Drug, meal and formulation interactions influencing drug absorption after oral administration. Clinical implications

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 233-254

  Fleisher, David ^a   Li, Cheng ^a   Zhou, Yuji ^a   Pao, Li Heng ^b   Karim, Aziz ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER   (Taiwan)

^c PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BIDISOMIDE; BUMETANIDE; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CHLOROTHIAZIDE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DIDANOSINE; DIGOXIN; DISOPYRAMIDE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FUROSEMIDE; GABAPENTIN; HYDRALAZINE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; IBUPROFEN; INDINAVIR; ISONIAZID; MESALAZINE; METFORMIN; NITROFURANTOIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORFLOXACIN; PARACETAMOL; PENICILLIN V; PROPRANOLOL; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RUFINAMIDE; SPIRONOLACTONE; TETRACYCLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BILE SECRETION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DEGRADATION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SOLUBILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE TRANSIT TIME; MEAL; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PANCREAS SECRETION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW; STOMACH EMPTYING; STOMACH PH; SUSTAINED RELEASE PREPARATION;

EID: 0032927254     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199936030-00004     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Rowland M, Tozer TN, editors. Clinical pharmacokinetics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 1995: 119-36
2. Carver PL, Fleisher D, Zhou SY, et al. Meal composition effects on the oral absorption of indinavir in HIV-infected patients. Pharm Res. In press
3. Pargal A, Kelkar MG, Nayak PJ. The effect of food on the bioavailability of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen from sustained release formulations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1996; 17 (6): 511-9
4. Lomaestro BM, Bailie GR. Absorption interactions with fluoroquinolones: 1995 update. Drug Saf 1995; 12 (5): 314-33
5. Deppermann KM, Lode H. Fluoroquinolones: interaction profile during enteral absorption. Drugs 1993; 45 Suppl. 3:65-72
6. Dongowski G, Neubert R, Haase H, et al. Interactions between food components and drugs: Pt 4. Influence of pectins and bile salts on propranolol absorption. Int J Pharm 1996 Nov 29; 144: 233-9
7. Huupponen R, Seppala P, Iisalo E. Effect of guar gum, a fibre preparation, on digoxin and penicillin absorption in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 26 (2): 279-81
8. Russell TL, Berardi RR, Barnett JL, et al. Upper gastrointestinal pH in seventy-nine healthy, elderly, North American men and women. Pharm Res 1993; 10 (2): 187-96
9. Sievers ML. A study of achlorhydria among southwestern American Indians. Am J Gastroenterol 1966; 45 (2): 99-108
10. Holt PR, Rosenberg IH, Russell RM. Causes and consequences of hypochlorhydria in the elderly. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34 (6): 933-7
11. Varis K, Ihamaki T, Harkonen M, et al. Gastric morphology, function, and immunology in first-degree relatives of probands with pernicious anemia and controls. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979; 14 (2): 129-39
12. Meddings JB. Intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl. 3: 47-56
13. Gubbins PO, Bertch KE. Drug absorption in gastrointestinal disease and surgery. Pharmacotherapy 1989; 9 (5): 285-95
14. Gubbins PO, Bertch KE. Drug absorption in gastrointestinal disease and surgery: clinical pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 21 (6): 431-47
15. Youngberg CA, Berardi RR, Howatt WF, et al. Comparison of gastrointestinal pH in cystic fibrosis and healthy subjects. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32 (5): 472-80
16. Herzlich BC, Schiano TD, Moussa Z, et al. Decreased intrinsic factor secretion in AIDS: relation to parietal cell acid secretory capacity and vitamin B12 malabsorption. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87 (12): 1781-8
17. Lake-Bakaar G, Elsakr M, Hagag N, et al. Changes in parietal cell structure and function in HIV disease. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41 (7): 1398-408
18. Welling PG. Effects of food on drug absorption. Pharmacol Ther 1989; 43 (3): 425-41
19. Shafer RB, Levine AS, Marlette JM, et al. Do calories, osmolality, or calcium determine gastric emptying? Am J Physiol 1985; 248 (4 Pt 2): 479-83
20. Hunt JN. Does calcium mediate slowing of gastric emptying by fat in humans? Am J Physiol 1983; 244 (1): 89-94
21. Oberle RL, Chen TS, Lloyd C, et al. The influence of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex on the gastric emptying of liquids. Gastroenterology 1990; 99 (5): 1275-82
22. Collins PJ, Horowitz M, Maddox A, et al. Effects of increasing solid component size of a mixed solid/liquid meal on solid and liquid gastric emptying. Am J Physiol 1996; 271 (4 Pt 1): 549-54
23. Camilleri M, Malagelada JR, Brown ML, et al. Relation between antral motility and gastric emptying of solids and liquids in humans. Am J Physiol 1985; 249 (5 Pt 1): 580-5
24. Meyer JH, Dressman J, Fink A, et al. Effect of size and density on canine gastric emptying of nondigestible solids. Gastroenterology 1985; 89 (4): 805-13
25. Fleisher D, Lippert CL, Sheth N, et al. Nutrient effects on intestinal drug absorption. J Controlled Release 1990 Jan; 11: 41-9
26. Walter-Sack I. What is 'fasting' drug administration? On the role of gastric motility in drug absorption. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 42 (1): 11-3
27. Deppermann KM, Lode H, Hoffken G, et al. Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33 (11): 1901-7
28. Sadowski DC. Drug interactions with antacids: mechanisms and clinical significance. Drug Saf 1994; 11 (6): 395-407
29. Muck W, Ritter W, Dietrich H, et al. Influence of the antacid Maalox and the H2-antagonist cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 35 (6): 261-4
30. Sommers DK, van Wyk M, Snyman JR, et al. The effects of omeprazole-induced hypochlorhydria on absorption of theophylline from a sustained-release formulation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 43 (2): 141-3
31. Chaudhuri TK, Fink S. Update: pharmaceuticals and gastric emptying. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85 (3): 223-30
32. Lin JH, Chen IW, Vastag KJ, et al. pH-dependent oral absorption of L-735,524, a potent HIV protease inhibitor, in rats and dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 1995; 23 (7): 730-5
33. Levy RH, Pitlick WH, Troupin AS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in normal man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975; 17 (6): 657-68
34. Yu LX, Crison JR, Amidon GL. Compartmental transit and dispersion model analysis of small intestinal transit flow in humans. Int J Pharm 1996 Aug 16; 140: 111-8
35. Bedford TA, Rowbotham DJ. Cisapride: drug interactions of clinical significance [published erratum appears in Drug Saf 1997; 17 (3): 196]. Drug Saf 1996; 15 (3): 167-75
36. Greiff JM, Rowbotham D. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with gastrointestinal motility modifying agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994; 27 (6): 447-61
37. Koch KM, Parr AF, Tomlinson JJ, et al. Effect of sodium acid pyrophosphate on ranitidine bioavailability and gastrointestinal transit time. Pharm Res 1993 Jul; 10: 1027-30
38. Li AP, Maurel P, Gomez-Lechon MJ, et al. Preclinical evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential: present status of the application of primary human hepatocytes in the evaluation of cytochrome P450 induction. Chem Biol Interact 1997; 107 (1-2): 5-16
39. Sinko PJ, Balimane PV. Carrier-mediated intestinal absorption of valacyclovir, the L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir: I. Interactions with peptides, organic anions and organic cations in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1998; 19 (4): 209-17
40. Pao LH, Zhou SY, Cook C, et al. Reduced systemic availability of an antiarrhythmic drug, bidisomide, with meal co-administration: relationship with region-dependent intestinal absorption. Pharm Res 1998; 15 (2): 221-7
41. Katori N, Aoyagi N, Kojima S. Effects of codeine on the agitating force and gastrointestinal transit time in dogs, for use in drug absorption studies. Biol Pharm Bull 1998; 21 (4):418-20
42. Bryson JC, Dukes GE, Kirby MG, et al. Effect of altering small bowel transit time on sustained release theophylline absorption. J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 29 (8): 733-8
43. Lewis SJ, Oakey RE, Heaton KW. Intestinal absorption of oestrogen: the effect of altering transit-time. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10 (1): 33-9
44. Miles C, Dickson P, Rana K, et al. CCK antagonist pre-treatment inhibits meal-enhanced drug absorption in dogs. Regul Pept 1997; 68 (1): 9-14
45. Shah VP, Hunt JP, Fairweather WR, et al. Influence of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on the absorption of tetracycline. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1986; 7 (1): 27-33
46. Hendeles L, Weinberger M, Milavetz G, et al. Food-induced 'dose-dumping' from a once-a-day theophylline product as a cause of theophylline toxicity. Chest 1985; 87 (6): 758-65
47. Fleisher D. Gastrointestinal transport of peptides: experimential systems. In: Taylor MD, Amidon GL, editor. Peptide based drug design: controlling transport and metabolism. Washington, DC: ACS Professional Reference Books, 1995: 501-23
48. Matthes I, Nimmerfall F, Sucker H. Mucus models for investigation of intestinal absorption: Pt 2. Mechanisms of drug interaction with intestinal mucus. Pharmazie 1992 Aug; 47: 609-13
49. Li C, Pao L-H, Li L, et al. Regional intestinal absorption and meal effects on LY303366 in a canine model. Pharm Sci 1998; 1 (1 Suppl.): S-10
50. Nakanishi K, Nadai T, Masada M, et al. Effect of cyclodextrins on biological membrane: II. Mechanism of enhancement on the intestinal absorption of non-absorbable drug by cyclodextrins. Chem Pharm Bull 1992; 40 (5): 1252-6
51. Bagchi D, Carryl OR, Tran MX, et al. Stress, diet and alcohol-induced oxidative gastrointestinal mucosal injury in rats and protection by bismuth subsalicylate. J Appl Toxicol 1998; 18 (1): 3-13
52. Goldstein DB. The effects of drugs on membrane fluidity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1984; 24: 43-64
53. Friedlandcr G, Le Grimellec C, Amiel C. Increase in membrane fluidity modulates sodium-coupled uptakes and cyclic AMP synthesis by renal proximal tubular cells in primary culture. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1022 (1): 1-7
54. Lu HH, Thomas J, Fleisher D. Influence of D-glucose-induced water absorption on rat jejunal uptake of two passively absorbed drugs. J Pharm Sci 1992; 81 (1): 21-5
55. Lu HH, Thomas JD, Tukker JJ, et al. Intestinal water and solute absorption studies: comparison of in situ perfusion with chronic isolated loops in rats. Pharm Res 1992; 9 (7): 894-900
56. Lennernas H. Does fluid flow across the intestinal mucosa affect quantitative oral drug absorption? Is it time for a reevaluation? Pharm Res 1995; 12 (11): 1573-82
57. Zhou S, Zimmermann E, Pao L-H, et al. Intestinal metabolism and elimination of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. In press
58. Yuasa H, Amidon GL, Fleisher D. Peptide carrier-mediated transport in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles of rats and rabbits: cephradine uptake and inhibition. Pharm Res 1993; 10 (3): 400-4
59. Yuasa H, Fleisher D, Amidon GL. Noncompetitive inhibition of cephradine uptake by enalapril in rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles: an enalapril specific inhibitory binding site on the peptide carrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 269 (3): 1107-11
60. Jezyk N, Fleisher D. The transport of pregabatin in rat intestine and Caco-2 Monolayers. Pharm Res 1999; 16 (4): 519-26
61. Stewart BH, Kugler AR, Thompson PR, et al. A saturable transport mechanism in the intestinal absorption of gahapentin is the underlying cause of the lack of proportionality between increasing dose and drug levels in plasma. Pharm Res 1993; 10 (2): 276-81
62. Kim JS, Oberle RL, Krummel DA, et al. Absorption of ACE inhihitors from small intestine and colon. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83 (9): 1350-6
63. Gidal BE, Maly MM, Kowalski JW, et al. Gabapentin absorption: effect of mixing with foods of varying macronutrient composition. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32 (4): 405-9
64. Gidal BE, Maly MM, Budde J, et al. Effect of a high-protein meal on gabapentin pharmacokinetics. Epilepsy Res 1996; 23 (1): 71-6
65. Fleisher D, Johnson KC, Stewart BH, et al. Oral absorption of 21-corticosteroid esters: a function of aqueous stability and intestinal enzyme activity and distribution. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75 (10): 934-9
66. TenHoor CN, Stewart BH. Reconversion of fosphenytoin in the presence of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Pharm Res 1995; 12 (11): 1806-9
67. Fleisher D, Bong R, Stewart BH. Improved oral drug delivery: solubility limitations overcome by the use of prodrugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Rev 1996 May; 19: 115-30
68. Dunselman PH, Scaf AH, Kuntze CE, et al. Digoxin-felodipine interaction in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35 (5): 461-5
69. De Mey C, Brendel E, Enterling D. Carvedilol increases the systemic bioavailability of oral digoxin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29 (4): 486-90
70. Carlton LD, Pollack GM, Brouwer KL. Physiologic pharmacokinetic modeling of gastrointestinal blood flow as a rate-limiting step in the oral absorption of digoxin: implications for patients with congestive heart failure receiving epoprostenol. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85 (5): 473-7
71. Su SF, Huang JD. Inhibition of the intestinal digoxin absorption and exsorption by quinidine. Drug Metabol Dispos 1996; 24 (2): 142-7
72. Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL. Transport and epithelial secretion of the cardiac glycoside, digoxin, by human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118 (6): 1389-96
73. Fricker G, Drewe J, Huwyler J, et al. Relevance of p-glycoprotein for the enteral absorption of cyclosporin A: in vitro-in vivo correlation. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118 (7): 1841-7
74. Ameer B, Weintraub RA. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 33 (2): 103-21
75. Zhang Y, Guo X, Lin ET, et al. Overlapping substrate specificities of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein for a novel cysteine protease inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 1998; 26 (4) 360-6
76. Liedholm H, Melander A. Concomitant food intake can increase the bioavailability of propranolol by transient inhibition of its presystemic primary conjugation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40 (1): 29-36
77. Melander A, Liedholm H, McLean A. Concomitant food intake does enhance the bioavailability and effect of hydralazine [letter]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38 (4): 475-6
78. Liedholm H, Wahlin-Boll E, Hanson A, et al. Influence of food on the bioavailability of 'real' and 'apparent' hydralazine from conventional and slow-release preparations. Drug Nutr Interact 1982; 1 (4): 293-302
79. Schusdziarra V, Harris V, Arimura A, et al. Evidence for a role of splanchnic somatostatin in the homeostasis of ingested nutrients. Endocrinology 1979; 104 (6): 1705-8
80. Ludden TM, Allerheiligen SR, Browne TR, et al. Sensitivity analysis of the effect of bioavailability or dosage form content on mean steady state phenytoin concentration. Ther Drug Monit 1991; 13 (2): 120-5
81. Tschanz C, Stargel WW, Thomas JA. Interactions between drugs and nutrients. Adv Pharmacol 1996; 35: 1-26
82. Williams L, Hill Jr DP, Davis JA, et al. The influence of food on the absorption and metabolism of drugs: an update [see comments]. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1996; 21 (3): 201-11
83. Bechtol LD, Bessent CT, Perkal MB. Influence of food on the absorption of erythromycin esters and enteric coated erythromycin in single dose studies. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1979 May; 25: 618-25
84. Polache A, Munck LK, Munck BG. Baclofen (beta-p-chlorophonyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid) transport across rat jejunum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1147 (2): 267-72
85. Stevenson CM, Radulovic LL, Bockbrader HN, et al. Contrasting nutrient effects on the plasma levels of an amino acid-like antiepileptic agent from jejunal administration in dogs. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86 (8): 953-7
86. Watkins PB. Drug metabolism by cytochromes P450 in the liver and small bowel. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21 (3): 511-26
87. Fuhr U. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice: extent, probable mechanism and clinical relevance. Drug Saf 1998; 18 (4): 251-72
88. Lundahl J, Regardh CG, Edgar B, et al. Effects of grapefruit juice ingestion: pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of intravenously and orally administered felodipine in healthy men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 52 (2): 139-45
89. McLean AJ, Isbister C, Bobik A, et al. Reduction of first pass hepatic clearance of propranolol by food. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981 Jul; 30: 31-34
90. McLean AJ, McNamara PJ, duSouich P, et al. Food, splanchnic blood flow, and bioavailability of drugs subject to first pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978 Jul; 24: 5-10
91. Holt S, Heading RC, Carter DC, et al. Effect of gel fibre on gastric emptying and absorption of glucose and paracetamol. Lancet 1979; 1 (8117): 636-9
92. Gin H, Orgerie MB, Aubertin J. The influence of Guar gum on absorption of metformin from the gut in healthy volunteers. Horm Metab Res 1989; 21 (2): 81-3
93. Brown DD, Juhl RP. Decreased bioavailability of digoxin due to antacids and kaolin-pectin. N Engl J Med 1976; 295 (19): 1034-7
94. McCrindle JL, Li Kam Wa TC, Barron W, et al. Effect of food on the absorption of frusemide and bumetanide in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 42 (6): 743-6
95. Mizuta H, Kawazoe Y, Ogawa K. Gastrointestinal absorption of chlorothiazide: evaluation of a method using salicylazosulfa-pyridine and acetaminophen as the marker compounds for determination of the gastrointestinal transit time in the dog. Chem Pharm Bull 1990; 38 (10): 2810-3
96. Lin HC, Doty JE, Reedy TJ, et al. Inhibition of gastric emptying by glucose depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient. Am J Physiol 1989; 256 (2 Pt 1): G404-11
97. Lin HC, Kim BH, Elashoff JD, et al. Gastric emptying of solid food is most potently inhibited by carbohydrate in the canine distal ileum. Gastroenterology 1992; 102 (3): 793-801
98. Goldman P. Olestra: assessing its potential to interact with drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61 (6): 613-8
99. Lawson KD, Middleton SJ, Hassall CD. Olestra, a nonabsorbed, noncaloric replacement for dietary fat: a review. Drug Metab Rev 1997; 29 (3): 651-703
100. Manning WJ. Olestra and the FDA [letter]. N Engl J Med 1996; 335 (9): 668-70
101. Jandacek R. The effect of nonabsorbable lipids on the intestinal absorption of lipophiles. Drug Metab Rev 1982; 13: 695-714
102. Richter WO, Jacob BG, Schwandt P. Interaction between fibre and lovastatin [letter]. Lancet 1991; 338 (8768): 706
103. Albert KS, Ayres JW, DiSanto AR, et al. Influence of kaolinpectin suspension on digoxin bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67 (11): 1582-6
104. Allen MD, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, et al. Effect of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide and kaolin-pectin on absorption of digoxin from tablets and capsules. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21 (1): 26-30
105. Albert KS, DeSante KA, Welch RD, et al. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin-pectin and clindamycin. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67 (11): 1579-82
106. Lieber CS. Mechanisms of ethanol-drug-nutrition interactions. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32 (6): 631-81
107. Rubin E, Gang H, Misra PS, et al. Inhibition of drug metabolism by acute ethanol intoxication: a hepatic microsomal mechanism. Am J Med 1970; 49 (6): 801-6
108. Carulli N, Manenti F, Gallo M, et al. Alcohol-drugs interaction in man: alcohol and tolbutamide. Eur J Clin Invest 1971; 1 (6): 421-4
109. Welling PG. Interactions affecting drug absorption. Clin Pharmacokinet 1984; 9 (5): 404-34
110. Welling PG. Effects of food on drug absorption. Annu Rev Nutr 1996; 16: 383-415
111. Guengerich FP. Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug-drug interactions. Adv Pharmacol 1997; 43: 7-35
112. Resetarits DE, Bates TR. Apparent dose-dependent absorption of chlorothiazide in dogs. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1979; 7 (5):463-70
113. Morse GD, Fischl MA, Shelton MJ, et al. Didanosine reduces atevirdine absorption in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40 (3): 767-71
114. Albengres E, Le Louet H, Tillement JP. Systemic antifungal agents: drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf 1998; 18 (2): 83-97
115. Koneru B, Cowart DT, Noorisa M, et al. Effect of increasing gastric pH with famotidine on the absorption and oral pharmacokinetics of the inotropic agent vesnarinone. J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 38 (5): 429-32
116. Jung H, Medina R, Castro N, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel administered alone and in combination with cimetidine in a single-day therapeutic regimen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41 (6): 1256-9
117. Jou MJ, Huang SC, Kiang FM, et al. Comparison of the effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics or disopyramide in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49 (11): 1072-5
118. Marchbanks CR. Drug-drug interactions with fluoroquinolones. Pharmacotherapy 1993; 13 (2 Pt 2): 23-8S
119. Pan HY, DeVault AR, Swites BJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pravastatin alone and with cholestyramine in hypercholesterolemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48 (2): 201-7
120. Guentert TW, Defoin R, Mosberg H. The influence of cholestyramine on the elimination of tenoxicam and piroxicam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 34 (3): 283-9
121. Ahonen J, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of route of administration of fluconazole on the interaction between fluconazole and midazolam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 51 (5): 415-9
122. Jonsson TRAU. A study of the absorption of diltiazem from the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract [abstract]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 35 Suppl.: A243
123. Homsy W, Caille G, duSouich P. The site of absorption in the small intestine determines dilliazem bioavailability in the rabbit. Pharm Res 1995, 12 (11): 1722-6
124. duSouich P, Lery N, Varin F, et al. Influence of food on the bioavailability of diltiazem and two of its metabolites following the administration of conventional tablets and slow-release capsules. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1990; 11 (2): 137-47
125. Warner P, Brouwer K, Hussey E, et al. Sumatriptan absorption from different regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. Pharm Res 1995; 12 (1): 138-43
126. Fowler P, Lacey L, Thomas M, et al. The clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sumatriptan. Eur Neurol 1991; 31: 291-4
127. Suttle AB, Brouwer KL. Regional gastrointestinal absorption of ranitidine in the rat. Pharm Res 1995; 12 (9): 1311-5
128. Williams M, Dukes GE, Heizer W, et al. Influence of gastrointestinal site of drug delivery on the absorption characteristics of ranitidine. Pharm Res 1992; 9 (9): 1190-4
129. Gramatte T, Desoky EE, Klotz U. Site-dependent small intestinal absorption of ranitidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46: 253-9
130. Desmond P, Harman PJ, Gannoulis N, et al. The effect of an antacid and food on the absorption of cimetidine and ranitidine. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990; 45 (5): 352-4
131. Gramatte T, Richter K. Paracetamol absorption from different sites in the human small intestine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 37: 608-11
132. Wessels J, Koeleman HA, Boneschans B, et al. The influence of different types of breakfast on the absorption of paracetamol among members of an ethnic group. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1992; 30 (6): 208-13
133. Delchier J, Guerel M, Vidon N, et al. Influence of digestive secretions and food on intestinal absorption of nicardipine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 34: 165-71
134. Staib A, Beermann D, Harder S, et al. Absorption differences of ciprofloxacin along the human gastrointestinal tract determined using a remote-control drug delivery device (HF capsule). Am J Med 1989; 87 (5A): 66-9S
135. Harder S, Fuhr U, Beermann D, et al. Ciprofloxacin absorption in different regions of the human gastrointestinal tract: investigations with the hf-capsule. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30: 35-9
136. Forst R, Carlson J, Jr Dietz A, et al. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics after a standard or high-fat/high-calcium breakfast. J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 29: 953-5
137. Haagen Nielsen O, Bondesen S. Kinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid after jejunal instillation in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16 (6): 738-40
138. Schroder H, Campbell DES. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of salicylazosulfapyridine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972 Jul-Aug; 13: 539-51
139. Ku DK, Elvin AT, Morrill B, et al. Effect of food coadministration on 5-aminosalicylic acid oral suspension bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990 Jul; 48: 26-33
140. Sinko P, Hu P. Determining intestinal metabolism and permeability for several compounds in rats: implications on regional bioavailability in humans. Pharm Res 1996; 13 (1): 108-13
141. Seta Y, Higuchi F, Kawahara Y, et al. Design and preparation of captopril sustained release dosage forms and their biopharmaceutical properties. Int J Pharm 1988 Feb; 41: 245-54
142. Mantyla R, Mannisto PT, Vuorela A, et al. Impairment of captopril bioavailability by concomitant food and antacid intake. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1984 Nov; 22: 626-9
143. Singhvi SM, McKinstry DN, Shaw JM, et al. Effect of food on the bioavailability of captopril in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 22 (2-3): 135-40
144. Sinko PJ, Patel NR, Hu P. Site-specific oral absorption of didanosine: in situ characterization and correlation with extent of absorption in vivo. Int J Pharm 1994 Aug 29; 109: 125-33
145. Shyu WC, Knupp CA, Pittman KA, et al. Food-induced reduclion in bioavailability of didanosine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991 Nov; 50: 503-7
146. Hartman NR, Yarchoan R, Pluda JM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in patients with severe human immunodeficiency infection: Pt 2. Effects of different oral formulations and the presence of other medications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991 Sep; 50: 278-85
147. Graul E, Loew D, Schuster O. Voraussetzung fur die entwichlung einer sinnvollen retard- und diuretilakombination. Therapiewoche 1985; 35: 4277-91
148. Beermann B, Midskov C. Reduced bioavailability and effect of furosemide given with food. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 29 (6): 725-7
149. Gramatte T, Oertel R, Terhaag B, et al. Direct demonstration of small intestinal secretion and site-dependent absorption of the B-blocker talinolol in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59: 541-9
150. Terhaag B, Sahre H, Lange U, et al. Zum Einfluss der Nahrung auf die absorption von talinolol (cordanum) am gesunden probanden. Z Klin Med 1991; 46: 1021-3
151. Sahai J, Gallicano K, Garber G, el al. The effect of a protein meal on zidovudine pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33 (6): 657-60
152. Lotterer E, Ruhnke M, Trautmann M, et al. Decreased and variable systemic availability of zidovudine in patients with AIDS if administered with a meal. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 40 (3): 305-8
153. Dressman JB, Fleisher D, Amidon GL. Physicochemical model for dose-dependent drug absorption. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73 (9): 1274-9
154. Dressman JB, Fleisher D. Mixing-tank model for predicting dissolution rate control or oral absorption. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75 (2): 109-16
155. Welling PG, Barbhaiya RH. Influence of food and fluid volume on chlorothiazide bioavailability: comparison of plasma and urinary excretion methods. J Pharm Sci 1982; 71 (1): 32-5
156. Amidon GL, Lennernas H, Shah VP, et al. A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharm Res 1995; 12 (3): 413-20
157. TenHoor CN, Bakatselou V, Dressman J. Solubility of mefenamic acid under simulated fed- and fasted-state conditions. Pharm Res 1991 Sep; 8: 1203-5
158. Dressman JB, Berardi RR, Elta GH, et al. Absorption of flurbiprofen in the fed and fasted states. Pharm Res 1992; 9 (7): 901-7
159. Corrigan OI. The biopharmaceutic drug classification and drugs administered in extended release (ER) formulations. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 423: 111-28
160. Hamaguchi T, Shinkuma D, Irie T, et al. Effect of a high-fat meal on the bioavailability of phenytoin in a commercial powder with a large particle size. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993; 31 (7):326-30
161. Stevenson CM, Kim J, Fleisher D. Colonic absorption of anti-epileptic agents. Epilepsia 1997; 38 (1): 63-7
162. Zhi J, Melia AT, Koss-Twardy SG, et al. The effect of orlistat, an inhibitor of dietary fat absorption, on the pharmacokinetics of beta-carotene in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36 (2): 152-9
163. Charman WN, Porter CJ, Mithani S, et al. Physiochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86 (3): 269-82
164. Gupta SK, Manfro RC, Tomlanovich SJ, et al. Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in healthy subjects following oral and intravenous administration. J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30 (7): 643-53
165. Mueller EA, Kovarik JM, van Bree JB, et al. Influence of a fat-rich meal on the pharmacokinetics of a new oral formulation of cyclosporine in a crossover comparison with the market formulation. Pharm Res 1994; 11 (1): 151-5
166. Palma R, Vidon N, Houin G, et al. Influence of bile salts and lipids on intestinal absorption of griseofulvin in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 31 (3): 319-25
167. Charman WN, Rogge MC, Boddy AW, et al. Effect of food and a monoglyceride emulsion formulation on danazol bioavailability. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33 (4): 381-6
168. Schaefer HG, Helmreich RL. The importance of human factors in the operating room [letter]. Anesthesiology 1994; 80 (2): 479
169. Doose DR, Minn FL, Stellar S, et al. Effects of meals and meal composition on the bioavailability of fenretinide. J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 32 (12): 1089-95
170. Overdiek H, Hermens W, Merkus F. New insights into the pharmacokinetics of spironolactone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985 Oct; 38: 469-74
171. Zimmermann T, Yeates RA, Laufen H, et al. Influence of concomitant food intake on the oral absorption of two triazole antifungal agents, itraconazole and fluconazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46 (2): 147-50
172. Perry CM, Noble S. Saquinavir soft-gel capsule formulation: a review of its use in patients with HIV infection. Drugs 1998; 55 (3): 461-86
173. Kakuda TN, Struble KA, Piscitelli SC. Protease inhibitors for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection [published erratum appears in Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998 Apr 15; 55(8): 847]. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998; 55 (3): 233-54
174. Yeh KC, Deutsch PJ, Haddix H, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of indinavir and the effect of food. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42 (2): 332-8
175. Gertz BJ, Holland SD, Kline WF, et al. Studies of the oral bioavailability of alendronate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58 (3): 288-98
176. Feron B, Adair CG, Gorman SP, et al. Interaction of sucralfate with antibiotics used for selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993, 50 (12): 2550-3
177. Gai MN, Isla A, Andonaegui MT, et al. Evaluation of the effect of 3 different diets on the bioavailability of 2 sustained release theophylline matrix tablets. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 35 (12): 565-71
178. Messina MT, Devito JM. Commentary on 'Influence of food on the bioavailability of verapamil' [letter]. J Pharm Sci 1991; 80 (7): 715-6
179. Satoh C, Sakai T, Kashiwagi H, et al. Influence of cisapride on the pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of sustained-release nifedipine. Intern Med 1996; 35 (12): 941-5
180. Galia E, Nicolaides E, Horter D, et al. Evaluation of various dissolution media for predicting in vivo performance of class I and II drugs. Pharm Res 1998; 15 (5): 698-705
181. Stewart BH, Chan OH, Jezyk N, et al. Discrimination between drug candidates using models for evaluation of intestinal absorption. Advanced Drug Delivery Rev 1997 Jan; 23: 27-45
182. Amidon GL, Sinko PJ, Fleisher D. Estimating human oral fraction dose absorbed: a correlation using rat intestinal membrane permeability for passive and carrier-mediated compounds. Pharm Res 1988; 5 (10): 651-4
183. Stewart BH, Chan OH, Lu RH, et al. Comparison of intestinal permeabilities determined in multiple in vitro and in situ models: relationship to absorption in humans. Pharm Res 1995; 12 (5): 693-9
184. Fagerholm U, Johansson M, Lennernas H. Comparison between permeability coefficients in rat and human jejunum. Pharm Res 1996; 13 (9): 1336-42
185. Lennernas H, Nylander S, Ungell AL. Jejunal permeability: a comparison between the ussing chamber technique and the single-pass perfusion in humans. Pharm Res 1997; 14 (5): 667-71