B.1
  • 58
    • 0011819310 scopus 로고
    • Early somatosensory deprivation as an ontogenetic process in the abnormal development of the brain and behavior
    • Goldsmith IE, Moor-Jankowski J, editors. Basel: S. Kargar
    • Prescott JW. 1971. Early somatosensory deprivation as an ontogenetic process in the abnormal development of the brain and behavior. In: Goldsmith IE, Moor-Jankowski J, editors. Med Primatology. Basel: S. Kargar. p 356-375.
    • (1971) Med Primatology , pp. 356-375
    • Prescott, J.W.1
  • 59
    • 0020038674 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypy in monkeys and humans
    • Ridley RM, Baker HF. 1982. Stereotypy in monkeys and humans. Psychol Med 12: 61-72.
    • (1982) Psychol Med , vol.12 , pp. 61-72
    • Ridley, R.M.1    Baker, H.F.2
  • 60
    • 0345713571 scopus 로고
    • An unexpected "epidemic" of a rare stereotypy: Unidentified stress or imitation?
    • Rivers A, Bartecki U, Brown JV, Ellinger G. 1983. An unexpected "epidemic" of a rare stereotypy: unidentified stress or imitation? Lab Primate Newsletter 23:5-7.
    • (1983) Lab Primate Newsletter , vol.23 , pp. 5-7
    • Rivers, A.1    Bartecki, U.2    Brown, J.V.3    Ellinger, G.4
  • 62
    • 0000497613 scopus 로고
    • The 'coping' hypothesis of stereotypic behaviour
    • Rushen J. 1993. The 'coping' hypothesis of stereotypic behaviour. Animal Behaviour 45:613-615.
    • (1993) Animal Behaviour , vol.45 , pp. 613-615
    • Rushen, J.1
  • 63
    • 0344850552 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability for abnormal development: Pregnancy outcomes and sex differences in macaque monkeys
    • Ellis NR, editor. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Sackett G, Holm R, Landesman-Dwyer S. 1975. Vulnerability for abnormal development: pregnancy outcomes and sex differences in macaque monkeys. In: Ellis NR, editor. Aberrant development in infancy human and animal studies. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p 59-77.
    • (1975) Aberrant Development in Infancy Human and Animal Studies , pp. 59-77
    • Sackett, G.1    Holm, R.2    Landesman-Dwyer, S.3
  • 65
    • 0017888330 scopus 로고
    • Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling in normal children
    • Sallustro F, Atwell CW. 1978. Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling in normal children. J Pediatr 93:704-708.
    • (1978) J Pediatr , vol.93 , pp. 704-708
    • Sallustro, F.1    Atwell, C.W.2
  • 68
    • 0007994112 scopus 로고
    • Social transmission, tradition and culture in primates: From the epiphenomenon to the phenomenon
    • Thierry B. 1994. Social transmission, tradition and culture in primates: from the epiphenomenon to the phenomenon. Techniques and Culture 23-24:91-119.
    • (1994) Techniques and Culture , vol.23-24 , pp. 91-119
    • Thierry, B.1
  • 69
    • 0344850551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal behavior in captive chimpanzee colony
    • Warniment A, Brent L. 1997. Abnormal behavior in captive chimpanzee colony. The Newsletter 8:1-3.
    • (1997) The Newsletter , vol.8 , pp. 1-3
    • Warniment, A.1    Brent, L.2
  • 70
    • 0020462814 scopus 로고
    • A vocabulary of abnormal behaviors in restrictively reared chimpanzees
    • Walsh S, Bramblett CA, Alford PL. 1982. A vocabulary of abnormal behaviors in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 3:315-319.
    • (1982) Am J Primatol , vol.3 , pp. 315-319
    • Walsh, S.1    Bramblett, C.A.2    Alford, P.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.