메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 91, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 871-890

A neural network model with dopamine-like reinforcement signal that learns a spatial delayed response task

Author keywords

Basal ganglia; Striatum; Synaptic plasticity; Teaching signal; Temporal difference

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BODY MOVEMENT; COGNITION; CONDITIONED REFLEX; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; EXPECTATION; FRONTAL CORTEX; MONKEY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; SHORT TERM MEMORY; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 0032930935     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00697-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (247)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 0023281115 scopus 로고
    • Selective neuronal discharge in monkey putamen reflects intended direction of planned limb movements
    • Alexander G.E Selective neuronal discharge in monkey putamen reflects intended direction of planned limb movements. Expl Brain Res. 67:1987;623-634.
    • (1987) Expl Brain Res. , vol.67 , pp. 623-634
    • Alexander, G.E.1
  • 2
    • 0026722499 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal activity in monkey striatum related to the expectation of predictable environmental events
    • Apicella P., Scarnati E., Ljungberg T., Schultz W. Neuronal activity in monkey striatum related to the expectation of predictable environmental events. J. Neurophysiol. 68:1992;945-960.
    • (1992) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.68 , pp. 945-960
    • Apicella, P.1    Scarnati, E.2    Ljungberg, T.3    Schultz, W.4
  • 3
    • 0000541213 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive Critics and the Basal Ganglia
    • (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), MIT, Cambridge
    • Barto A. G. (1995) Adaptive Critics and the Basal Ganglia. In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), pp. 215-232. MIT, Cambridge.
    • (1995) In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia , pp. 215-232
    • Barto, A.G.1
  • 6
    • 0017240035 scopus 로고
    • Delayed-matching and delayed-response deficit from cooling dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in monkeys
    • Bauer R.H, Fuster J.M Delayed-matching and delayed-response deficit from cooling dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in monkeys. J. comp. Physiol. Psychol. 90:1976;293-302.
    • (1976) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.90 , pp. 293-302
    • Bauer, R.H.1    Fuster, J.M.2
  • 7
    • 0031870195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: Encoding the serial order of sensory events
    • Beiser D.G, Houk J.C Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 79(6):1998;3168-3188.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.79 , Issue.6 , pp. 3168-3188
    • Beiser, D.G.1    Houk, J.C.2
  • 8
    • 0020042373 scopus 로고
    • Morphological and physiological properties of neostriatal neurons: An intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the rat
    • Bishop G.A, Chang H.T, Kitai S.T Morphological and physiological properties of neostriatal neurons: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Neuroscience. 7:1982;179-191.
    • (1982) Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 179-191
    • Bishop, G.A.1    Chang, H.T.2    Kitai, S.T.3
  • 9
    • 0026736293 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviours
    • Blackburn J.R, Pfaus J.G, Phillips A.G Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviours. Prog. Neurobiol. 39(3):1992;247-279.
    • (1992) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-279
    • Blackburn, J.R.1    Pfaus, J.G.2    Phillips, A.G.3
  • 10
    • 0021140491 scopus 로고
    • Chemical and structural analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in rat neostriatum
    • Bouyer J.J, Park D.H, Joh T.H, Pickel V.M Chemical and structural analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 302:1984;267-275.
    • (1984) Brain Res. , vol.302 , pp. 267-275
    • Bouyer, J.J.1    Park, D.H.2    Joh, T.H.3    Pickel, V.M.4
  • 11
    • 0026674199 scopus 로고
    • Long-term potentiation in the striatum is unmasked by removing the voltage-dependent magnesium block of NMDA receptor channels
    • Calabresi P., Pisani A., Mercuri N.B, Bernardi G. Long-term potentiation in the striatum is unmasked by removing the voltage-dependent magnesium block of NMDA receptor channels. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;929-935.
    • (1992) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.4 , pp. 929-935
    • Calabresi, P.1    Pisani, A.2    Mercuri, N.B.3    Bernardi, G.4
  • 13
    • 0002501238 scopus 로고
    • The internal clock
    • (eds Hulse S. H., Fowler H. and Honig W. K), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey
    • Church R. M. (1978) The internal clock. In Cognitive Processes in Animal Behavior (eds Hulse S. H., Fowler H. and Honig W. K), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
    • (1978) In Cognitive Processes in Animal Behavior
    • Church, R.M.1
  • 14
    • 0032985814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predictive reinforcement model of dopamine neurons for learning approach behavior
    • (in press)
    • Contreras-Vidal, J. L. and Schultz, W. (1999) A predictive reinforcement model of dopamine neurons for learning approach behavior. J. comput. Neurosci. (in press).
    • (1999) J. Comput. Neurosci.
    • Contreras-Vidal, J.L.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 16
    • 77956789090 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement learning for robotic reaching and grasping
    • (eds Bennet K. M. B. and Castiello U.), North Holland
    • Fagg, A. H. (1993) Reinforcement learning for robotic reaching and grasping. In New Perspectives in the Control of the Reach to Grasp Movement (eds Bennet K. M. B. and Castiello U.), pp. 281-308. North Holland.
    • (1993) In New Perspectives in the Control of the Reach to Grasp Movement , pp. 281-308
    • Fagg, A.H.1
  • 17
    • 0021676562 scopus 로고
    • Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines
    • Freund T.F, Powell J.F, Smith A.D Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines. Neuroscience. 13:1984;1189-1215.
    • (1984) Neuroscience , vol.13 , pp. 1189-1215
    • Freund, T.F.1    Powell, J.F.2    Smith, A.D.3
  • 18
    • 0028351678 scopus 로고
    • Value-dependent selection in the brain: Simulation in a synthetic neural model
    • Friston K.J, Tononi G., Reeke G.N Jr., Sporns O., Edelman G.M Value-dependent selection in the brain: simulation in a synthetic neural model. Neuroscience. 59:1994;229-243.
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.59 , pp. 229-243
    • Friston, K.J.1    Tononi, G.2    Reeke G.N., Jr.3    Sporns, O.4    Edelman, G.M.5
  • 19
    • 0024574176 scopus 로고
    • Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
    • Funahashi S., Bruce C.J, Goldman-Rakic P.S Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 61:1989;331-349.
    • (1989) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.61 , pp. 331-349
    • Funahashi, S.1    Bruce, C.J.2    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.3
  • 20
    • 0015222118 scopus 로고
    • Neuron activity related to short-term memory
    • Fuster J.M, Alexander G.E Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science. 173:1971;652-654.
    • (1971) Science , vol.173 , pp. 652-654
    • Fuster, J.M.1    Alexander, G.E.2
  • 23
    • 0017120827 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive pattern classification and universal recording: I. Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors
    • Grossberg S. Adaptive pattern classification and universal recording: I. Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors. Biol. Cybern. 23:1976;121-134.
    • (1976) Biol. Cybern. , vol.23 , pp. 121-134
    • Grossberg, S.1
  • 24
    • 0023475433 scopus 로고
    • Neural dynamics of attentionally modulated Pavlovian conditioning: Blocking, interstimulus interval, and secondary reinforcement
    • Grossberg S., Levine D.S Neural dynamics of attentionally modulated Pavlovian conditioning: blocking, interstimulus interval, and secondary reinforcement. Appl. Optics. 26(23):1987;5015-5030.
    • (1987) Appl. Optics , vol.26 , Issue.23 , pp. 5015-5030
    • Grossberg, S.1    Levine, D.S.2
  • 25
    • 0024775767 scopus 로고
    • Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning
    • Grossberg S., Schmajuk N.A Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning. Neural Networks. 2:1989;79-102.
    • (1989) Neural Networks , vol.2 , pp. 79-102
    • Grossberg, S.1    Schmajuk, N.A.2
  • 26
    • 0027976349 scopus 로고
    • 5-hydroxydopamine-labeled dopamine axons: Three-dimensional reconstructions of axons, synapses and postsynaptic targets in rat neostriatum
    • Groves P.M, Linder J.C, Young S.J 5-hydroxydopamine-labeled dopamine axons: three-dimensional reconstructions of axons, synapses and postsynaptic targets in rat neostriatum. Neuroscience. 58:1994;593-604.
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.58 , pp. 593-604
    • Groves, P.M.1    Linder, J.C.2    Young, S.J.3
  • 27
    • 0028966339 scopus 로고
    • Neural correlates of learning in the prefrontal cortex of the monkey: A predictive network model
    • Guigon E., Dorizzi B., Burnod Y., Schultz W. Neural correlates of learning in the prefrontal cortex of the monkey: a predictive network model. Cerebr. Cortex. 5:1995;135-147.
    • (1995) Cerebr. Cortex , vol.5 , pp. 135-147
    • Guigon, E.1    Dorizzi, B.2    Burnod, Y.3    Schultz, W.4
  • 29
    • 33644688754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning
    • Hollerman J., Schultz W. Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning. Nature Neurosci. 1:1998;304-309.
    • (1998) Nature Neurosci. , vol.1 , pp. 304-309
    • Hollerman, J.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 30
    • 0002861883 scopus 로고
    • A model of how the basal ganglia generate and use neural signals that predict reinforcement
    • (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
    • Houk J. C., Adams J. L. and Barto A. G. (1995) A model of how the basal ganglia generate and use neural signals that predict reinforcement. In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), pp. 215-232. MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    • (1995) In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia , pp. 215-232
    • Houk, J.C.1    Adams, J.L.2    Barto, A.G.3
  • 31
    • 8244223171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small changes in essential amino acid concentrations alter diet selection in amino acid-deficient rats
    • Hrupka B.J, Lin Y.M, Gietzen D.W, Rogers Q.R Small changes in essential amino acid concentrations alter diet selection in amino acid-deficient rats. J. Nutr. 127(5):1997;777-784.
    • (1997) J. Nutr. , vol.127 , Issue.5 , pp. 777-784
    • Hrupka, B.J.1    Lin, Y.M.2    Gietzen, D.W.3    Rogers, Q.R.4
  • 33
    • 0000650844 scopus 로고
    • Studies of cerebral function in primates: IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesions on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys
    • Jacobsen C.F, Nissen H.W Studies of cerebral function in primates: IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesions on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys. J. comp. Physiol. Psychol. 23:1937;101-112.
    • (1937) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.23 , pp. 101-112
    • Jacobsen, C.F.1    Nissen, H.W.2
  • 34
    • 0027971611 scopus 로고
    • Surrond inhibition among projection neurons is weak of nonexistent in the rat neostriatum
    • Jaeger D., Hitoshi K., Wilson C.J Surrond inhibition among projection neurons is weak of nonexistent in the rat neostriatum. J. Neurophysiol. 72(3):1994;2555-2558.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 2555-2558
    • Jaeger, D.1    Hitoshi, K.2    Wilson, C.J.3
  • 35
    • 85024429815 scopus 로고
    • A new aproach to linear filtering and prediction problems
    • Kalman R.E A new aproach to linear filtering and prediction problems. J. Basic Eng. Trans. ASME. 82:1960;35-45.
    • (1960) J. Basic Eng. Trans. ASME , vol.82 , pp. 35-45
    • Kalman, R.E.1
  • 36
    • 0025500497 scopus 로고
    • Projection subtypes of rat neostriatal matrix cells revealed by intracellular injection of biocytin
    • Kawaguchi Y., Wilson C.J, Emson P.C Projection subtypes of rat neostriatal matrix cells revealed by intracellular injection of biocytin. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;3421-3438.
    • (1990) J. Neurosci. , vol.10 , pp. 3421-3438
    • Kawaguchi, Y.1    Wilson, C.J.2    Emson, P.C.3
  • 37
    • 0023878618 scopus 로고
    • A neuronal model of classical conditioning
    • Klopf A.H A neuronal model of classical conditioning. Psychobiology. 16(2):1988;85-125.
    • (1988) Psychobiology , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 85-125
    • Klopf, A.H.1
  • 38
    • 0029815726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neostriatal habit learning system in humans
    • Knowlton B.J, Mangels J.A, Squire L.R A neostriatal habit learning system in humans. Science. 273(5280):1996;1399-1402.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , Issue.5280 , pp. 1399-1402
    • Knowlton, B.J.1    Mangels, J.A.2    Squire, L.R.3
  • 39
    • 0015060162 scopus 로고
    • Prefrontal cortical unit activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys
    • Kubota K., Niki H. Prefrontal cortical unit activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 34:1971;337-347.
    • (1971) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.34 , pp. 337-347
    • Kubota, K.1    Niki, H.2
  • 40
    • 0020636876 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease
    • Lees A.J, Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain. 106:1983;257-270.
    • (1983) Brain , vol.106 , pp. 257-270
    • Lees, A.J.1    Smith, E.2
  • 42
    • 0026505520 scopus 로고
    • Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions
    • Ljungberg T., Apicella P., Schultz W. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions. J. Neurophysiol. 67:1992;145-163.
    • (1992) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.67 , pp. 145-163
    • Ljungberg, T.1    Apicella, P.2    Schultz, W.3
  • 43
    • 0344703521 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical analysis of instrumental conditioning
    • (ed. Mackintosh N. M.), Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Mackintosh N. M. (1983) Theoretical analysis of instrumental conditioning. In Conditioning and Associative Learning (ed. Mackintosh N. M.), pp. 77-112. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1983) In Conditioning and Associative Learning , pp. 77-112
    • Mackintosh, N.M.1
  • 44
    • 0025806265 scopus 로고
    • A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste aversion
    • Mark G.P, Blander D.S, Hoebel B.G A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste aversion. Brain Res. 551:1991;308-310.
    • (1991) Brain Res. , vol.551 , pp. 308-310
    • Mark, G.P.1    Blander, D.S.2    Hoebel, B.G.3
  • 45
  • 46
    • 0027964829 scopus 로고
    • Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons
    • Mirenowicz J., Schultz W. Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;1024-1027.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , pp. 1024-1027
    • Mirenowicz, J.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 47
    • 0030026069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli
    • Mirenowicz J., Schultz W. Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli. Nature. 379:1996;449-451.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.379 , pp. 449-451
    • Mirenowicz, J.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 48
    • 0000708595 scopus 로고
    • Using aperiodic reinforcement for directed self-organization
    • (eds Giles C. L., Hanson S. J. and Cowan J. D.), Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California
    • Montague P. R., Dayan P., Nowlan S. J., Pouget A. and Sejnowski T. J. (1993) Using aperiodic reinforcement for directed self-organization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (eds Giles C. L., Hanson S. J. and Cowan J. D.), pp.969-976. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California.
    • (1993) In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , pp. 969-976
    • Montague, P.R.1    Dayan, P.2    Nowlan, S.J.3    Pouget, A.4    Sejnowski, T.J.5
  • 49
    • 0028972278 scopus 로고
    • Bee foraging in uncertain environments using predictive hebbian learning
    • Montague P.R, Dayan P., Person C., Sejnowski T.J Bee foraging in uncertain environments using predictive hebbian learning. Nature. 377:1995;725-728.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.377 , pp. 725-728
    • Montague, P.R.1    Dayan, P.2    Person, C.3    Sejnowski, T.J.4
  • 50
    • 0029981543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive hebbian learning
    • Montague P.R, Dayan P., Sejnowski T.J A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive hebbian learning. J. Neurosci. 16(5):1996;1936-1947.
    • (1996) J. Neurosci. , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 1936-1947
    • Montague, P.R.1    Dayan, P.2    Sejnowski, T.J.3
  • 51
    • 17344370354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model that accounts for activity in primate frontal cortex during a delayed matching-to-sample task
    • Moody S.L, Wise S.P, di Pellegrino G., Zipser D. A model that accounts for activity in primate frontal cortex during a delayed matching-to-sample task. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;399-410.
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. , vol.18 , pp. 399-410
    • Moody, S.L.1    Wise, S.P.2    Di Pellegrino, G.3    Zipser, D.4
  • 52
    • 0029898666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cerebellar cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: Dissociate effects of medio-frontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral, and parietal cortex lesion on a five choice serial reaction time task
    • Muir J.L, Everitt B.J, Robbins T.W The cerebellar cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: dissociate effects of medio-frontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral, and parietal cortex lesion on a five choice serial reaction time task. Cerebr. Cortex. 6:1996;470-481.
    • (1996) Cerebr. Cortex , vol.6 , pp. 470-481
    • Muir, J.L.1    Everitt, B.J.2    Robbins, T.W.3
  • 54
    • 0008175443 scopus 로고
    • The primate nigro-striato-pallido-nigral system. Not a mere loop
    • (eds Crossman A. R. and Sambrook M. A.), John Libbey, London
    • Percheron G., Francois C., Yelnick J. and Fenelon G. (1989) The primate nigro-striato-pallido-nigral system. Not a mere loop. In Neural Mechanisms in Disorders of Movement (eds Crossman A. R. and Sambrook M. A.), pp. 103-109. John Libbey, London.
    • (1989) In Neural Mechanisms in Disorders of Movement , pp. 103-109
    • Percheron, G.1    Francois, C.2    Yelnick, J.3    Fenelon, G.4
  • 55
    • 0022551745 scopus 로고
    • Single unit response of noradrenegic, serotonergic and dopamine neurons in freely moving cats to simple sensory stimuli
    • Rasmussen K., Strecker R.E, Jacobs B. Single unit response of noradrenegic, serotonergic and dopamine neurons in freely moving cats to simple sensory stimuli. Brain Res. 369:1986;336-340.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.369 , pp. 336-340
    • Rasmussen, K.1    Strecker, R.E.2    Jacobs, B.3
  • 56
    • 0002109138 scopus 로고
    • A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement
    • (eds Black A. H. and Prokasy W. F.), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
    • Rescorla R. A. and Wagner A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. In Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory (eds Black A. H. and Prokasy W. F.), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
    • (1972) In Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory
    • Rescorla, R.A.1    Wagner, A.R.2
  • 57
    • 0002131541 scopus 로고
    • The role of interference in association over a delay
    • (eds Honig W. K. and James P. H. R.), Academic, New York
    • Revusky S. (1971) The role of interference in association over a delay. In Animal Memory (eds Honig W. K. and James P. H. R.), pp. 155-213. Academic, New York.
    • (1971) In Animal Memory , pp. 155-213
    • Revusky, S.1
  • 58
    • 0027305458 scopus 로고
    • The neural basis for drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
    • Robinson T.E, Berridge K.C The neural basis for drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Rev. 18:1993;247-291.
    • (1993) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.18 , pp. 247-291
    • Robinson, T.E.1    Berridge, K.C.2
  • 59
    • 0014816492 scopus 로고
    • Selection of a solution containing histidine by rats fed a histidine-imbalanced diet
    • Rogers Q.R, Harper A.E Selection of a solution containing histidine by rats fed a histidine-imbalanced diet. J. comp. Physiol. Psychol. 72:1970;66-71.
    • (1970) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.72 , pp. 66-71
    • Rogers, Q.R.1    Harper, A.E.2
  • 60
    • 0025247726 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: Contingencies of responses to active touch during self-initiated arm movements
    • Romo R., Schultz W. Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to active touch during self-initiated arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 63:1990;592-606.
    • (1990) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.63 , pp. 592-606
    • Romo, R.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 61
    • 0030973467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: Empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis
    • Salamone J.D, Cousins M.S, Snyder B.J Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis. Neurosci. biobehav. Rev. 21(3):1997;341-359.
    • (1997) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 341-359
    • Salamone, J.D.1    Cousins, M.S.2    Snyder, B.J.3
  • 62
    • 0023005422 scopus 로고
    • Responses of midbrain dopamine neurons to behavioral trigger stimuli in the monkey
    • Schultz W. Responses of midbrain dopamine neurons to behavioral trigger stimuli in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 56:1986;1439-1462.
    • (1986) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.56 , pp. 1439-1462
    • Schultz, W.1
  • 63
    • 0031867046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons
    • Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80:1998;1-27.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.80 , pp. 1-27
    • Schultz, W.1
  • 64
    • 0002051678 scopus 로고
    • Context-dependent activity in primate striatum reflecting past and future events
    • (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), MIT, Cambridge
    • Schultz W., Apicella P., Romo R. and Scarnati E. (1995) Context-dependent activity in primate striatum reflecting past and future events. In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), pp. 11-27. MIT, Cambridge.
    • (1995) In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia , pp. 11-27
    • Schultz, W.1    Apicella, P.2    Romo, R.3    Scarnati, E.4
  • 65
    • 0026442752 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward
    • Schultz W., Apicella P., Scarnati E., Ljungberg T. Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4595-4610.
    • (1992) J. Neurosci. , vol.12 , pp. 4595-4610
    • Schultz, W.1    Apicella, P.2    Scarnati, E.3    Ljungberg, T.4
  • 66
    • 0027468102 scopus 로고
    • Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task
    • Schultz W., Apicella P., Ljungberg T. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. J. Neurosci. 13(3):1993;900-913.
    • (1993) J. Neurosci. , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 900-913
    • Schultz, W.1    Apicella, P.2    Ljungberg, T.3
  • 67
    • 0030896968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural substrate of prediction and reward
    • Schultz W., Dayan P., Montague P.R A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science. 275(5306):1997;1593-1599.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , Issue.5306 , pp. 1593-1599
    • Schultz, W.1    Dayan, P.2    Montague, P.R.3
  • 68
    • 0023160648 scopus 로고
    • Responses of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons to high-intensity somatosensory stimulation in the anesthetized monkey
    • Schultz W., Romo R. Responses of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons to high-intensity somatosensory stimulation in the anesthetized monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 57(1):1987;201-217.
    • (1987) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 201-217
    • Schultz, W.1    Romo, R.2
  • 69
    • 0025216214 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: Contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions
    • Schultz W., Romo R. Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions. J. Neurophysiol. 63:1990;607-624.
    • (1990) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.63 , pp. 607-624
    • Schultz, W.1    Romo, R.2
  • 70
    • 0025371482 scopus 로고
    • The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurons
    • Smith A.D, Bolam J.P The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurons. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;259-265.
    • (1990) Trends Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 259-265
    • Smith, A.D.1    Bolam, J.P.2
  • 71
    • 0011073415 scopus 로고
    • Associative learning in degenerative neostriatal disorders: Contrasts in explicit and implicit remembering between Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients
    • Sprengelmeyer R., Canavan A.G.M., Lange H.W, Hömberg V. Associative learning in degenerative neostriatal disorders: contrasts in explicit and implicit remembering between Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients. Mov. Disord. 10:1995;85-91.
    • (1995) Mov. Disord. , vol.10 , pp. 85-91
    • Sprengelmeyer, R.1    Canavan, A.G.M.2    Lange, H.W.3    Hömberg, V.4
  • 72
    • 0020698120 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral correlates of dopamine unit activity in freely moving cats
    • Steinfels G.F, Heym J., Strecker R.E, Jacobs B.L Behavioral correlates of dopamine unit activity in freely moving cats. Brain Res. 258:1983;217-228.
    • (1983) Brain Res. , vol.258 , pp. 217-228
    • Steinfels, G.F.1    Heym, J.2    Strecker, R.E.3    Jacobs, B.L.4
  • 73
    • 0022359445 scopus 로고
    • Substantia nigra dopamine unit activity in behaving cats: Effect of arousal on spontaneous discharge and sensory evoked activity
    • Strecker R.E, Jacobs B.L Substantia nigra dopamine unit activity in behaving cats: effect of arousal on spontaneous discharge and sensory evoked activity. Brain Res. 361:1985;339-350.
    • (1985) Brain Res. , vol.361 , pp. 339-350
    • Strecker, R.E.1    Jacobs, B.L.2
  • 74
    • 0345587466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural learning model based on the activity of primate dopamine neurons
    • Suri R., Schultz W. A neural learning model based on the activity of primate dopamine neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;1389.
    • (1996) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1389
    • Suri, R.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 75
    • 0031854385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning of sequential movements by neural network model with dopamine-like reinforcement signal
    • Suri R.E, Schultz W. Learning of sequential movements by neural network model with dopamine-like reinforcement signal. Expl Brain Res. 121:1998;350-354.
    • (1998) Expl Brain Res. , vol.121 , pp. 350-354
    • Suri, R.E.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 76
    • 0003617454 scopus 로고
    • PhD thesis, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
    • Sutton R. S. (1984) Temporal Credit Assignment in Reinforcement Learning. PhD thesis, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
    • (1984) Temporal Credit Assignment in Reinforcement Learning
    • Sutton, R.S.1
  • 77
    • 0019537951 scopus 로고
    • Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: Expectation and prediction
    • Sutton R.S, Barto A.G Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: expectation and prediction. Psychol. Rev. 88:1981;135-170.
    • (1981) Psychol. Rev. , vol.88 , pp. 135-170
    • Sutton, R.S.1    Barto, A.G.2
  • 79
    • 0003275980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 2.7 Optimistic Initial Values
    • MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA
    • Sutton R. S. and Barto A. G. (1998) Section 2.7 Optimistic Initial Values. In Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. pp. 39-41. MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1998) In Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction , pp. 39-41
    • Sutton, R.S.1    Barto, A.G.2
  • 80
    • 0018841702 scopus 로고
    • Supplementary motor area: Neuronal responses to motor instructions
    • Tanji J., Taniguchi K., Saga T. Supplementary motor area: neuronal responses to motor instructions. J. Neurophysiol. 43:1980;60-68.
    • (1980) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.43 , pp. 60-68
    • Tanji, J.1    Taniguchi, K.2    Saga, T.3
  • 81
    • 0000985504 scopus 로고
    • TD-Gammon, a self-teaching backgammon program, achieves master-level play
    • Tesauro G. TD-Gammon, a self-teaching backgammon program, achieves master-level play. Neural Comput. 6:1994;215-219.
    • (1994) Neural Comput. , vol.6 , pp. 215-219
    • Tesauro, G.1
  • 82
    • 0025644531 scopus 로고
    • Memory for temporal order and conditional associative-learning in patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Vriezen E.R, Moscovitch M. Memory for temporal order and conditional associative-learning in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia. 28:1990;1283-1293.
    • (1990) Neuropsychologia , vol.28 , pp. 1283-1293
    • Vriezen, E.R.1    Moscovitch, M.2
  • 83
    • 0020379249 scopus 로고
    • The premotor cortex of the monkey
    • Weinrich M., Wise S.P The premotor cortex of the monkey. J. Neurosci. 2:1982;1329-1345.
    • (1982) J. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 1329-1345
    • Weinrich, M.1    Wise, S.P.2
  • 84
    • 0029655991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine reverses the depression of rat corticostriatal synapses which normally follows high-frequency stimulation of cortex in vitro
    • Wickens J.R, Begg A.J, Arbuthnott G.W Dopamine reverses the depression of rat corticostriatal synapses which normally follows high-frequency stimulation of cortex in vitro. Neuroscience. 70(3):1996;1-5.
    • (1996) Neuroscience , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-5
    • Wickens, J.R.1    Begg, A.J.2    Arbuthnott, G.W.3
  • 85
    • 0001785024 scopus 로고
    • Cellular models of reinforcement
    • (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
    • Wickens J. and Kötter R. (1995) Cellular models of reinforcement. In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia, (eds Houk J. C., Davis J. L. and Beiser D. G.), pp. 187-214. MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    • (1995) In Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia , pp. 187-214
    • Wickens, J.1    Kötter, R.2
  • 86
    • 0018100734 scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptic-induced 'anhedonia' in rats: Pimozide blocks reward quality of food
    • Wise R.A, deWit J.S.H., Gerber G.J Neuroleptic-induced 'anhedonia' in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food. Science. 201:1978;262-264.
    • (1978) Science , vol.201 , pp. 262-264
    • Wise, R.A.1    Dewit, J.S.H.2    Gerber, G.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.