Synchronized neuronal networks: The GnRH system

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 11-18

  Witkin, Joan W ^a  

^a College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

GnRH GnRH; Hypothalamus; Neuroendocrine; Neurosecretion; Pulse

Indexed keywords

CELL CULTURE; NEURAL NETWORKS;

GAP-JUNCTIONS; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE-GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HYPOTHALAMUS; INTERCELLULAR BRIDGES; NEUROENDOCRINE; NEURONAL POPULATIONS; NEUROSECRETION; PULSE;

NEURONS;

GONADORELIN;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; GAP JUNCTION; GIANT CELL; GONADOTROPIN SECRETING CELL; HISTOLOGY; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; MONKEY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

EID: 0032934524     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990101)44:1<11::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-W     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Andrew RD, MacVicar DA, Dudek FE, Hatton GI. 1981. Dye transfer through gap junctions between neuroendocrine cells of rat hypothalamus. Science 211:1187-1189.
2. Bedran de Castro JC, Khorram O, McCann SM. 1985. Possible negative ultra-short feedback of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone LHRH) in the ovariectomized rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 179:132-135.
3. Belin V, Moos F. 1986. Paired recordings from supraoptic and paraventricular oxytocin neurons in suckled rats: recruitment and synchronization. J Physiol 377:369-390.
4. Ben-Jonathan N, Mical RS, Porter JC. 1974. Transport of LRF from CSF to hypophysial portal and systemic blood and the release of LH. Endocrinology 95:18-25.
5. Bouskila Y, Dudek FE. 1993. Neuronal synchronization without calcium-dependent synaptic transmission in the hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3207-3210.
6. Chen W-P, Witkin JW, Silverman A-J. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in the synaptic input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Endocrinology 126:695-702.
7. Chen YY, Pelletier G. 1983. Demonstration of contacts between proopiomelanocortin neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 43:271-276.
8. Cobbett P, Hatton GI. 1984. Dye coupling in hypothalamic slices: dependence on in vivo hydration state and osmolality of incubation medium. J Neurosci 4:3034-3038.
9. Dani JW, Chernjavsky A, Smith SJ. 1992. Neuronal activity triggers calcium waves in hippocampal astrocyte networks. Neuron 8:429-440.
10. D'Aniello B, Pinelli C, King JA, Rastogi RK. 1994. Neuroanatomical organization of GnRH neuronal systems in the lizard (Podarcis s. sicula) brain during development. Brain Res 657:221-226.
11. Epelbaum J, Tapia-Arancibia L, Alonso G, Astier H, Kordon C. 1986. The anterior periventricular hypothalamus is the site of somatostatin inhibition of its own release: an in vitro and immunocytochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 44:255-259.
12. Francis RC, Lee HN, Fernald RD. 1994. Ontogeny of gonadotropin releasing hormone-containing neurons in the teleost brain. Dev Brain Res 78:151-160.
13. Gilula NB. 1974. Junctions between cells. In: Cox RP, editor. Cell Communication. New York: Wiley, p 1-29.
14. Hatton GI, Yang QZ. 1994. Incidence of neuronal coupling in supraoptic nuclei of virgin and lactating rats: estimation of neurobiotin and Lucifer yellow. Brain Res 650:63-69.
15. Hayes WP, Wray S, Battey JF. 1994. The frog gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I (GnRH-I. gene has a mammalian-like expression pattern and conserved domains in GnRH-associated peptide, but brain onset is delayed until metamorphosis. Endocrinology 134:1835-1845.
16. Horvath S, Palkovits M. 1988. Synaptic interconnections among growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 48:471-476.
17. Hyppa M, Motta M, Martini L. 1971. "Ultrashort" feedback control of follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor. Neuroendocrinology 7:227-235.
18. Jennes L. 1991. Dual projections of gonadotropin releasing hormone containing neurons to the interpeduncular nucleus and to the vasculature in the female rat. Brain Res 545:329-333.
19. Jennes L, Eyigor O, Janovick JA, Conn PM. 1997. Brain gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors: localization and regulation. Recent Prog Hormone Res 52:475-490.
20. Jew JY, Leranth C, Arimura A, Palkovits M. 1984. Preoptic LH-RH and somatostatin in the rat median eminence. Neuroendocrinology 38:169-175.
21. King JA, Millar RP. 1995. Evolutionary aspects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor. Cell Mol Neurobiol 15:5-23.
22. Kiss JZ, Williams TH. 1983. ACTH-immunoreactive boutons form synaptic contacts in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat: evidence for local opiocortin connections. Brain Res 263:142-146.
23. Krsmanovic LZ, Stojilkovic SS, Merelli F, Dufour SM, Virmani MA, Catt KJ. 1992. Calcium signaling and episodic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone hvpothalamic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8462-8466.
24. Krsmanovic LZ, Stojilkovic SS, Mertz LM, Tomic M, Catt KV. 1993. Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors and autocrine regulation of neuropeptide release in immortalized hypothalamic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3908-3912.
25. Lambert RC, Moos FC, Richard P. 1993a. Action of endogenous oxytocin within the paraventricular or supraoptic nuclei: a powerful link in the regulation of the bursting pattern of oxytocin neurons during the milk-ejection reflex in rats. Neuroscience 57:1027-1038.
26. Lambert RC, Moos FC, Ingram CD, Wakerley JB, Kremarik PI, Guerne Y, Richard P. 1993b. Electrical activity of neurons in the ventrolateral septum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in suckled rats: statistical analysis gives evidence for sensitivity to oxytocin and for relation to the milk-ejection reflex. Neuroscience 54:361-376.
27. Leranth CS, Segura LMG, Palkovits M, MacLusky NJ, Shanabrough M, Naftolin F. 1985. The LH-RH-containing neuronal network in the preoptic area of the rat: demonstration of LH-RH-containing nerve terminals in synaptic contact with LH-RH neurons. Brain Res 345:332-336.
28. Li S, Hisano S, Daikoku S. 1993. Mutual synaptic associations between neurons containing neuropeptide Y and neurons containing enkephalin in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 57:306-313.
29. Liposits A, Paull WK, Setalo G, Vigh S 1985. Evidence for local corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive neuronal circuits in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. An electron microscopic immunohistochemical analysis. Histochemistry 83:5-16.
30. Liposits Z, Merchenthaler I, Wetsel WC, Reid JJ, Mellon PL, Weiner RI, Negro-Vilar A. 1991. Morphological characterization of immortalized hypothalamic neurons synthesizing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 129:1575-1583.
31. Marshall PE, Goldsmith PC. 1980. Neuroregulatory and neuroendocrine GnRH pathways in the hypothalamus and forebrain of the baboon. Brain Res 193:353-372.
32. Martinez de la Escalera G, Choi ALH, Weiner RI. 1992 Generation and synchronization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH. pulses: Intrinsic properties of the GT1-1 GnRH neuronal cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:1852-1855.
33. Matesic DF, Germak JA, Dupont E, Madhukar BV. 1993 Immortalized hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons express a connexin 26-like protein and display functional gap junction coupling assayed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Neuroendocrinology 58:485-492.
34. Mellon PL, Windle JJ, Goldsmith PC, Padula CA, Roberts JL, Weiner RI. 1990. Immortalization of hypothalamic GnRH neurons by genetically targeted tumorigenesis. Neuron 5:1-10.
35. Montero M, LeBelle N, King JA, Millar RP, Dufour S. 1995. Differential regulation of the two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH and cGnRH-II) by sex steroids in the European female silver eel (Anguilla anguilla). Neuroendocrinology 61:525-535.
36. Muske LE. 1993. Evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems. Brain Behav Evol 42:215-230.
37. Muske LE, Moore FL. 1994. Antibodies against different forms of GnRH distinguish different populations of cells and axonal pathways in a urodele amphibian, Taricha granulosa. J Comp Neurol 345:139-147.
38. Northcutt RG, Muske LE. 1994. Multiple embryonic origins of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive neurons. Dev Brain Res 78:279-290.
39. Oka Y. 1992. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells of the terminal nerve as a model neuromodulator system. Neurosci Lett 142:119-122.
40. Oka Y, Matsushima T. 1993. Gonadotropin-releasing (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve cells have intrinsic rhythmicity and project widely in the brain. J Neurosci 13:2161-2176.
41. Piva F, Motta M, Martini L. 1979. Regulation of hypothalamic and pituitary function: long, short and ultrashort feedback loops. In: DeGroot LJ, editor. Endocrinology, Vol. 1. New York: Grune and Stratton, p 21-33.
42. Sarkar DK. 1987. In vivo secretion of LHRH in ovariectomized rats is regulated by a possible autofeedback mechanism. Neuroendocrinology 45:510-513.
43. Schwanzel-Fukuda M, Pfaff DW. 1989. Origin of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Nature 338:161-164.
44. Schwartz WJ, Gross RA, Morton MT. 1987. The suprachiasmatic nuclei contain a tetrodotoxin-resistant circadian pacemaker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:1694-1698.
45. Sherwood NM, Lovejoy DA, Coe IR. 1993. Origin of mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormones. Endocr Rev 14:241-254.
46. Silverman AJ, Witkin JW. 1995. Synaptic interactions of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons in the guinea pig preoptic area. J Histochem Cytochem 33:69-72.
47. Silverman AJ, Livne I, Witkin JW. 1994. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems: Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. In: Knobil E, Neill JE, editors. Physiology of Reproduction, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, p 1683-1709.
48. Theodosis CT. 1985. Oxytocin-immunoreactive terminals synapse on oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus. Nature 313:682-684.
49. Theodosis CT, Poulain DA. 1993. Activity-dependent neuronal-glial and synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian hypothalamus. Neuroseience 57:501-535.
50. Thind KK, Goldsmith PC. 1986. Ultrastructural analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neuronal connectivity in the ventral periventricular hypothalamus of the macaque. Brain Res 366:37-52.
51. Thind KK, Goldsmith PC. 1988. Infundibular gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons are inhibited by direct opioid and autoregulatory synapses in juvenile monkeys. Neuroendocrinology 47:203-216.
52. Thind KK, Boggan JE, Goldsmith PC. 1991. Interactions between vasopressin- and gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-containing neuroendocrine neurons in the monkey supraoptic nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 53:287-297.
53. Tsuruo Y, Hisano S, Daikoku S. 1984. Morphological evidence for synaptic junctions between substance P-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Neurosci Lett 46:65-69.
54. Valenca MM, Johnston CA, Ching M, Negro-Vilar A. 1987. Evidence for a negative ultrashort loop feedback mechanism operating on the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal system. Endocrinology 212:2256-2259.
55. van Gils J, Absil Pl, Grauwels L, Moons L, Vandesande F, Balthazart J. 1993. Distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones I and II (LHRH-I and -II) in the quail and chicken brain as demonstrated with antibodies direct synthetic peptides. J Comp Neurol 334:304-323.
56. Wetsel WC, Mellon PL, Weiner RI, Negro-Vilar A. 1991. Metabolism of pro-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in immortalized hypothalamic neurons. Endocrinology 129:1584-1595.
57. Wetsel WC, Valenca MM, Merchenthaler I, Liposits Z, Lopez FJ, Weiner RI, Mellon PL, Negro-Vilar A. 1992. Intrinsic pulsatile secretory activity of immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-secreting neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:4149-4153.
58. White SA, Kasten TL, Bond CT, Adelman JP, Fernald RD. 1995. Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92:8363-8367.
59. Witkin JW. 1987. Aging changes in synaptology of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in male rat preoptic area. Neuroscience 22:1003-1013.
60. Witkin JW. 1990. Access of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons to the vasculature in the rat. Neuroscience 37:501-506.
61. Witkin JW. 1994. Electron microscopic methods for determining changes in the density of synaptic input to neurons in the aging brain. Neuroprotocols 4:235-239.
62. Witkin JW, Romero MT. 1995. Comparison of ultrastructural characteristics of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in prepubertal and adult male rats. Neuroscience 64:1145-1151.
63. Witkin JW, Silverman AJ. 1985. Synaptology of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in rat preoptic area. Peptides 6:263-271.
64. Witkin JW, Ferin M, Popilskis SJ, Silverman A-J. 1992. Effects of gonadal steroids on the ultrastructure of GnRH neurons in the rhesus monkey: synaptic input and glial apposition. Endocrinology 129:1083-1991.
65. Witkin JW, O'Sullivan H, Silverman A-J. 1995. Novel associations among gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Endocrinology 136:4323-4330.
66. Wray S, Nieburgs A, Elkabes S. 1989. Spatiotemporal cell expression of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the prenatal mouse: evidence for an embryonic origin in the olfactory placode. Dev Brain Res 46:309-318.
67. Yamamoto N, Oka Y, Amano M, Aida K, Hasegawa Y, Kawashima S. 1995. Multiple gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia: immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. J Comp Neurol 355:354-368.
68. Yang QZ, Hatton GI. 1988. Direct evidence for electrical coupling among rat supraoptic nucleus neurons. Brain Res 463:47-56.
69. Zanisi M, Messi E, Motta M, Martini L. 1987. Ultrashort feedback control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Endocrinology 121:2199-2204.