Angiotensin II: A reproductive hormone too?

Regulatory Peptides

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 25-40

  Speth, R C ^a   Daubert, D L ^a   Grove, K L ^b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II (Ang II); Angiotensin II receptors; Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); Angiotensinogen (AON); AT 1 angiotensin II receptor subtype (AT 1); AT 2 angiotensin II receptor subtype (AT 2); Cervix; Epididymis; Fallopian tube; Ovary; Prorenin; Renin; Renin angiotensin system (RAS); Spermatozoa; Testis; Uterus; Vas deferens

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ATRESIA; FEMALE; HISTOCHEMISTRY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MALE; MALE FERTILITY; NONHUMAN; OVARY; OVULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; TESTIS;

ANGIOTENSIN II; FEMALE; GENITALIA, FEMALE; GENITALIA, MALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; MALE; RENIN;

FALLOPIA;

EID: 0032945326     PISSN: 01670115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00141-4     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Speth RC, Grove KL, Zamora CS. Renin-angiotensin system activity in female reproductive organs, In: Johnston CA, Barnes CD, editors. Brain-gut peptides and reproductive function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991:21-41.
2. Ganong WF. Reproduction and the renin-angiotensin system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1995;19:241-50.
3. Yoshimura Y. The ovarian renin-angiotensin system in reproductive physiology. Front Neuroendocrinol 1997;18:247-91.
4. Glorioso N, Atlas SA, Laragh JH, Jewelewicz R, Sealey JE. Prorenin in high concentrations in human ovarian follicular fluid. Science 1986;233:1422-4.
5. Lightman A, Deschepper CF, Mellon SH, Ganong WF, Naftolin F. In situ hybridization identifies renin mRNA in the rat corpus luteum. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987;1:237.
6. Kim S, Shinjo M, Fukamizu A, Miyazaki H, Usuki S, Murakami K. Identification of renin and renin messenger RNA sequence in rat ovary and uterus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;142:169-75.
7. Kim S, Shinjo M, Tada M, Usuki S, Fukamizu A, Miyazaki H, Murakami K. Ovarian renin gene expression is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;146:989-95.
8. Itskovitz J, Bruneval P, Soubrier F, Thaler I, Corvol P, Sealey JE. Localization of renin gene expression to monkey ovarian theca cells by in situ hybridization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1374-80.
9. Nielsen AH, Hagemann A, Poulsen K. Effect of gonadotropins and pregnancy on prorenin and renin in the rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991;18:419-24.
10. Nielsen AH, Hagemann A, Avery B, Poulsen K. Differences in expression of angiotensin II receptors and renin in porcine and bovine ovaries. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1995;103:332-8.
11. Schultze D, Brunswig B, Mukhopadhyay AK. Renin and prorenin-like activities in bovine ovarian follicles. Endocrinology 1989;124:1389-98.
12. Mukhopadhyay AK, Holstein K, Szkudlinski M, Brunswig Spickenheier B, Leidenberger FA. The relationship between prorenin levels in follicular fluid and follicular atresia in bovine ovaries. Endocrinology 1991;129:2367-75.
13. Mukhopadhyay AK, Brunswig-Spickenheier B. Follicular maturation and atresis - possible role of intraovarian regulatory factors. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1996;50:105-12.
14. Howard RB, Pucell AG, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Rat ovarian renin: Characterization and changes during the estrous cycle. Endocrinology 1988;123:2331-40.
15. Hagemann A. Solution of methodological problems in prorenin measurement and investigations of tissue renin-angiotensin systems in the female reproductive tract. Dan Med Bull 1997;44:486-98.
16. Palumbo A, Jones C, Lightman A, Carcangiu ML, DeCherney AH, Naftolin F. Immunohistochemical localization of renin and angiotensin II in human ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:8-14.
17. Palumbo A, Pourmotabbed G, Carcangiu ML, Andrade-Gordon P, Roa L, DeCherney A, Naftolin F. Immunohistochemical localization of renin and angiotensin in the ovary: comparison between normal women and patients with histologically proven polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril 1993;60:280-4.
18. Lightman A, et al. The ovarian renin-angiotensin system: Renin-like activity and angiotensin II/III immunoreactivity in gonadotropin-stimulated and unstimulated human follicular fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:808-16.
19. Ohkubo H, Nakayama K, Tanaka T, Nakanishi S. Tissue distribution of rat angiotensinogen mRNA and structural analysis of its heterogeneity. J Biol Chem 1986;261:319-23.
20. Tamura K, Tanimoto K, Takahashi S, Sagara M, Fukamizu A, Murakami K. Structure and expression of the mouse angiotensinogen gene. Jpn Heart J 1992;33:113-24.
21. Thomas WG, Sernia C. The immunocytochemical localization of angiotensinogen in the rat ovary. Cell Tissue Res 1990;261:367-73.
22. Cushman DW, Cheung HS. Concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme in tissues of the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971;250:261-5.
23. Speth RC, Husain A. Distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor binding sites in the rat ovary. Biol Reprod 1988;38:695-702.
24. Corvol P, Williams TA, Soubrier F. Peptidyl dipeptidase A: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Meth Enzymol 1995;248:283-305.
25. Berecek KH, Zhang L. Biochemistry and cell biology of angiotensin-converting enzyme and converting enzyme inhibitors. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995;377:141-68.
26. Erman A, Chengal B, Vandijk DJ, Sulkes J, Kaplan B, Boner G, Neri A. Ovarian angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in humans: Relationship to estradiol, age, and uterine pathology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1104-7.
27. Phillips MI, Speakman EA, Kimura B. Levels of angiotensin and molecular biology of the tissue renin angiotensin systems. Regul Pept 1993;43:1-20.
28. Ganong WF. Origin of the angiotensin II secreted by cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994;205:213-9.
29. Pucell AG, Hodges JC, Sen I, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Biochemical properties of the ovarian granulosa cell type 2-angiotensin II receptor. Endocrinology 1991;128:1947-59.
30. Hein L, Meinel L, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Kobilka BK. Intracellular trafficking of angiotensin II and its AT(1) and AT(2) receptors: Evidence for selective sorting of receptor and ligand. Mol Endocrinol 1997;11:1266-77.
31. Culler MD, Tarlatzis BC, Lightman A, Fernandez LA, DeCherney AH, Negro-Vilar A, Naftolin F. Angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity in human ovarian follicular fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:613-5.
32. Delbaere A, Englert Y, Bergmann PJM, DePrez E, Giot JM, Deschodt-Lanckman M. Bioactive angiotensin (1-8) is the main component of angiotensin II immunoreactivity in human follicular fluid. Peptides 1996;17:1135-8.
33. Speth RC, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Identification of angiotensin II receptors in the rat ovary. Eur J Pharmacol 1986;130:351-2.
34. Daud AI, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Evidence for selective expression of angiotensin II receptors on atretic follicles in the rat ovary: An autoradiographic study. Endocrinology 1988;122:2727-34.
35. Brunswig Spickenheier B, Mukhopadhyay AK. Characterization of angiotensin-II receptor subtype on bovine thecal cells and its regulation by luteinizing hormone. Endocrinology 1992;131:1445-52.
36. Yoshimura Y, Karube M, Aoki H, Oda T, Koyama N, Nagai A, Akimoto Y, Hirano H, Nakamura Y. Angiotensin II induces ovulation and oocyte maturation in rabbit ovaries via the AT(2) receptor subtype. Endocrinology 1996;137:1204-11.
37. Feral C, Benhaim A, Leymarie P. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 on granulosa and thecal cells of rabbit preovulatory follicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 1996;1284:221-6.
38. Burson JM, Aguilera G, Gross KW, Sigmund CD. Differential expression of angiotensin receptor 1A and 1B in mouse. Am J Physiol 1994;267:E260-7.
39. Fernandez LA, Tarlatzis BC, Rzasa PJ, Caride VJ, Laufer N, Negro-Vilar AF, DeCherney AH, Naftolin F. Renin-like activity in ovarian follicular fluid. Fertil Steril 1985;44:219-23.
40. Fernandez LA, Twickler J, Mead A. Neovascularization produced by angiotensin II. J Lab Clin Med 1985;105:141-5.
41. De Vito E, Guardia DC, Cabrera RR. A renin-like enzyme in rat luteal tissue: evidence of local synthesis and its regulation during pregnancy. J Endocrinol 1991;128:43-9.
42. Ferrara N, Chen H, Davis Smyth T, Gerber HP, Nguyen TN, Peers D, Chisholm V, Hillan KJ, Schwall RH.Vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for corpus luteum angiogenesis. Nat Med 1998;4:336-40.
43. Pellicer A, Palumbo A, DeCherney AH, Naftolin F. Blockage of ovulation by an angiotensin antagonist. Science 1988;240:1660-1.
44. Peterson CM, Zhu C, Mukaida T, Butler TA, Woessner JF Jr, LeMaire WJ. The angiotensin II antagonist saralasin inhibits ovulation in the perfused rat ovary, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993;168:1242-1245.
45. Sahin Y, Kontas O, Muderris II, Cankurtaran M. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril and angiotensin II antagonist saralasin in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in the rabbit. Gynecol Endocrinol 1997;11:231-6.
46. Peterson CM, Morioka N, Zhu C, Ryan JW, LeMaire WJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have no effect on ovulation and ovarian steroidogenesis in the perfused rat ovary. Reprod Toxicol 1993;7:131-5.
47. Pucell AG, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Rat ovarian angiotensin II receptors: Characterization and coupling to estrogen secretion. J Biol Chem 1987;262:7076-80.
48. Hagemann A, Nielsen AH, Assey RJ, Hyttel P, Boland MP, Roche JF, Poulsen K. Prorenin and active renin concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid increase after the LH peak in superovulated heifers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994;21:639-48.
49. Currie WD, Li W, Baimbridge KG, Yuen BH, Leung PC. Cytosolic free calcium increased by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and angiotensin II in rat granulosa cells and PGF2 alpha in human granulosa cells. Endocrinology 1992;130:1837-43.
50. Kuji N, Sueoka K, Miyazaki T, Tanaka M, Oda T, Kobayashi T, Yoshimura Y. Involvement of angiotensin II in the process of gonadotropin-induced ovulation in rabbits. Biol Reprod 1996;55:984-91.
51. Daud AI, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Angiotensin II: Does it have a direct obligate role in ovulation? Science 1989;245:870-1.
52. Naftolin F, Andrade-Gordon P, Pellicer A, Palumbo A, Apa R, Zreik T, Yoon TK, De Cherney A. Angiotensin II: Does it have a direct obligate role in ovulation? Science 1989;245:871.
53. Steele MK, Gallo RV, Ganong WF. A possible role for the brain renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of LH secretion. Am J Physiol 1983;245:R805-10.
54. Troffa C, Tonolo G, Melis MG, et al. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the menstrual cycle of hypertensive women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;18:462-7.
55. Wu JN, Edwards D, Berecek KH. Changes in renal angiotensin II receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats by early treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Hypertension 1994;23:819-22.
56. Brunswig-Spickenheier B, Mukhopadhyay AK. Inhibitory effects of a tumor-promoting phorbol ester on luteinizing hormone-stimulated renin and prorenin production by cultured bovine theca cells. Endocrinology 1990;127:2157-65.
57. Gougeon A. Regulation of ovarian follicular development in primates: facts and hypotheses. Endocr Rev 1996;17:121-55.
58. Feral C, Legall S, Leymarie P. Angiotensin II modulates steroidogenesis in granulosa and theca in the rabbit ovary: Its possible involvement in atresia. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:747-53.
59. Hsu SY, Hsueh AJW Apoptosis, handbook of physiology, Sect. 7: The endocrine system. Vol. 1., American Physiology Society, Bethesda, MD, 1998.
60. Morris RS, Francis MM, Do YS, Hsueh WA, Lobo RA, Paulson RJ. Angiotensin II (All) modulation of steroidogenesis by luteinized granulosa cells in vitro. J Assisted Reprod Genet 1994;11:117-22.
61. Itskovitz J, Rubattu S, Rosenwaks Z, Liu HC, Sealey JE. Relationship of follicular fluid prorenin to oocyte maturation, steroid levels, and outcome of in vitro fertilization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:165-71.
62. Morris RS, Paulson RJ, Lindheim SR, Legro RS, Lobo RA, Sauer MV. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reverses luteal phase steroid production in oocyte donors. Fertil Steril 1995;63:854-8.
63. Kambayashi Y, Bardhan S, Takahashi K, Tsuzuki S, Inui H, Hamakubo T, Inagami T. Molecular cloning of a novel angiotensin II receptor isoform involved in phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Biol Chem 1993;268:24543-6.
64. Mukoyama M, Nakajima M, Horiuchi M, Sasamura H, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor reveals a unique class of seven-transmembrane receptors. J Biol Chem 1993;268:24539-42.
65. 6 angiotensin II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;169:997-1006.
66. Zhang JS, Pratt RE. The AT(2) receptor selectively associates with G(i alpha 2) and G(i alpha 3) in the rat fetus. J Biol Chem 1996;271:15026-33.
67. Nakajima M, Hutchinson HG, Fujinaga M, Hayashida W, Morishita R, Zhang L, Horiuchi M, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. The angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT(1) receptor: Gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:10663-7.
68. Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:156-60.
69. Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Kambe T, Yamada T, Dzau VJ. Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1997;272:19022-6.
70. Bedecs K, Elbaz N, Sutren M, Masson M, Susini C, Strosberg AD, Nahmias C. Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediate inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and functional activation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. Biochem J 1997;325:449-54.
71. Rainey WE, Bird IM, Byrd W, Carr BR. Effect of angiotensin II on human luteinized granulosa cells. Fertil Steril 1993;59:143-7.
72. Morris RS, Wong IL, Kirkman E, Gentschein E, Paulson RJ. Inhibition of ovarian-derived prorenin to angiotensin cascade in the treatment of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1355-8.
73. Hagemann A, Nielsen AH, Poulsen K. The uteroplacental renin-angiotensin system: a review. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1994;102:252-61.
74. Le Gall S, F'eral C, Leymarie P. Renin-angiotensin system of the uterus and ovary in mammalian females. Reprod Nutr Dev 1993;33:185-98.
75. Morgan T, Craven C, Nelson L, Lalouel JM, Ward K. Angiotensinogen T235 expression is elevated in decidual spiral arteries. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1406-15.
76. Moeller I, Chai SY, MacGregor DP, Aldred GP, Mendelsohn FAO. Localization and quantitation of angiotensin AT(1) and AT(2) receptors in the pregnant and non-pregnant sheep uterus. Regul Pept 1996;61:213-8.
77. Itskovitz J, Rubattu S, Levron J, Sealey JE. Highest concentrations of prorenin and human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational sacs during early human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:906-10.
78. Khairallah PA, Smeby RR. Bioassay of angiotensin. In: Page IH, Bumpus FM, (Eds.). Handbook of experimental pharmacology, XXXVII. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1974:227-239.
79. Lin S-Y, Goodfriend TL. Angiotensin receptors. Am J Physiol 1970;213:1319-28.
80. Whitebread S, Mele M, Kamber B, de Gasparo M. Preliminary biochemical characterization of two angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;163:284-91.
81. Cox BE, Word RA, Rosenfeld CR. Angiotensin II receptor characteristics and subtype expression in uterine arteries and myometrium during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:49-58.
82. Schirar A, Capponi A, Catt K. Regulation of uterine angiotensin II receptors by estrogen and progesterone. Endocrinology 1980;106:5-12.
83. Mohan J, Moudgal RP, Singh NB. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in female reproductive tract of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and its interactions with semen. Indian J Exp Biol 1993;31:636-7.
84. Fern'andez Pardal J, Chaud M, Viggiano M, Gimeno MF, Gimeno AL. Converting enzyme activity in sow oviducts at different stages of the sex cycle. Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and its possible role in the inotropic effects of bradykinin. Pharmacol Res Commun 1986;18:49-60.
85. Saridogan E, Djahanbakhch O, Puddefoot JR, Demetroulis C, Collingwood K, Mehta JG, Vinson GP. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II stimulation of ciliary activity in human fallopian tube. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2719-25.
86. Parmentier M, Inagami T, Pochet R, Desclin JC. Pituitary dependent renin-like immunoreactivity in rat testis. Endocrinology 1983;112:1318-23.
87. Pandey KN, Inagami T. Detection of renin mRNA in mouse testis by hybridization with renin cDNA probe. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984;125:662-7.
88. Deschepper CF, Mellon SH, Cumin F, Baxter JD. Analysis by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization of renin and its mRNA in kidney, testis, adrenal and pituitary of the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:7552-6.
89. Pandey KN, Inagami T. Regulation of renin angiotensins by gonadotropic hormones in cultured murine leydig tumor cells. J Biol Chem 1986;261:3934-8.
90. Esther CR, Marino EM, Bernstein KE. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme in blood pressure control, renal function, and male fertility. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1997;8:181-6.
91. Pandey KN, Misono KS, Inagami T. Evidence for intracellular formation of angiotensins: coexistence of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme in leydig cells of rat testis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984;122:1337-43.
92. 3H]captopril. Endocrinology 1984;115:2332-41.
93. Vanha-PertullaT, Mather JP, Bardin CW, Moss SB, Bellve AR. Localization of the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in testis and epididymis. Biol Reprod 1985;33:870-7.
94. Hohlbrugger G, Schweisfurth H, Dahlheim H. Angiotensin I converting enzyme in rat testis, epididymis, and vas deferens under different conditions. J Reprod Fertil 1982;65:97-103.
95. Cassis LA, Saye J, Peach MJ. Location and regulation of rat angiotensinogen messenger RNA. Hypertension 1988;11:591-6.
96. Campbell DJ, Habener JF. Angiotensinogen gene is expressed and differentially regulated in multiple tissues of the rat. J Clin Invest 1986;78:31-9.
97. Dzau VJ, Ellison KE, Brody T, Ingelfinger J, Pratt RE. A comparative study of the distributions of renin and angiotensinogen messenger ribonucleic acids in rat and mouse tissues. Endocrinology 1987;120:2334-8.
98. Hellmann W, Suzuki F, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S, Ludwig G, Ganten D. Angiotensinogen gene expression in extrahepatic rat tissues: application of a solution hybridization assay. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1988;338:327-31.
99. Klett C, Hellmann W, Ganten D, Hackenthal E. Tissue distribution of angiotensinogen mRNA during experimental inflammation. Inflammation 1993;17:183-97.
100. Millan MA, Aguilera G. Angiotensin II receptors in testes. Endocrinology 1988;122:1984-90.
101. Khanum A, Dufau ML. Angiotensin II receptors and inhibitory actions in Leydig cells. J Biol Chem 1988;263:5070-4.
102. Aguilera G, Millan MA, Harwood JP. Angiotensin II receptors in the gonads, Am. J. Hypertens. 1989;2:1395-1402.
103. Kitami Y, Okura T, Marumoto K, Wakamiya R, Hiwada K. Differential gene expression and regulation of type-1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;188:446-52.
104. Ketelslegers JM, Hetzel WD, Sherins RJ, Catt KJ. Developmental changes in testicular gonadotropin receptors: plasma gonadotropins and plasma testosterone in the rat. Endocrinology 1978;103:212-22.
105. Setchell BP, Brooks DE. Vasculature, innervation, and fluids of the male reproductive tract. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, editors. The physiology of reproduction. Raven Press, New York, 1994:753-836.
106. Wong PY, Uchendu CN. Studies on the renin-angiotensin system in primary monolayer cell cultures of the rat epididymis. J Endocrinol 1991;131:287-93.
107. Uchendu CN. Renin-like activity in the rat epididymis. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1995;39:204-8.
108. Wong PY, Uchendu CN. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the rat epididymis. J Endocrinol 1990;125:457-65.
109. Vivet F, Callard P, Gamoudi A. Immunolocalization of angiotensin I converting enzyme in the human male genital tract by the avidinbiotin-complex method. Histochemistry 1987;86:499-502.
110. Zhao W, Leung PY, Chew SBC, Chan HC, Wong PYD. Localization and distribution of angiotensin II in the rat epididymis. J Endocrinol 1996;149:217-22.
111. Grove KL, Speth RC. Rat epididymis contains functional angiotensin II receptors. Endocrinology 1989;125:223-30.
112. Grove KL, Speth RC, Zamora CS. Renin-angiotensin system activity in male reproductive organs. In: Johnston CA, Barnes CD, (Eds.). Brain-gut peptides and reproductive function. Vol 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991:43-59.
113. Wong PY, Fu WO, Huang SJ, Law WK. Effect of angiotensins on electrogenic anion transport in monolayer cultures of rat epididymis. J Endocrinol 1990;125:449-56.
114. Leung PS, Chan HC, Fu LXM, Zhou WL, Wong PYD. Angiotensin II receptors, AT(1) and AT(2) in the rat epididymis. Immunocytochemical and electrophysiological studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1997;1357:65-72.
115. 1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cell lines: Stimulation of GnRH release via receptors positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. Endocrinology 1992;131:1397-402.
116. Leung PS, Chan HC, Fu LXM, Leung PY, Chew SBC, Wong PYD. Angiotensin II receptors: Localization of type I and type II in rat epididymides of different developmental stages. J Membr Biol 1997;157:97-103.
117. Leung PS, Yao XQ, Chan HC, Fu LX, Wong PY. Differential gene expression of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the epididymides of mature and immature rats. Life Sci 1998;62:461-8.
118. Chan HC, Wong PY. Paracrine/autocrine regulation of anion secretion in the epididymis: role of angiotensin II. Biol Signals 1996;5:309-16.
119. Hohlbrugger G, Pschorr J, Dahleim H. Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme in the ejaculate of fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril 1984;41:324-5.
120. Magnan J, Regoli D. Characterization of receptors for angiotensin in the rat vas deferens. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1979;57:417-23.
121. Trachte GJ, Sybertz EJ, Michener M, Binder SB, Peach MJ. Angiotensin III-induced modulation of neurogenic responses in the rabbit vas deferens and portal vein. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1984;326:327-33.
122. Saye J, Binder SB, Trachte GJ, Peach MJ. Angiotensin peptides and prostaglandin E2 synthesis: modulation of neurogenic responses in the rabbit vas deferens. Endocrinology 1986;119:1895-903.
123. Trachte GJ, Stein E, Peach MJ. Alpha adrenergic receptors mediate angiotensin-induced prostaglandin production in the rabbit isolated vas deferens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;240:433-40.
124. Trachte GJ. Adrenergic nerves mediate angiotensin-induced prostaglandin release in the rabbit vas deferens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;246:211-7.
125. Trachte GJ. Prostaglandins do not mediate the inhibitory effects of angiotensins II and III on autonomic neurotransmission in the rabbit vas deferens. Prostaglandins 1988;36:215-27.
126. Trachte GJ. Angiotensin effects on vas deferens adrenergic and purinergic neurotransmission. Eur J Pharmacol 1988;146:261-9.
127. 8-angiotensin I. Eur J Pharmacol 1980;65:349-54.
128. Sum CS, Cheung WT. Characterization of contractile response to angiotensin in epididymal rat vas deferens. Pharmacology 1995;51:105-11.
129. Brentjens JR, Matuso S, Andres GA, Caldwell PRB, Zamboni L. Gametes contain angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II). Experientia 1986;42:399-402.
130. Yotsumoto H, Shoichiro S, Shibuya M. Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme in swine sperm by immunofluorescence. Life Sci 1984;35:1257-61.
131. Dobrinski I, Ignotz GG, Fagnan MS, Yudin AI, Ball BA. Isolation and characterization of a protein with homology to angiotensin converting enzyme from the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev 1997;48:251-60.
132. El-Dorry HA, MacGregor JS, Soffer RL. Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase from seminal fluid resembles the pulmonary rather than the testicular isoenzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983;115:1096-100.
133. Mukhopadhyay AK, Cobilanschi J, Schulze W, Brunswig Spickenheier B, Leidenberger FA. Human seminal fluid contains significant quantities of prorenin: its correlation with the sperm density. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995;109:219-24.
134. Kanenko S, Moriwaki C. Studies on dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase in the male reproductive organs; its biological and pathological status. J Pharmacobiodyn 1981;4:175-83.
135. Foresta C, Mioni R, Rossato M, Varotto A, Zorzi M. Evidence for the involvement of sperm angiotensin converting enzyme in fertilization. Int J Androl 1991;14:333-9.
136. Krege JH, John SW, Langenbach LL, Hodgin JB, Hagaman JR, Bachman ES, Jennette JC, O'Brien DA, Smithies O. Male-female differences in fertility and blood pressure in ACE-deficient mice. Nature 1995;375:146-8.
137. Hagaman JR, Moyer JS, Bachman ES, Sibony M, Magyar PL, Welch JE, Smithies O, Krege JH, O'Brien DA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and male fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:2552-7.
138. Esther CR, Howard TE, Marino EM, Goddard JM, Capecchi MR, Bernstein KE. Mice lacking angiotensin-converting enzyme have low blood pressure, renal pathology, and reduced male fertility. Lab Invest 1996;74:953-65.
139. Kim HS, Krege JH, Kluckman KD, et al. Genetic control of blood pressure and the angiotensinogen locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:2735-9.
140. Tanimoto K, Sugiyama F, Goto Y, Ishida J, Takimoto E, Yagami K, Fukamizu A, Murakami K. Angiotensinogen-deficient mice with hypotension. J Biol Chem 1994;269:31334-7.
141. Minsker DH, Bagdon WJ, MacDonald JS, Robertson RT, Bokelman DL. Maternotoxicity and fetotoxicity of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, in rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1990;14:461-70.
142. Dostal LA, Kim SN, Schardein JL, Anderson JA. Fertility and perinatal/postnatal studies in rats with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, quinapril. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991;17:684-95.
143. Jackson B, Cubela RB, Sakaguchi K, Johnston CI. Characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the testis assessment of the in vivo effects of the ACE inhibitor perindopril. Endocrinology 1988;123:50-5.
144. Sakaguchi K, Jackson B, Chai SY, Mendelsohn FA, Johnson CI. Effects of perindopril on tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme activity demonstrated by quantitative in vitro autoradiography. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988;12:710-7.
145. Mizutani T, Schill WB. Motility of seminal plasma-free spermatozoa in the presence of several physiological compounds. Andrologia 1985;17:150-6.
146. Colletti AE, Krieter PA. Disposition of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist L-158,809 in rats and rhesus monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 1994;22:183-8.
147. Vinson GP, Mehta J, Evans S, Matthews S, Puddefoot JR, Saridogan E, Holt WV, Djahanbakhch O. Angiotensin II stimulates sperm motility. Regul Pept 1996;67:131-5.
148. Grove KL, Speth RC, Senger PL. Angiotensin II as a semen extender component increases retention of spermatozoa within the uterus of the heifer. Reprod Fertil Dev 1997;9:545-9.
149. Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Kobilka BK. Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor gene in mice. Nature 1995;377:744-7.
150. Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C, et al. Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 1995;377:748-50.
151. 125I]CGP 42112 binding reveals differences between rat brain and adrenal AT-2 receptor binding sites. Regul Pept 1993;44:189-97.