Neurotrophic factors in peripheral neuropathies: Therapeutic implications

Brain Pathology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 393-413

  Apfel, Stuart C ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; BISMUTH; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CISPLATIN; CLIOQUINOL; COLCHICINE; DIDANOSINE; DISULFIRAM; ERGOTAMINE; HYDRALAZINE; INSULIN; ISONIAZID; METRONIDAZOLE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; NEUROTROPHIN 4; NEURTURIN; NITROFURANTOIN; PACLITAXEL; PHENYTOIN; PYRIDOXINE; SOMATOMEDIN; VINCRISTINE; ZALCITABINE;

CELL SURVIVAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY;

EID: 0032954643     PISSN: 10156305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00234.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (163)

1. Acheson A, Conover JC, Fandl JP, DeChiara TM, Russell M, Thadani A, Squinto SP, Yancopoulos GD, Lindsay RM (1995) A BDNF autocrine loop in adult sensory neurons prevents cell death. Nature 374: 450-453.
2. Aebischer P, Schluep M, Deglon N, Joseph J-M, Hirt L, Heyd B, Goddard M, Hammang JP, Zurn AD, Kato AC, Regli F, Baetge EE (1996) Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. 2: 696-699.
3. Anand P, Rudge P, Mathias CJ, Springall DR, Ghatei MA, Naher-Noe M, Sharief M, Misra VP, Polak JM, Bloom SR, Thomas PK (1991) New autonomic and sensory neuropathy with loss of adrenergic sympathetic function and sensory neuropeptides. Lancet 337: 1253-1254.
4. Anand P, Terenghi G, Warner G, Kopelman P, Williams-Chestnut RE, Sinicropi DV (1996) The role of endogenous nerve growth factor in human diabetic neuropathy. Nature Medicine 2: 703-707.
5. Ang LC, Bhaumick B, Munoz DG, Sass J, Juurlink BHJ (1992) Effects of astrocytes, insulin, and insulin like growth factor-I on the survival of motor neurons in vitro. J Neurol Sci 109: 168-172.
6. Anton ES, Weskamp G, Reichardt LF, Matthew WD (1994) Nerve growth factor and its low affinity receptor promote Schwann cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2795-2799.
7. Apfel SC, Lipton RB, Arezzo JC, Kessler JA (1991) Nerve growth factor prevents toxic neuropathy in mice. Ann Neurol 29: 87-90.
8. Apfel SC, Arezzo JC, Lipson L, Kessler JA (1992) Nerve growth factor prevents experimental cisplatin neuropathy. Ann Neurol 31: 76-80.
9. Apfel SC, Arezzo JC, Moran M, Kessler JA (1993) Effects of administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor on normal motor and sensory peripheral nerves in vivo. Brain Res 604: 1-6.
10. Apfel SC, Arezzo JC, Brownlee M, Federoff H, Kessler JA (1994) Nerve growth factor administration protects against experimental diabetic sensory neuropathy. Brain Res 634: 7-12.
11. Apfel SC, Adornato BT, Cornblath DR, Kessler JA, Petty BG, Chaudhry V, Schwartz S, Rask CA (1995) Clinical trial of recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) in peripheral neuropathies. Neurology 45(suppl 4): 278-279.
12. Apfel SC, Newel M, Dormia C, Kessler JA (1995) Kappa opioid receptors participate in nerve growth factor-induced hyperalgesia. Neurosci 68: 1199-1206.
13. Apfel SC, Wright DE, Wiideman AM, Dormia C, Snider WD, Kessler JA (1996) Nerve growth factor regulates the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the peripheral nervous system. Mol Cel Neurosci 7: 134-142.
14. Arakawa Y, Sendtner M, Thoenen H (1990) Survival effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on chick embryonic motoneurons in culture: comparison with other neurotrophic factors and cytokines. J Neurosci 10: 3507-3515.
15. Baloh RH, Tansey MG, Golden JP, Creedon DJ, Heuckeroth RO, Keck CL, Zimonjic DB, Popescu NC, Johnson EM Jr. Millbrandt J (1997) Trn2, a novel receptor that mediates neurturin and GDNF signaling through Ret. Neuron 18: 793-802.
16. Barbin G Manthorpe M, Varon S (1984) Purification of the chick eye ciliary neurotrophic factor. J Neurochem 43: 1468-1478.
17. Barde YA, Edgar D, Thoenen H (1982) Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBO J 1:549-553.
18. Bazan JF (1991) Neuropoietic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold. Neuron 7: 1-20.
19. Bennett GJ, Xie Y-K (1988) A peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 33: 87-107.
20. Berkemeier LR, Winslow JW, Kaplan DR, Nickolics K, Goeddel DV, Rosenthal A (1991) Neurotrophin-5: a novel neurotrophic factor that activates trk and trk B. Neuron 7: 857-866.
21. Black MM, Aletta JM, Greene LA (1986) Regulation of microtubule composition and stability during nerve growth factor promoted neurite outgrowth. J Cell Biol 103: 547-557.
22. Breakfield XO, Orloff G, Castiglione C, Coussens L, Axelrod FB, Ullrich A (1984) Structural gene for beta nerve growth factor not defective in familial dysautonomia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 4213-4216.
23. Breakfield XO, Ozelius L, Bothwell MA, Chao MV, Axelrod F, Kramer PL, Kidd KK, Lanahan AA, Johnson DE, Ross AH (1986) DNA polymorphisms for the nerve growth factor receptor gene exclude its role in familial dysautono-mia. Mol Biol Med 3: 483-494.
24. Brewster WJ, Fernyhough P, Diemel LT, Mohiaddin L, Tomlinson DR (1994) Diabetic neuropathy, nerve growth factor and other neurotrophic factors. Trends Neurosci 17: 321-325.
25. BuJ-Bello A, Buchman VL, Horton A, Rosenthal A, Davies AM (1995) GDNF is an age specific survival factor for sensory and autonomic neurons. Neuron 15: 821-828.
26. Caccia MR, Comotti B, Ubiali E, Lucchetti A (1977) Vincristine polyneuropathy in man: A clinical and electrophysiological study. J Neurol 216: 21-26.
27. Carter BD, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B, Offenhauser N, Bohm-Matthaei R, Baeuele PA, Barde YA (1996) Selective activation of NF-κB by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science 272: 542-545.
28. Carter BD, Lewin GR (1997) Neurotrophins live or let die: does p75NTR decide? Neuron 18: 187-190.
29. Cedarbaum JM, Chapman C, Charatan M, Stambler N, Andrews L (1995) A phase I study of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rhCNTF) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 18: 515-532.
30. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P, Hennekens CH, Pollak M (1998) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 279: 563-566.
31. Cho HJ, Kim SY, Park MJ, Kim DS, Kim JK, Chu MY (1997) Expression of mRNA for brain derived neurotrophic factor in the dorsal root ganglion following peripheral inflammation. 749: 358-362.
32. Cohen S (1960) Purification of a nerve growth promoting protein from the mouse salivary gland and its neurocytotoxic antiserum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 46: 302-311.
33. Contreras PC, Vaught JL, Gruner JA, Brosnan C, Steffler C, Arezzo JC, Lewis ME, Kessler JA, Apfel SC (1997) Insulin-like growth factor-I prevents development of vincristine neuropathy in mice. 774: 20-26.
34. Corvaja N, Di Luzio A, Biocca S, Cattaneo A, Calissano P (1982) Morphological and ultrastructural changes in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells induced by a combined treatment with NGF and taxol. Exp Cell Res 142: 385-395.
35. Crain SM, Shen K-F (1990) Opioids can evoke direct receptor-mediated excitatory effects on sensory neurons. Trends Physiol Sci 11: 77-81.
36. Crosby SR, Tsigos C, Anderton CD, Gordon C, Young RJ, White A (1992) Elevated plasma insulin like growth factor binding protein I levels in type I (insulin dependent) diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Diabetologia 35: 868-872.
37. Crouch MF, Hendry IA (1991) Co-activation of insulin like growth factor-I receptors and protein kinase C results in parasympathetic neuronal survival. J Neurosci Res 28: 115-120.
38. Crowley C, Spencer SD, Nishimura MC, Chen KS, Pitts-Meek S, Armanini MP, Ling LH, MacMahon SB, Shelton DL, Levinson AD (1994) Mice lacking nerve growth factor display perinatal loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons yet develop basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Cell 76: 1001-1011.
39. Curtis R, Adryan KM, Zhu Y, Harkness PJ, Lindsay RM, DiStefano PS (1993) Retrograde axonal transport of ciliary neurotrophic factor is increased by peripheral nerve injury. Nature 365: 253-255.
40. Curtis R, Adryan KM, Stark JL, Park JS, Compton DL, Weskamp G, Huber LJ, Chao MV, Jaenisch R, Lee KF, Lindsay RM, DiStefano PS (1995) Differential role of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) in retrograde axonal transport of the neurotrophins. Neuron 14: 1201-1211.
41. Davies AM (1996) The neurotrophic hypothesis: where does it stand? Phil Trans R Soc London B 351: 389-394.
42. Davis S, Aldrich TH, Stahl N, Pan L, Taga T, Kishimoto T, Ip NY, Yancopoulos GD (1993) LIFRb and gp130 are heterodimerizing signal transducers of the tripartite CNTF receptor. Science 260: 1805-1808.
43. DeChiara TM, Vejsada R, Poueymirou WT, Acheson A, Suri C, Conover JC, Friedman B, McClain J, Pan L, Stahl N, Ip NY, Kato A, Yancopoulos GD (1995) Mice lacking the CNTF receptor, unlike mice lacking CNTF, exhibit profound motor neuron deficits at birth. Cell 83:313-322.
44. Dobrowsky RT, Werner MH, Castellino AM, Chao MV, Hannun YA (1994) Activation of the sphingomyelin cycle through the low affinity neurotrophin receptor. Science 265: 1596-1599.
45. Drubin DG, Feinstein SC, Shooter EM, Kirschner MW (1985) Nerve growth factor induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells involves the coordinate induction of microtubule assembly and assembly promoting factors. J Cell Biol 101: 1799-1807.
46. Dyck PJ, Peroutka S, Rask C, Burton E, Baker MK, Lehman KA, Gillen DA, Hokanson JL, O'Brien PC (1997) Intradermal recombinant human nerve growth factor induces pressure allodynia and lowered heat-pain threshold in humans. Neurology 48: 501-505.
47. Edwall D, Schalling M, Jennissche E, Norstedt G (1989) Induction of insuln like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid during regeneration of rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 124: 820-825.
48. Edwards RH, Rutter WJ (1988) Use of vaccinia virus vectors to study protein processing in human disease. Normal nerve growth factor processing and secretion in cultured fibroblasts from patients with familial dysautonomia. J Clin Invest 82: 44-47.
49. Engele J, Schubert D, Bohn MC (1991) Conditioned media derived from glial cell lines promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in vitro: role of mesencephalic glia. J Neurosci Res 30: 359-371.
50. Ernfors P, Ibanez CF, Ebendal T, Olson L, Persson H. (1990) Molecular cloning and neurotrophic activities of a protein with structural similarities to nerve growth factor: developmental and topographical expression in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 8060-8064.
51. Ernfors P, Lee KF, Jaenisch R (1994) Mice lacking brain derived neurotrophic factor develop with sensory deficits. Nature 368:147-150.
52. Ernfors P, Lee KF, Kucera J, Jaenisch R (1994) Lack of neurotrophi-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents. Cell 77: 503-512.
53. Faradji V, Sotelo J (1990) Low serum levels of nerve growth factor in diabetic neuropathy. Acta Neurol Scand 81: 402-406.
54. Fernyhough P, Diemel LT, Hardy J, Brewster WJ, Mohiuddin L, Tomlinson DR (1995) Human recombinant nerve growth factor replaces deficient neurotrophic support in the diabetic rat. Eur J Neurosci 7: 1107-1110.
55. Frade JM, Rodriguez-Tebar A, Barde Y-A (1996) Induction of cell death by endogenous nerve growth factor through its p75 receptor. Nature 383: 166-168.
56. Gao WQ, Dybdal N, Shinsky N, Murnane A, Schmelzer C, Siegel M, Keller G, Hefti F, Phillips HS, Winslow JW (1995) Ann Neurol 38: 30-37.
57. Glazner GW, Lupien S, Miller JA, Ishii DN (1993) Insulin like growth factor-II increases the rate of sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Neuroscience 54: 791-797.
58. Goedert M, Otten U, Hunt S, Bond A, Chapman D, Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W (1984) Biochemical and anatomical effects of antibodies against nerve growth factor on developing rat sensory ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Aci USA 81: 1580-1584.
59. Gotz R, Koster R, Winkler C, Raulf F, Lottspeich F, Schartl M, Thoenen H (1994) Neurotrophin-6 is a new member of the nerve growth factor family. Nature 372: 266-269.
60. Gurney ME, Yamamoto H, Kwon Y (1992) Induction of motor neuron sprouting in vivo by ciliary neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurosci 12: 3241-3247.
61. Hallbook F, Ibanez CF, Persson H (1991) Evolutionary studies of the nerve growth factor family reveal a novel member abundantly expressed in Xenopus ovary. Neuron 6: 845-858.
62. Hayakawa K, Sobue G, Itoh T, Mitsuma T (1994) Nerve growth factor prevents neurotoxic effects of cisplatin, vincristine and taxol on adult rat sympathetic explants in vitro. Life Sci 55: 519-525.
63. Helgren ME, Cliffer KD, Torrento K, Cavnor C, Curtis R, DiStefano PS, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM (1997) Neurotrophin-3 administration attenuates deficits of pyridoxine-induced large-fiber sensory neuropathy. J Neurosci 17: 372-382.
64. Hellweg R, Hartung HD (1990) Endogenous levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) are altered in experimental diabetes mellitus: a possible role for NGF in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. J Neurosci Res 26: 258-267.
65. Hellweg R, Wohrle M, Hartung H-D, Stracke H, Hock C, Federlin K (1991) Diabetes mellitus-associated decrease in nerve growth factor levels is reversed by allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation. Neurosci Lett 125: 1-4.
66. Hellweg R, Raivich G, Hartung H-D, Hock C, Kreutzberg GW (1994) Axonal transport of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptor in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp Neurol 130: 24-30.
67. Hempstead BL, Martin-Zanca D, Kaplan DR, Parada LF, Chao MV (1991) High affinity NGF binding requires coexpression of the trk proto-oncogene and the low affinity NGF receptor. Nature 350:678-683.
68. Henderson CE, Phillips HS, Pollock RA, Davies AM, Lemeulle C, Armanini M, Simmons L, Moffet B, Vandlen RA, Koliatsos VE, Rosenthal A (1994) GDNF: a potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle. Science 266: 1062-1064.
69. Henderson JT, Seniuk NA, Richardson PM, Gauldie J, Roder JC (1994) Systemic administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor induces cachexia in rodents. J Clin Invest 93: 2632-2638.
70. Hendry IA, Stockel K, Thoenen H, Iversen LL (1974) The retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor. Brain Res 68: 103-121.
71. Herrmann JL, Menter DG, Hamada J, Marchetti D, Nakajima M, Nicolson GL (1993) Mediation of NGF stimv ulated extracellular matrix invasion by the human melanoma low affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor: melanoma p75 functions independently of trk A. Mol Biol Cell 4: 1205-1216.
72. Hohn A, Leibrock J, Bailey K, Barde YA (1990) Identification and characterization of a novel member of the nerve growth factor/brain derived neurotrophic factor family. Nature 344: 339-341.
73. Hory-Lee F, Russel M, Lindsay RM, Frank E (1993) Neurotrophin-3 supports the survival of developing muscle sensory neurons in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 2613-2617.
74. Indo Y, Tsuruta M, Hayashida Y, Karim MA, Ohta K, Kawano T, Mitsubuchi H, Tonoki H, Awaya Y, Matsuda I (1996) Mutations in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nature Genetics 13: 485-488.
75. Ip NY, McClain J, Barrezueta NX, Aldrich TH, Pan L, Li Y, Wiegand SJ, Friedman B, Davis S, Yancopoulos GD (1993) The a component of the CNTF receptor is required for signaling and defines potential CNTF targets in the adult and during development. Neuron 10:89-102.
76. Ishii DN, Glazner GW, Whalen LR (1993) Regulation of peripheral nerve regeneration by insulin like growth factors. Ann NY Acad Sci 692: 172-182.
77. Ishii DN (1994) Implication of insulin-like growth factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Brain Res Rev 20: 47-67.
78. Ishii DN, Lupien SB (1995) Insulin like growth factors protect against diabetic neuropathy: effects on sensory nerve regeneration in rats. 40: 138-144
79. Jakobsen J, Brimijoin S, Sklau K, Sidenius P, Wells D (1981) Retrograde axonal transport of transmitter enzymes, fucose labelled protein and nerve growth factor in streptozocin diabetic rats. Diabetes 30: 797-803.
80. Jing S, Tapley P, Barbacid M (1992) Nerve growth factor mediates signal transduction through trk homodimer receptors. Neuron 9: 1067-1079.
81. Jing S, Wen D, Yu Y, Holst PL, Luo Y, Fang M, Tamir R, Antonio L, Hu Z, Cupples R, Louis JC, Hu S, Altrock BW, Fox GM (1996) GDNF induced activation of the ret protein kinase is mediated by GDNFR-a, a novel receptor for GDNF. Cell 85: 1113-1124.
82. Johnson Jr. EM (1978) Destruction of the sympathetic nervous system in neonatal rats and hamsters by vinblastine: prevention by concomitant administration of nerve growth factor. Brain Res 141: 105-118.
83. Johnson D, Lanahan A, Buck CR, Sehgal A, Morgan C, Mercer E, Bothwell M, Chao M (1986) Expression and structure of the human NGF receptor. Cell 47: 545-554.
84. Jones KR, Reichardt LF(1990) Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 8060-8064.
85. Kaisho Y, Yoshiura K, Nakahama K (1990) Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a novel human neurotrophic factor. FEBS Lett 266: 187-191.
86. Kaplan DR, Martin-Zanca D, Parada LF (1991) Tyrosine phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity of the trk proto-oncogene product induced by NGF. Nature 350: 158-160.
87. Klein RD, Conway D, Parada L, Barbacid M (1990) The trk B tyrosine kinase gene codes for a second neurogenic receptor that lacks the catalytic kinase domain. Cell 61: 647-656.
88. Klein R, Jing SQ, Nanduri E, O'Rourke E, Barbacid M (1991) The trk proto-oncogene encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor. Cell 65: 189-197.
89. Klein R, Nanduri V, Jing SA, (1991) The trk B tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Cell 66: 395-403.
90. Klein R, Lamballe F, Barbacid M (1992) The trk B tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for neurotrophin-4. Neuron 8: 947-956.
91. Klein RD, Sherman D, Ho WH, Stone D, Bennett GL, Moffat B, Vandlen R, Simmons L, Gu Q, Hongo JA, Devaux B, Poulsen K, Armanini M, Nozaki C, Asai N, Goddard A, Phillips H, Henderson CE, Takahashi M, Rosenthal A (1997) A GPI-linked protein that interacts with Ret to form a candidate neurturin receptor. Nature 387: 717-721.
92. Konings PNM, Makkink WK, van DeIf AML, Ruigt GSF (1994) Reversal by NGF of cytostatic drug reduction of neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglia in vitro. Brain Res 640: 195-204.
93. Kotzbauer PT, Lampe PA, Heuckeroth RO, Golden JP, Creedon DJ, Johnson EM Jr., Milbrandt J (1996) Neurturin a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 384: 467-470.
94. Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M (1991) Trk C, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3. Cell 66: 967-979.
95. Lee K-F, Li E, Huber J, Landis SC, Sharpe AH, Chao MV, Jaenisch R (1992) Targeted mutation of the gene encoding the low affinity NGF receptor p75 leads to deficits in the peripheral sensory nervous system. Cell 69: 737-749.
96. Lee K-F, Davies AM, Jaenisch R (1994) p75-deficient embryonic dorsal root sensory and neonatal sympathetic neurons display a decreased sensitivity to NGF. Development 120: 1027-1033.
97. Leibrock J, Lottspeich F, Hohn A, Hofer M, Hengerer B, Masiakowski P, Thoenen H, Barde YA (1989) Molecular cloning and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 341 : 149-152.
98. Levi-Montalcini R, Hamburger V (1951) Selective growth stimulating effects of mouse sarcoma on the sensory and sympathetic nervous system of the chick embryo. J Exp Zool 116: 321-362.
99. Levi-Montalcini R, Angeletti P (1968) Nerve Growth Factor. Physiol Rev 48: 534-569.
100. Lewin GR, Ritter AM, Mendell LM (1993) Nerve growth factor induced hyperalgesia in neonatal and adult rat. J Neurosci 13: 2136-2148.
101. Lewin GR, Rueff AM, Mendell LM (1994) peripheral and central mechanisms of NGF induced hyperalgesia. Eur J Neurosci 6: 1903-1912.
102. Lewis ME, Neff NT, Contreras PC, Stong DB, Oppenheim RW, Grebow PE, Vaught JL (1993) Insulin like growth factor-I: potential for the treatment of motor neuronal disorders. Exp Neurol 124: 73-88.
103. Lin L-F, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F (1993) GDNF: a glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Science 260: 1130-1132.
104. Lin LH, Mismer D, Lile JD, Armes LG, Butler ET3d, Vannice JL, Collins F (1989) Purification, cloning, and expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Science : 1023-1025.
105. Lindsay RM, Thoenen H, Barde YA (1985) Placode and neural crest derived sensory neurons are responsive at early developmental stages to brain derived neurotrophic factor. Dev Biol 112: 319-328.
106. Lindsay RM (1988) Nerve growth factors (NGF, BDNF) enhance axonal regeneration but are not required for survival of adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 8:2394-2405.
107. Lindsay RM, Harmar AJ (1989) Nerve growth factor regulates expression of neuropeptide genes in adult sensory neurons. Nature 337: 362-364.
108. Lindsay RM (1996) Role of neurotrophins and trk receptors in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons: an overview. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 351 : 365-373.
109. Lipton RB, Apfel SC, Dutcher JP, Rosenberg R, Kaplan J, Berger A, Wiernik P, Schaumburg HH (1989) Taxol produces a predominantly sensory neuropathy. Neurology 39: 368-373.
110. Maeda K, Fernyhough P, Tomlinson DR (1996) Regenerating sensory neurones of diabetic rats express reduced levels of mRNA for GAP -43, gamma-preprotachykinin and the nerve growth factor receptors, trk A and p75NGFR. Mol Brain Res 37: 166-174.
111. Maisonpierre PC, Belluscio L, Squinto S, Ip NY, Furth ME, Lindsay RM, Yancopoulos GD (1990) Neurotrophin - 3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF. Science 247: 1446-1451.
112. Martin-Zanca D, Hughes SH, Barbacid M (1986) A human oncogene formed by the fusion of truncated tropomyosin and protein tyrosine kinase sequences. Nature 319: 743-748.
113. Masu Y, Wolf E, Holtmann B, Sendtner M, Brem G, Thoenen H (1993) Disruption of the CNTF gene results in motor neuron degeneration. Nature 365: 27-32.
114. McMahon SB, Armanini MP, Ling LH, Phillips HS (1994) Expression and coexpression of trk receptors in subpopulations of adult primary sensory neurons projecting to identified peripheral targets. Neuron 12: 1161-1171.
115. Meyer M, Matsuoka I, Wetmore C, Olson L, Thoenen H (1992) Enhanced synthesis of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the lesioned peripheral nerve: different mechanisms are responsible for the regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNA. J Cell Biol 119: 45-54.
116. Michael GJ, Averill S, Nitkunan A, Rattray M, Bennett DL, Yan Q, Priestly JV (1997) Nerve growth factor treatment increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor selectively in TrkA-expressing dorsal root ganglion cells and in their central terminations within the spinal cord. J Neurosci 17: 8476-8490.
117. Milbrandt J, de Sauvage FJ, Fahrner TJ, Baloh RH, Leitner ML, Tansey MG, Lampe PA, Heuckeroth RO, Kotzbauer PT, Simburger KS, Golden JP, Davies JA, Vejsada R, Kato AC, Hynes M, Sherman D, Nishimura M, Wang LC, Vandlen R, Moffat B, Klein RD, Poulsen K, Gray C, Garces A, Henderson CE, Phillips HS, Johnson EM Jr. (1998) Persephin, a novel neurotrophic factor related to GDNF and neurturin. Neuron 20: 245-253.
118. Miller RG, Petajan JH, Bryan WW, Armon C, Barohn RJ, Goodpasture JC, Hoagland RJ, Parry GJ, Ross MA, Stromatt SC, and the rhCNTF ALS Study Group (1996) A placebo controlled trial of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic (rhCNTF) factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 39: 256-260.
119. Mitsumoto H, Ikeda K, Klinkosz B, Cedarbaum JM, Wong V, Lindsay RM (1994) Arrest of motor neuron disease in wobbler mice cotreated with CNTF and BDNF. Science 265: 1107-1110.
120. Mollman JE (1990) Cisplatin neurotoxicity. N Engl J Med 322: 126-127.
121. Moore MW, Klein RD, Farinas I, Sauer H, Armanini M, Phillips HS, Reichardt LF, Ryan AM, Carver-Moore K, Rosenthal A (1996) Renal and neurological abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF. Nature 382: 76-79.
122. Munson JB, Shelton DL, McMahon SB (1997) Adult mammalian sensory and motor neurons: roles of endogenous neurotrophins and rescue by exogenous neurotrophins after axotomy. J Neurosci 17: 470-476.
123. Near SL, Whalen LR, Miller JA, Ishii DN (1992) Insulin like growth factor-II stimulates motor nerve regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11716-11720.
124. Neely EK, Beukers MW, Oh Y, Cohen P, Rosenfeld RG (1991) Insulin like growth factor receptors. Acta Ped Scand Suppl 372: 116-123.
125. Oppenheim RW (1981) Neuronal cell death and some related phenomena during neurogenesis: a selective historical review and progress report. In: Studies in developmental neurobiology. Cowan WM (ed.) pp. 74-133, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
126. Oppenheim RW, Houenou LJ, Johnson JE, Lin LF, Li L, Lo AC, Newsome AL, Prevette DM, Wang S (1995) Developing motor neurons rescued from programmed and axotomy induced cell death by GDNF. Nature 373: 344-346.
127. Ordonez G, Fernandez A, Perez R, Sotelo J (1994) Low contents of nerve growth factor in serum and submaxillary glands of diabetic mice. J Neurol Sci 121: 163-166.
128. Parkhouse N, Le Quesne PM (1988) Impaired neurogenic vascular response in patients with diabetes and neuropathic foot lesions. N Engl J Med 318: 1306-1309.
129. Parness J, Horowitz SB (1981) Taxol binds to polymerized tubulin in vitro. J Cell Biol 91: 479-481.
130. Peterson ER, Grain SM (1982) Nerve growth factor attenuates neurotoxic effects of taxol on spinal cord-ganglion explants from fetal mice. Science 217: 377-379.
131. Petty BG, Cornblath DR, Adornato BT, Chaudhry V, Flexner C, Wachsman M, Sinicropi D, Burton LE, Peroutka SJ (1994) The effect of systemically administered recombinant human nerve growth factor in healthy human subjects. Ann Neurol 36: 244-246.
132. Recio-Pinto E, Reichler MM, Ishii DN (1986) Effects of insulin, insulin like growth factor-II, and nerve growth factor on neurite formation and survival in cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons. J Neurosci 6: 1211-1219.
133. Ren K, Thomas DA, Dubner R (1995) Nerve growth factor alleviates a painful peripheral neuropathy in rats. Brain Res 699: 286-292.
134. Rosenthal A, Goeddel DV, Nguyen T, Lewis M, Shih A, Laramee GR, Nikolics K, Winslow JW (1990) Primary structure and biological activity of a novel human neurotrophic factor. Neuron 4: 767-773.
135. Rueff A, Mendell LM (1994) NGF-induced thermal hyperalgesia in adult rats involves the activation of bradykinin B1 receptors. Soc Neurosci Abstr 20: 671.
136. Saadat S, Sendtner M, Rohrer H (1989) Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces cholinergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons in culture. J Cell Biol 108: 1807-1816.
137. Safieh-Garabedian B, Poole S, Allchorne A, Winter J, Woolf CJ (1995) Contribution of interleukin-1b to the inflammation-induced increase in nerve growth factor levels and inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmac 115: 1265-1275.
138. Sagot Y, Tan SA, Hammang JP, Aebischer P, Kato AC (1996) GDNF slows loss of motoneurons but not axonal degeneration or premature death pmn/pmn mice. J Neurosci 16: 2335-2341.
139. Sanchez MP, Silos-Santiago I, Prisen J, He B, Lira SA, Barbacid M (1996) Renal agenesis and the absence of enteric neurons in mice lacking GDNF. Nature : 382: 70-73.
140. Sanicola M, Hession C, Worley D, Carmillo P, Ehrenfels C, Walus L, Robinson S, Jaworski G, Wei H, Tizard R, Whitty A, Pepinsky RB, Cate RL (1997) Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent RET activation can be mediated by two different cell surface accessory proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 6238-6243.
141. Schwartz JP, Breakfield XO (1980) Altered nerve growth factor in fibroblasts from patients with familial dysautonomia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 1154-1158.
142. Sendtner M, Kreutzberg GW, Thoenen H (1990) Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the degeneration of motor neurons after axotomy. Nature 345: 440-441.
143. Sendtner M, Stockli KA, Thoenen H (1992) Synthesis and localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor in the sciatic nerve of the adult rat after lesion and during regeneration. J Cell Biol 118: 139-148.
144. Sendtner M, Schmalbruch H, Stockli KA, Carroll P, Kreutzberg GW, Thoenen H (1992) Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents degeneration of motor neurons in mouse mutant progressive motor neuronopathy. Nature 358: 502-504.
145. Sendtner M, Gotz R, Holtmann B, Thoenen H (1997) Endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor is a lesion factor for axotomized motoneurons in adult mice. J Neurosci 17: 6999-7006.
146. Shen K-F, Crain SM (1994) Nerve growth factor rapidly prolongs the action potential of mature sensory ganglion neurons in culture, and this effect requires activation of Gs-coupled excitatory k-opioid receptors on these cells. J Neurosci 14: 5570-5579.
147. Siuciak JA, Altar CA, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM (1994) Antinociceptive effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Brain Res 633: 326-330.
148. Siuciak JA, Wong V, Pearsall D, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM (1995) BDNF produces analgesia in the formalin test and modifies neuropeptide levels in rat brain and spinal cord areas associated with nociception. Eur J Neurosci 7: 663-670.
149. Stromberg I, Bjorklund L, Johansson M, Tomac A, Collins F, Olson L, Hoffer B, Humpel C (1993) Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor is expressed in the developing but not adult striatum and stimulates developing dopamine neurons in vivo. Exp Neurol 124: 401-412.
150. Takahashi R, Yokoji H, Misawa H, Hayashi M, Hu J, Deguchi T (1994) A null mutation in the human CNTF gene is not causally related to neurological diseases. Nature Gen 7: 79-84.
151. Thomas PK, Tomlinson DR (1993) Diabetic and hypoglycemic neuropathy. In: Peripheral Neuropathy, Third edition. Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW , Low, Puldoslo (eds.), pp. 1219-1250, Saunders: Philadelphia.
152. Tomlinson DR, Fernyhough P, Diemel LT (1997) Role of neurotrophins in diabetic neuropathy and treatment with nerve growth factor. Diabetes 46: S43-S49.
153. Urschel BA, Brown PN, Hulsebosch CE (1991) Differential effects on sensory nerve processes and behavioral alterations in the rat after treatment with antibodies to nerve growth factor. Exp Neurol 114: 44-52.
154. Valenzuela DM, Maisonpierre PC, Glass DJ, Rojas E, Nunez L, Kong Y, Gies DR, Stitt TN, Ip NY, Yancopoulos GD (1993) alternative forms of rat trk C with different functional capabilities. Neuron 10: 963-974.
155. Weskamp G, Otten U (1987) An enzyme-linked immunoassay for nerve growth factor (NGF): a tool for studying regulatory mechanisms involved in NGF production in brain and in peripheral tissues. J Neurochem 48: 1779-1786.
156. Windebank AJ, Smith AG, Russell JW (1994) The effect of nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and ACTH analogs on cisplatin neurotoxicity in vitro. Neurology 44: 488-494.
157. Winter CG, Saotome Y, Saotome I, Hirsh D (1996) CNTF overproduction hastens onset of symptoms in motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mice. J Neurobiol 31: 370-378.
158. Woolf CJ, Safieh-Garabedian B, Ma QP, Crilly P, Winter J (1994) Nerve growth factor contributes to the generation of inflammatory sensory hypersensitivity. Neurosci 62: 327-331.
159. Wuarin L, Guertin DM, Ishii DN (1994) Early reduction in insulin like growth factor gene expression in diabetic nerve. Exp Neurol 130: 106-114.
160. Yamamori T, Fukada K, Aebersold R, Korsching S, Fann MJ, Patterson PH (1989) The cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor from heart cells is identical to leukemia inhibitory factor. Science 246:1412-1416.
161. Yan Q, Matheson C, Lopez OT (1995) in vivo neurotrophic effects of GDNF on neonatal and adult facial motor neurons. Nature 373: 341-344.
162. Yuen EC, Mobley WC (1996) Therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors for neurological disorders, Ann Neurol 40: 346-354.
163. Zhuang HX, Snyder CK, Pu SF, Ishii DN (1996) Insulin-like growth factors reverse or arrest diabetic neuropathy: effects on hyperalgesia and impaired nerve regeneration in rats. 140: 198-205.