CO2 emissions from nonenergy use - Methodological aspects and a case study for Germany

Ambio

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 175-181

  Patel, Martin ^a   Jochem, Eberhard ^a   Marscheider Weidemann, Frank ^a   Worrell, Ernst ^b  

^a FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMS AND INNOVATION RESEARCH ISI   (Germany)

^b LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON EMISSION; ENERGY USE; FOSSIL FUEL; METHODOLOGY;

GERMANY;

EID: 0032941488     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A. and Maskell, K. (eds). 1996. Climate Change 1995-The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of WG I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 572 pp.
2. IPCC/IEA/OECD/UNEP. 1995. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 1-3. IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit, Hadley Centre, Bracknell, UK.
3. Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Communities). 1995. Energiebilanzen - Energy Balance Sheets - Bilans de l'Énergie 1992-1993. Luxembourg.
4. The IPCC guidelines do not give a clear definition of the time periods referred to as short-term and long-term carbon storage. For the latter, a period of 20 years is mentioned as a possible criterion (2). If we follow this notion, short-term carbon storage corresponds to the oxidisation of stored carbon within less than 20 years.
5. Long-term emissions are hence equivalent to the cumulated, delayed emissions assuming that total oxidisation occurs. Okken and Kram (15) use the term "potential" in-stead of "long-term" and "actual" instead of "short-lerm". However, we consider our terminology to be easier to comprehend.
6. Gielen, D.J. 1997. Potential CO; emissions in the Netherlands due to carbon storage in materials and products. Ambio 26, 101-106.
7. Only West Germany, new federal states not included.
8. VCI: Suney on Primary Chemicals (in German; Primärchemikalienerhebung). Prepared by the German Association of Chemical Industry (Verband der Chemischen Industrie e. V., VCI), various years. Frankfurt.
9. Italian Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Craft (Ministero dell'Industria, del commercio e dell' Artigianato). 1991. Petrochemical Bulletin (Bulletins Petrolifero), Rome. (In Italian).
10. Italian Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Craft (Ministero dell'Industria, del commercio e dell'Artigianato). 1991. National Energy Balance (Bilancio Energetico Nationale), Rome. (In Italian).
11. For example, carbon losses from steamcracking being the most important process on this production level is less than 1%.
12. Patel, M., Iochem, E., Marscheider-Weidemann, F. and Radgen, P. 1996. Data on Non-energy Ute under the Aspect of the Greenhouse Gas Issue. Report prepared for the German Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology (BMBF). Fraunhofer-Institute ISI, Karlsruhe, 275 pp. (In German).
13. These definitions were given by experts in the field. Alternatively or additionally, they were determined by reproducing the nonenergy data according to national energy balances by the use of primary data sources. For Italy, for example, the relevant data published by the petrochemical industry (9) were aggregated and the result was compared with official data on the non-energy use (10, 14). The results of the investigations for the Netherlands and Germany are given in (6) and (12).
14. Patel, M. and Tosato, G. 1997. Understanding Non-energy Use and Carbon Storage in Italy in the Context of the Greenhouse Gas Issue. ENEA Working Paper (ISSN/0393-6317). Fraunhofer-Institute ISI, Germany and ENEA (Italian Agency for New Tech-nologies, Energy and Environment). Karlsruhe/Rome, 16 pp.
15. 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels. Presented at ETSAP-IV Workshop in Petten, Netherlands, 9-12 April 1990 and IPCC Preparatory Workshop, Paris, May 22-23, 1990.
16. Tax Law for Liquid Hydrocarbons (Mineralölsteuergesetz, MinÖstG). 1992. Bundesgesetzblatt no. 59, part I, article 5, pp. 2185-2189. (In German).
17. German Statistics Office (Statistisches Bundesamt). 1991. Foreign Trade Statistics for Germany 1989 (Außenhandel nach Waren und Ländern, Fachserie 7, Reihe 2). Stuttgart, Germany. (In German).
18. 2 Abatement in Germany until the Year 2005 (Politikszenarien für den Klimaschutz, Band 1). Project commissioned by the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin. Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich, Reihe Umwelt, Band 5, Jülich, 410 pp. (In German).
19. C) are cyclohexane, cumene, phenol, cyclohexanone, ammonium nitrite, hydroxylamine sulfate, cyclohexanone oxime and caprolactam.
20. 2 emissions from waste incineration, are based on official waste statistics. The calculation of these three components is described in detail in (12).
21. To simulate the conversion processes in our model, we used data on product yields as published in specialized literature, cf. (12).
22. For example, the group of "Other materials" as given in Table 3 is allocated to subgroups "short-lived" and "long-lived" using totals of groups 1 and 2) also listed in Table 3. Within our sensitivity analysis, we once attributed the total amount of "Other materials" to the group of long-lived materials and none to materials with short lives. This leads to a maximum value for the group of materials with long lives. Following a similar reasoning we also calculated the respective minimum value. By performing respective calculations for further product groups, e.g. the derivatives of acetylene, and in addition, for short-lived materials, the uncertainty ranges given above were determined.
23. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen. 1990. Energy Balance of the Federal Republic of Germany 1989. Essen. (In German).
24. Bundesamt für Wirtschaft (BAW): Official Data on Liquid Hydrocarbons for the Federal Republic of Germany (in German; Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland), various years.
25. Acknowledgements. The authors wish to thank the German Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology (Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBF) and the European Commission's programme "Environment and Climate - Marie Curie Research Training Grants" for financial support. Moreover, we are grateful for the expert discussions and contributions, especially from D. J. Gielen (ECN, The Netherlands) and G. Tosato (ENEA, Italy).
26. First submitted 18 June 1997. Accepted for publication after revision 23 October 1998.