Russian regions in expanding Europe: The Pskov connection

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 43-64

  Alexseev, Mikhail A ^a   Vagin, Vladimir ^a  

^a State Customs Committee   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORDER REGION; ECONOMIC RELATIONS; GEOPOLITICS; REGIONALIZATION;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0032927334     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139999119     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Peter J. Stavrakis, Joan DeBardeleben & Larry Black (eds), Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia (Washington DC, The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). Major academic centres, most notably the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, the Moscow Carnegie Center, and CREES, University of Birmingham, now systematically study the political, economic and social dimensions of relations between Moscow and the outlying regions.
2. Anatolii Veslo, 'Opasayas' NATO, Pskovskii gubernator trebuet podkreplenii', Segodnya, 20 October 1996.
3. Rabochaya Tribuna (Moscow), 1 October 1996, p. 1, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) Report, FBIS-TAC-96-010.
4. Radio Tallinn Network in Estonian, 1200 GMT, 25 July 1996, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-96-146.
5. Vladimir Vagin (Vaguine), 'Why "Political Clairvoyants" Won', Rossiiskie vesti, 12 November 1996, p. 2, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-96-222.
6. See Mikhailov's election programme, 'Nash real'nyi shans', Russkii zapad (Pskov, formerly Pravda Zhirinovskogo-Pskovskii vypusk), 28 October 1996. Tumanov's campaign theme ('Let the young people work'), cooked up by his team of consultants from Moscow, failed to address local concerns the same way as Mikhailov's did. Moreover, Tumanov's slogan played right into the hands of Mikhailov who was 33 at the time of the campaign. Vladimir Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', Politika, 1997, 1, p. 75.
7. See Mikhailov's election programme, 'Nash real'nyi shans', Russkii zapad (Pskov, formerly Pravda Zhirinovskogo-Pskovskii vypusk), 28 October 1996. Tumanov's campaign theme ('Let the young people work'), cooked up by his team of consultants from Moscow, failed to address local concerns the same way as Mikhailov's did. Moreover, Tumanov's slogan played right into the hands of Mikhailov who was 33 at the time of the campaign. Vladimir Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', Politika, 1997, 1, p. 75.
8. A. G. Manakov, 'Razgadki "pskovskogo fenomena" ', Vash vybor, 1996, 2, pp. 17-19.
9. Finansovye izvestiya, 14 October 1997.
10. For Mikhailov's interview see Aleksei Andreev, 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-041-S; on Zhirinovsky's visit see Interfax (English) 1530 GMT, 31 May 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-153.
11. For Mikhailov's interview see Aleksei Andreev, 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-041-S; on Zhirinovsky's visit see Interfax (English) 1530 GMT, 31 May 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-153.
12. Ye. Ye. Skatershchikova & L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Zhiznennye migratsii rossiyan kak faktor territorial'noi splochennosti Rossii', Rossiya regionov, 1994, 1, pp. 10-11. Official Pskov data, reported by Vladimir Vagin. On Pskov rankings among other Russian regions see John Helmer, 'Russia: Regional Favoritism Adds to Budget Woes', RFE/RL, 23 April 1997 and 'Unemployment Exceeds 2 Million in May', RFE/RL, 29 June, 1995; OMRI Regional Profiles, Pskov Region (1996).
13. Ye. Ye. Skatershchikova & L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Zhiznennye migratsii rossiyan kak faktor territorial'noi splochennosti Rossii', Rossiya regionov, 1994, 1, pp. 10-11. Official Pskov data, reported by Vladimir Vagin. On Pskov rankings among other Russian regions see John Helmer, 'Russia: Regional Favoritism Adds to Budget Woes', RFE/RL, 23 April 1997 and 'Unemployment Exceeds 2 Million in May', RFE/RL, 29 June, 1995; OMRI Regional Profiles, Pskov Region (1996).
14. Ye. Ye. Skatershchikova & L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Zhiznennye migratsii rossiyan kak faktor territorial'noi splochennosti Rossii', Rossiya regionov, 1994, 1, pp. 10-11. Official Pskov data, reported by Vladimir Vagin. On Pskov rankings among other Russian regions see John Helmer, 'Russia: Regional Favoritism Adds to Budget Woes', RFE/RL, 23 April 1997 and 'Unemployment Exceeds 2 Million in May', RFE/RL, 29 June, 1995; OMRI Regional Profiles, Pskov Region (1996).
15. Ye. Ye. Skatershchikova & L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Zhiznennye migratsii rossiyan kak faktor territorial'noi splochennosti Rossii', Rossiya regionov, 1994, 1, pp. 10-11. Official Pskov data, reported by Vladimir Vagin. On Pskov rankings among other Russian regions see John Helmer, 'Russia: Regional Favoritism Adds to Budget Woes', RFE/RL, 23 April 1997 and 'Unemployment Exceeds 2 Million in May', RFE/RL, 29 June, 1995; OMRI Regional Profiles, Pskov Region (1996).
16. Al. Gavrilyuk, 'Crossing Border Fast. Kunichina Gora Motor Vehicle Customs Point Open', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 19 January 1995, p. 2, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-95-017-S.
17. Vagin, personal information. Also, Vladimir Vagin, Informatsionno-analiticheskoe obozrenie. Pskovskaya oblast', section on 'Vneshnie svyazi' (Pskov, The Russian Public Policy Centre Foundation, February 1997), para 1.5. This source, further referred to as Obozrenie, is a monthly survey of local press on specific issues of Pskov regional politics and economics. Reports on foreign relations are primarily drawn from articles published in Pskovskaya pravda, Novosti Pskova and Vechernii Pskov, the region's three most widely circulated newspapers. On reduction in the volume of trans-border contraband in the region over 1995 see Transboundary and Environmental News (TEN), 2, 2(8), 16-31 January 1996. This is a bulletin of the Transboundary and Environmental Information Agency, a non-profit information service covering the border area of the Baltic states, Finland and north-west Russia (www.teia.org).
18. Vagin, personal information. Also, Vladimir Vagin, Informatsionno-analiticheskoe obozrenie. Pskovskaya oblast', section on 'Vneshnie svyazi' (Pskov, The Russian Public Policy Centre Foundation, February 1997), para 1.5. This source, further referred to as Obozrenie, is a monthly survey of local press on specific issues of Pskov regional politics and economics. Reports on foreign relations are primarily drawn from articles published in Pskovskaya pravda, Novosti Pskova and Vechernii Pskov, the region's three most widely circulated newspapers. On reduction in the volume of trans-border contraband in the region over 1995 see Transboundary and Environmental News (TEN), 2, 2(8), 16-31 January 1996. This is a bulletin of the Transboundary and Environmental Information Agency, a non-profit information service covering the border area of the Baltic states, Finland and north-west Russia (www.teia.org).
19. Vagin, personal information. Also, Vladimir Vagin, Informatsionno-analiticheskoe obozrenie. Pskovskaya oblast', section on 'Vneshnie svyazi' (Pskov, The Russian Public Policy Centre Foundation, February 1997), para 1.5. This source, further referred to as Obozrenie, is a monthly survey of local press on specific issues of Pskov regional politics and economics. Reports on foreign relations are primarily drawn from articles published in Pskovskaya pravda, Novosti Pskova and Vechernii Pskov, the region's three most widely circulated newspapers. On reduction in the volume of trans-border contraband in the region over 1995 see Transboundary and Environmental News (TEN), 2, 2(8), 16-31 January 1996. This is a bulletin of the Transboundary and Environmental Information Agency, a non-profit information service covering the border area of the Baltic states, Finland and north-west Russia (www.teia.org).
20. Vagin, personal information. Also, Vladimir Vagin, Informatsionno-analiticheskoe obozrenie. Pskovskaya oblast', section on 'Vneshnie svyazi' (Pskov, The Russian Public Policy Centre Foundation, February 1997), para 1.5. This source, further referred to as Obozrenie, is a monthly survey of local press on specific issues of Pskov regional politics and economics. Reports on foreign relations are primarily drawn from articles published in Pskovskaya pravda, Novosti Pskova and Vechernii Pskov, the region's three most widely circulated newspapers. On reduction in the volume of trans-border contraband in the region over 1995 see Transboundary and Environmental News (TEN), 2, 2(8), 16-31 January 1996. This is a bulletin of the Transboundary and Environmental Information Agency, a non-profit information service covering the border area of the Baltic states, Finland and north-west Russia (www.teia.org).
21. 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
22. Vagin, personal information.
23. Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', pp. 75, 78. See also Mikhailov interview in 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
24. Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', pp. 75, 78. See also Mikhailov interview in 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
25. ITAR-TASS (English), 1554 GMT, 4 April 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-094; 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
26. ITAR-TASS (English), 1554 GMT, 4 April 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-094; 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
27. Obozrenie, July 1997, para. 4.2.
28. ITAR-TASS (English), 1939 GMT, 30 December 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-364; Obozrenie, December 1997.
29. ITAR-TASS (English), 1939 GMT, 30 December 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-364; Obozrenie, December 1997.
30. Obozrenie, July 1997, para. 4.2; January 1998, para. 4.6.
31. Radiostantsiya Belarus, International Service in Belarussian, 1800 GMT, 6 May 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-126. As follows from the same report, Pskov leaders had a clear incentive to emulate Smolensk's relations with Belarus - in 1996 Smolensk's trade turnover with Vitebsk, at $6 million, was twice as much as Pskov's.
32. Obozrenie, September 1997, para. 4.1. In the same vein, activists of Pskov region's youth movements and government officials, including chief expert of the Russian Federation Committee for Youth Affairs, S. Aidokov, met their Belarussian counterparts in Pskov to support the Russia-Belarus Union. They decided to develop symbols for and advertise Russia-Belarus Union among the young people, launch joint expeditions to search for and rebury the remains of servicemen killed in World War II, hold meetings of young servicemen of Russia and Belarus (under the slogan 'two armies but one goal'), revive the Slavic Spring youth festival, and encourage business contacts between young people across the Russia-Belarus border. Again, a special relationship between Pskov and Vitebsk regions was emphasised.
33. Daniel Rosenblum, 'They Pretend to Pay Us ... The Wage Arrears Crises in the Post-Soviet States', Demokratizatsiya, 5, Spring 1997, p. 300.
34. Pskovskaya Pravda, 24 February 1996, in TEN, 2, 4, 16-29 February 1996; Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', p. 75.
35. Pskovskaya Pravda, 24 February 1996, in TEN, 2, 4, 16-29 February 1996; Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', p. 75.
36. Pskovskaya Pravda, 24 February 1996, in TEN, 2, 4, 16-29 February 1996; Vagin, 'Pskovskii variant gubernatorskikh vyborov', p. 75.
37. The quotation from Mikhailov is in 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4; Interfax (English), 1530 GMT, 31 May 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SV-97-153.
38. The quotation from Mikhailov is in 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4; Interfax (English), 1530 GMT, 31 May 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SV-97-153.
39. I. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1996, 8, p. 110.
40. 'Crossing Border Fast. Kunichina Gora Motor Vehicle Customs Point Open', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 19 January 1995, p. 2; Saulius Girnius, 'New Russian Checkpoints with Latvia and Estonia', RFE/RL Newsline, 16 January 1995.
41. 'Crossing Border Fast. Kunichina Gora Motor Vehicle Customs Point Open', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 19 January 1995, p. 2; Saulius Girnius, 'New Russian Checkpoints with Latvia and Estonia', RFE/RL Newsline, 16 January 1995.
42. Genrikh Railo, 'Border Policy: Old Problems of New Boundaries, or Why a Law on Border Territories is Needed', Granitsa Rossii (Moscow), 21 August 1996, p. 5, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-96-209-S. At the time of writing, May 1998, Russia was not listed as a Council of Europe Convention (ETS No. 106) participant, according to the official Council worldwide web site.
43. Obozrenie, February 1997, para. 1.5; data on regional salary income are in Michael McFaul & Nikolai Petrov, Previewing Russia's 1995 Parliamentary Elections (Moscow, Carnegie Moscow Center, 1995), p. 228. Since the salary income was calculated in dollars, we assume little change between 1995 and 1997. Pskov region's population was estimated at 835 000 in 1995.
44. Obozrenie, February 1997, para. 1.5; data on regional salary income are in Michael McFaul & Nikolai Petrov, Previewing Russia's 1995 Parliamentary Elections (Moscow, Carnegie Moscow Center, 1995), p. 228. Since the salary income was calculated in dollars, we assume little change between 1995 and 1997. Pskov region's population was estimated at 835 000 in 1995.
45. Tallinn Estonian Television Network (Estonian), 1800 GMT, 23 October 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-296.
46. Vagin.
47. M. Bronshtein, 'Estoniya: ekonomika i geopolitika', Voprosy ekonomiki, 1995, 2, pp. 114-122.
48. Ivchenko is quoted in Obozrenie, August 1997; Mikhailov's interview in 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
49. Ivchenko is quoted in Obozrenie, August 1997; Mikhailov's interview in 'We Are from Pskov', Zavtra, 1 November 1996, p. 4.
50. Bronshtein, 'Estoniya: ekonomika i geopolitika', p. 118.
51. Ibid., p. 120; Vagin; TEN, 3, 3, 1-15 February 1997.
52. Ibid., p. 120; Vagin; TEN, 3, 3, 1-15 February 1997.
53. Ibid., p. 121.
54. 'Russia to Build New Cargo Terminals on the Gulf of Finland', RFE/RL Newsline, 1, 48, Part I, 9 June 1997.
55. Ibid.
56. Obozrenie, April 1997, para. 4.2.
57. Obozrenie, December 1997. Of the 21 subjects of the federation surveyed by the Foreign Investment Promotion Centre of the Russian economics ministry in 1997, Pskov was among the six that offered foreign investors both tax breaks in the first years of operation and legal guarantees of their property rights. See Reference Book on the Russian Investment Legislation (Federation and Regions) (Moscow, Gosincor, 1997).
58. Obozrenie, December 1997. Of the 21 subjects of the federation surveyed by the Foreign Investment Promotion Centre of the Russian economics ministry in 1997, Pskov was among the six that offered foreign investors both tax breaks in the first years of operation and legal guarantees of their property rights. See Reference Book on the Russian Investment Legislation (Federation and Regions) (Moscow, Gosincor, 1997).
59. Interfax (English), 1833 GMT, 10 November 1996, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-96-220; Ekho Moskvy (Russian), 0800 GMT, 10 September 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-253; Riga Radio Network (Latvian), 1400 GMT, 26 February 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-040.
60. Interfax (English), 1833 GMT, 10 November 1996, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-96-220; Ekho Moskvy (Russian), 0800 GMT, 10 September 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-253; Riga Radio Network (Latvian), 1400 GMT, 26 February 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-040.
61. Interfax (English), 1833 GMT, 10 November 1996, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-96-220; Ekho Moskvy (Russian), 0800 GMT, 10 September 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-253; Riga Radio Network (Latvian), 1400 GMT, 26 February 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-040.
62. Obozrenie, December 1996, para. 3.2.
63. Obozrenie, March 1997, para. 4.4. Poberii also said that regional and district governments must do more to facilitate registration of joint ventures and ensure enforcement of business regulations.
64. ITAR-TASS (English), 1824 GMT, 24 April 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-114.
65. Tallinn Estonian Television Network (Estonian), 1800 GMT, 23 October 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-97-296.
66. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', p. 111, TEN, 3, 2, 16-31 January 1997. On Via Russica see 'News Digest', Lake Peipsi Quarterly, 2, Spring 1996 (http:www.eenet.cc/ ∼ plp/lpq3/digest.html), with reference to ETA, 26 April 1996. Although the ministry of transport of Estonia objected to upgrading the Tallinn-Tartu highway, it supported the development of railway links with Russia.
67. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', p. 111, TEN, 3, 2, 16-31 January 1997. On Via Russica see 'News Digest', Lake Peipsi Quarterly, 2, Spring 1996 (http:www.eenet.cc/ ∼ plp/lpq3/digest.html), with reference to ETA, 26 April 1996. Although the ministry of transport of Estonia objected to upgrading the Tallinn-Tartu highway, it supported the development of railway links with Russia.
68. Egor Vasil'cv, 'The Baltic Oil Connection and Russian Interests', Delvoi Vtornik, 1998, 16, in RIA Novosti, Daily Review, Issue 002, 15 May 1998; Marina Kalashnikova, 'Baltiiskii uzelok v "besshovnoi" Evrope', Itogi, 17 December 1996.
69. Egor Vasil'cv, 'The Baltic Oil Connection and Russian Interests', Delvoi Vtornik, 1998, 16, in RIA Novosti, Daily Review, Issue 002, 15 May 1998; Marina Kalashnikova, 'Baltiiskii uzelok v "besshovnoi" Evrope', Itogi, 17 December 1996.
70. Egor Vasil'cv, 'The Baltic Oil Connection and Russian Interests', Delvoi Vtornik, 1998, 16, in RIA Novosti, Daily Review, Issue 002, 15 May 1998; Marina Kalashnikova, 'Baltiiskii uzelok v "besshovnoi" Evrope', Itogi, 17 December 1996.
71. TEN, 3, 2, 16-31 January 1997; TEN, 2, 8 16-30 April 1996. In an official communication to the Council of Europe in 1994, the commission concluded that 'the Baltic Sea region is of increasing importance for the [European] Union'. While noting that the region was 'an important market and centre of economic activity' and 'a crossroads between the industrialised Union - up to 370 million people after the enlargement - and the developing East with rich natural resources and 250 million people', the commission saw the EU's key long-term task as bridging socioeconomic disparities between 11 million citizens of the EU member states, another 18 million (in the Baltic and Scandinavian states) to enter as a result of enlargement, and the remaining 21 million (mostly in north-west Russia). Toward this end, the EU mobilised its financial instruments to assist the economic development of the region, giving 1.5 billion ECU of Phare assistance to Poland and the three Baltic states, as well as 78 million ECU of Tacis directly to north-western regions in Russia in 1990-93 (and pledging that more would follow). See European Commission, 'Orientations for a Union Approach Toward the Baltic Sea Region', Executive Summary, Brussels, 25 October 1994.
72. TEN, 3, 2, 16-31 January 1997; TEN, 2, 8 16-30 April 1996. In an official communication to the Council of Europe in 1994, the commission concluded that 'the Baltic Sea region is of increasing importance for the [European] Union'. While noting that the region was 'an important market and centre of economic activity' and 'a crossroads between the industrialised Union - up to 370 million people after the enlargement - and the developing East with rich natural resources and 250 million people', the commission saw the EU's key long-term task as bridging socioeconomic disparities between 11 million citizens of the EU member states, another 18 million (in the Baltic and Scandinavian states) to enter as a result of enlargement, and the remaining 21 million (mostly in north-west Russia). Toward this end, the EU mobilised its financial instruments to assist the economic development of the region, giving 1.5 billion ECU of Phare assistance to Poland and the three Baltic states, as well as 78 million ECU of Tacis directly to north-western regions in Russia in 1990-93 (and pledging that more would follow). See European Commission, 'Orientations for a Union Approach Toward the Baltic Sea Region', Executive Summary, Brussels, 25 October 1994.
73. TEN, 3, 2, 16-31 January 1997; TEN, 2, 8 16-30 April 1996. In an official communication to the Council of Europe in 1994, the commission concluded that 'the Baltic Sea region is of increasing importance for the [European] Union'. While noting that the region was 'an important market and centre of economic activity' and 'a crossroads between the industrialised Union - up to 370 million people after the enlargement - and the developing East with rich natural resources and 250 million people', the commission saw the EU's key long-term task as bridging socioeconomic disparities between 11 million citizens of the EU member states, another 18 million (in the Baltic and Scandinavian states) to enter as a result of enlargement, and the remaining 21 million (mostly in north-west Russia). Toward this end, the EU mobilised its financial instruments to assist the economic development of the region, giving 1.5 billion ECU of Phare assistance to Poland and the three Baltic states, as well as 78 million ECU of Tacis directly to north-western regions in Russia in 1990-93 (and pledging that more would follow). See European Commission, 'Orientations for a Union Approach Toward the Baltic Sea Region', Executive Summary, Brussels, 25 October 1994.
74. Tallinn ETA (English), 1721 GMT, 27 March 1995, in FBIS, Daily Report, FBIS-SOV-95-060.
75. Vladimir Vagin was on the receiving end of this phone call. This seems to be part of an emerging tendency for city-to-city treaties to restore economic relations between the Baltic and Russian cities that were severed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. For example, in October 1997 the Latvian port of Liepaya and the Russian city of Tver' signed a treaty on friendly relations (the most direct trade route between Tver' and Liepaya lies through Pskov region, with which Tver' has a border in the north-west). On 28-29 November 1997, 30 Liepaen business people came to Tver' to discuss restoring economic tics with some leading local businesses such as Tsentrosvar, Volzhskii Pekar, Tverskaya Manufaktura, Intersphere shareholding, Trado bank and the Association of Commercial Organisations. IEWS, Russian Regional Report, 2, 43, 11 December 1997, Internet Edition.
76. Tallinn ETA (English), 0805 GMT, 22 April 1996, in FBIS, Report, FBIS-TDD-96-016-L; Obozrenie, April 1997, para. 4.2.
77. Tallinn ETA (English), 0805 GMT, 22 April 1996, in FBIS, Report, FBIS-TDD-96-016-L; Obozrenie, April 1997, para. 4.2.
78. TEN, 3, 9, 1-15 May 1997; Obozrenie, May 1997, para. 2.1; TEN, 2, 2, 16-31 October 1996.
79. TEN, 3, 9, 1-15 May 1997; Obozrenie, May 1997, para. 2.1; TEN, 2, 2, 16-31 October 1996.
80. TEN, 3, 9, 1-15 May 1997; Obozrenie, May 1997, para. 2.1; TEN, 2, 2, 16-31 October 1996.
81. Obozrenie, August 1997, para. 4.3.
82. Obozrenie, October 1997, para. 4.3.
83. Novosti Pskova, 16 December 1995, in 'News Digest from the Region', Lake Peipsi Quarterly, 2, Winter 1996.
84. Novosti Pskova, 16 December 1995, in 'News Digest from the Region', Lake Peipsi Quarterly, 2, Winter 1996.
85. Itogi; Svetlana Babaeva, 'Vo chto oboidetsya embargo?' Izvestiya, 11 March 1998 p. 1.
86. Itogi; Svetlana Babaeva, 'Vo chto oboidetsya embargo?' Izvestiya, 11 March 1998 p. 1.
87. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', p. 108.
88. Vagin.
89. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', p. 111. In 1994 Russian companies accounted for a quarter of $250 million of foreign investment in Estonia (ibid.); Vasil'ev, 'The Baltic Oil Connection'.
90. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', p. 111. In 1994 Russian companies accounted for a quarter of $250 million of foreign investment in Estonia (ibid.); Vasil'ev, 'The Baltic Oil Connection'.
91. Marinin, 'Rossiisko-estonskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya', p. 111. In 1994 Russian companies accounted for a quarter of $250 million of foreign investment in Estonia (ibid.); Vasil'ev, 'The Baltic Oil Connection'.
92. Ibid.
93. 'Connections Needed', The Economist, 15 March 1997 pp. 69-70.
94. Vagin.
95. Pskovskii kur'er, 1996, 3, p. 1; see the editorial by the publisher, D. Belyaev.
96. TEN, 2, 13 1-15 July 1996. 12 July 1996 was labelled 'Black Friday' by Russians in Estonia. After that day Russian passports could only be used within Estonia, to be gradually replaced by Estonian residence permits, and were invalid for entry into Estonia from Russia.