Sex, gender, culture, and a great event: The California Gold Rush

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 68, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-17

  Hurtado, Albert L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL IDENTITY; GENDER ROLE; GOLD; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032926322     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3641867     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Marc Trachtenberg, one of the historians who spoke about these issues on public radio, explained his views more fully in "The Past Under Siege: A Historian Ponders the State of his Profession - and What to Do About It," Wall Street Journal, July 17, 1998, reprinted on the H-Net discussion list, H-SHEAR, Sept. 16, 1998.
2. Richard Griswold del Castillo, The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict (Norman, Okla., 1990).
3. Rodman W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Cambridge, Mass., 1947); Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1890 (New York, 1963). Paul's work set the standard for gold rush scholarship, but there have been dozens of excellent studies before and after his work was published. The most recent is Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation (Berkeley, 1997).
4. Rodman W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Cambridge, Mass., 1947); Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1890 (New York, 1963). Paul's work set the standard for gold rush scholarship, but there have been dozens of excellent studies before and after his work was published. The most recent is Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation (Berkeley, 1997).
5. Rodman W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Cambridge, Mass., 1947); Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1890 (New York, 1963). Paul's work set the standard for gold rush scholarship, but there have been dozens of excellent studies before and after his work was published. The most recent is Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation (Berkeley, 1997).
6. Two excellent papers that explore the far-reaching impacts of the gold rush are Gray Brechin, "Nature and the Mining Exchange," and Allan James, "Mining California: Impacts on Land and Life," both presented at "Green and Gold: California Environments - Memories and Visions," University of California, Santa Cruz, July 30-Aug. 2, 1998.
7. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
8. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
9. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
10. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
11. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
12. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
13. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
14. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
15. On the construction of gender, see Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," in Joan Wallach Scott, ed., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 28-50; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 19; Susan Lee Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers': The Significance of Gender" (with commentary by Albert L. Hurtado and Deena J. González) in Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West (New York, 1996), 255-288. On the history of sexuality, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (3 vols., New York, 1978); Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (4 vols., New York, 1984); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988); Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York, 1986). On race and gender in the American West, see Antonia Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, 61 (1992), 501-534; Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender and Intercultural Relation; The Case of Interracial Marriage," in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, Okla., 1997), 69-80.
16. For Indian population, see Sherburne F. Cook, The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970 (Berkeley, 1976), 44. For other segments of the population, see Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (7 vols., San Francisco, 1886), 5: 643.
17. For Indian population, see Sherburne F. Cook, The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970 (Berkeley, 1976), 44. For other segments of the population, see Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (7 vols., San Francisco, 1886), 5: 643.
18. Derived from "Table No. 3 - Population Cities, Towns, &c.," Joseph G. C. Kennedy, comp., Population of the United States in 1860 (Washington, D.C., 1864), 30.
19. Albert L. Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 196.
20. "Supplement for California," Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910, Abstract of the Census (Washington, D.C., 1913), 598-609.
21. Frank Soulé, John H. Gihon, and James Nisbet, Annals of San Francisco (New York, 1854), 666.
22. For accounts of the San Francisco high life during the gold rush and after, see Herbert Asbury, The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (New York, 1933); Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: An Irreverent History of the City by the Golden Gate (Garden City, N.Y., 1964); Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Norman, Okla., 1994), 93-125.
23. For accounts of the San Francisco high life during the gold rush and after, see Herbert Asbury, The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (New York, 1933); Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: An Irreverent History of the City by the Golden Gate (Garden City, N.Y., 1964); Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Norman, Okla., 1994), 93-125.
24. For accounts of the San Francisco high life during the gold rush and after, see Herbert Asbury, The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (New York, 1933); Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: An Irreverent History of the City by the Golden Gate (Garden City, N.Y., 1964); Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Norman, Okla., 1994), 93-125.
25. W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979).
26. Rohrbough, Days of Gold, 172-184; Joann Levy, They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush (Hamden, Conn., 1990), 91-107; Paula Mitchell Marks, Precious Dust: The True Saga of the Western Gold Rushes (New York, 1995), 337-366.
27. Rohrbough, Days of Gold, 172-184; Joann Levy, They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush (Hamden, Conn., 1990), 91-107; Paula Mitchell Marks, Precious Dust: The True Saga of the Western Gold Rushes (New York, 1995), 337-366.
28. Rohrbough, Days of Gold, 172-184; Joann Levy, They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush (Hamden, Conn., 1990), 91-107; Paula Mitchell Marks, Precious Dust: The True Saga of the Western Gold Rushes (New York, 1995), 337-366.
29. Immanuel Wallerstein, "Household Structures and Labor-Force Formation in the Capitalist World-Economy," in Joan Smith, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Hans-Dieter Evers, eds., Households and the World-Economy (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984), 18-19; Hans-Dieter Evers, Wolfgang Clauss, and Diana Wong, "Subsistence Reproduction: A Framework for Analysis," in ibid., 23-26.
30. Immanuel Wallerstein, "Household Structures and Labor-Force Formation in the Capitalist World-Economy," in Joan Smith, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Hans-Dieter Evers, eds., Households and the World-Economy (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984), 18-19; Hans-Dieter Evers, Wolfgang Clauss, and Diana Wong, "Subsistence Reproduction: A Framework for Analysis," in ibid., 23-26.
31. Henry B. Sheldon to his father, July 5, 1854, Henry B. Sheldon Collection, California Room, California State Library, Sacramento.
32. William M. Stewart, Reminiscences of Senator William M. Stewart of Nevada, ed. George Rothwell Brown (New York, 1908), 64.
33. Ibid.
34. John Paul Dart to brother, Dec. 26, 1850, John Paul Dart Collection, California Room, California State Library, Sacramento.
35. Ibid.
36. For general accounts of prostitution, see Asbury, The Barbary Coast; Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco; Tong, Unsubmissive Women, 93-125.
37. For general accounts of prostitution, see Asbury, The Barbary Coast; Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco; Tong, Unsubmissive Women, 93-125.
38. H. B. Sheldon to Dear Friends, June 25, 1852, Sheldon Collection; emphasis in original.
39. Rohrbough, Days of Gold, 172-184.
40. Sheldon to Dear Friends, June 25, 1852, Sheldon Collection.
41. Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clapp, The Shirley Letters from the California Mines, 1851-1852, ed. Carl I. Wheat (NewYork, 1949), 148-149.
42. Ibid., 14.
43. Hurtado, Indian Survival, 173-175.
44. Albert L. Hurtado, "When Strangers Met: Sex and Gender on Three Frontiers," in Jameson and Armitage, eds., Writing the Range , 130-133; William Swagerty, "Marriage and Settlement Patterns of the Rocky Mountain Trappers and Traders," Western Historical Quarterly, 11 (1980), 159-180; Jennifer S. H. Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Companies in Indian Country (Vancouver, B.C., 1980), 73-74, 111-130, 199-230; Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Norman, Okla., 1980), 28-52, 231-242.
45. Albert L. Hurtado, "When Strangers Met: Sex and Gender on Three Frontiers," in Jameson and Armitage, eds., Writing the Range , 130-133; William Swagerty, "Marriage and Settlement Patterns of the Rocky Mountain Trappers and Traders," Western Historical Quarterly, 11 (1980), 159-180; Jennifer S. H. Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Companies in Indian Country (Vancouver, B.C., 1980), 73-74, 111-130, 199-230; Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Norman, Okla., 1980), 28-52, 231-242.
46. Albert L. Hurtado, "When Strangers Met: Sex and Gender on Three Frontiers," in Jameson and Armitage, eds., Writing the Range , 130-133; William Swagerty, "Marriage and Settlement Patterns of the Rocky Mountain Trappers and Traders," Western Historical Quarterly, 11 (1980), 159-180; Jennifer S. H. Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Companies in Indian Country (Vancouver, B.C., 1980), 73-74, 111-130, 199-230; Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Norman, Okla., 1980), 28-52, 231-242.
47. Albert L. Hurtado, "When Strangers Met: Sex and Gender on Three Frontiers," in Jameson and Armitage, eds., Writing the Range , 130-133; William Swagerty, "Marriage and Settlement Patterns of the Rocky Mountain Trappers and Traders," Western Historical Quarterly, 11 (1980), 159-180; Jennifer S. H. Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Companies in Indian Country (Vancouver, B.C., 1980), 73-74, 111-130, 199-230; Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Norman, Okla., 1980), 28-52, 231-242.
48. Hurtado, Indian Survival, 62-65; Iris H. W. Engstrand, "John Sutler: A Biographical Examination," in Kenneth N. Owens, ed., John Sutter and a Wider West (Lincoln, Nebr., 1994), 81-82.
49. Hurtado, Indian Survival, 62-65; Iris H. W. Engstrand, "John Sutler: A Biographical Examination," in Kenneth N. Owens, ed., John Sutter and a Wider West (Lincoln, Nebr., 1994), 81-82.
50. Hurtado, Indian Survival, 175-178.
51. San Francisco Bulletin, Sept. 13, 1856, quoted in Robert F. Heizer, ed., The Destruction of the California Indians (Santa Barbara, Calif., 1974), 278.
52. Sacramento Union, Oct. 1, 1858, quoted in ibid., 279-280.
53. I extend this argument in Hurtado, Indian Survival, 182-187.
54. "Roop House Register, 1854-1857," manuscript, California Room, California State Library, Sacramento.
55. William F. Strobridge, Regulars in the Redwoods: The U.S. Army in Northern California, 1852-1861 (Spokane, Wash., 1994), 204-205.
56. Harte quoted in Richard O'Connor, Bret Harte: A Biography (Boston, 1966), 45.
57. For some firsthand accounts see D. P. Barstow, "Statement of Recollections of 1849-51," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; George Barton "A Double Tragedy in the Mines: Hanging of Mexican Woman, Juanita, at Downieville, Sierra County, in 1851," The Grizzly Bear (Nov. 1923), 4; Milt Gotardi, ed., "The Hanging of Juanita," Sierra County Historical Society Bulletin, 2 (Dec. 20, 1970), 13-31.
58. For some firsthand accounts see D. P. Barstow, "Statement of Recollections of 1849-51," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; George Barton "A Double Tragedy in the Mines: Hanging of Mexican Woman, Juanita, at Downieville, Sierra County, in 1851," The Grizzly Bear (Nov. 1923), 4; Milt Gotardi, ed., "The Hanging of Juanita," Sierra County Historical Society Bulletin, 2 (Dec. 20, 1970), 13-31.
59. For some firsthand accounts see D. P. Barstow, "Statement of Recollections of 1849-51," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; George Barton "A Double Tragedy in the Mines: Hanging of Mexican Woman, Juanita, at Downieville, Sierra County, in 1851," The Grizzly Bear (Nov. 1923), 4; Milt Gotardi, ed., "The Hanging of Juanita," Sierra County Historical Society Bulletin, 2 (Dec. 20, 1970), 13-31.
60. "A Woman Hung at Downieville," San Francisco Daily Alta, July 9, 1851, p. 2; "The Hanging at Downieville," ibid., July 14, 1851, p. 2; "The Downieville Tragedy," ibid., Jan. 29, 1852, p. 2.
61. "A Woman Hung at Downieville," San Francisco Daily Alta, July 9, 1851, p. 2; "The Hanging at Downieville," ibid., July 14, 1851, p. 2; "The Downieville Tragedy," ibid., Jan. 29, 1852, p. 2.
62. "A Woman Hung at Downieville," San Francisco Daily Alta, July 9, 1851, p. 2; "The Hanging at Downieville," ibid., July 14, 1851, p. 2; "The Downieville Tragedy," ibid., Jan. 29, 1852, p. 2.
63. Barton, "A Double Tragedy," 4; Barstow, "Statement of Recollections."
64. Barton, "A Double Tragedy," 4; Barstow, "Statement of Recollections."
65. Josiah Royce, California, from the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco (Boston, 1886), 368-374; Illustrated History of Plumas, Lassen, and Sierra Counties (San Francisco, 1882), 445-447; Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846-1890 (Berkeley, 1966), 73-74; Levy, They Saw the Elephant, 85-88.
66. Josiah Royce, California, from the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco (Boston, 1886), 368-374; Illustrated History of Plumas, Lassen, and Sierra Counties (San Francisco, 1882), 445-447; Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846-1890 (Berkeley, 1966), 73-74; Levy, They Saw the Elephant, 85-88.
67. Josiah Royce, California, from the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco (Boston, 1886), 368-374; Illustrated History of Plumas, Lassen, and Sierra Counties (San Francisco, 1882), 445-447; Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846-1890 (Berkeley, 1966), 73-74; Levy, They Saw the Elephant, 85-88.
68. Josiah Royce, California, from the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco (Boston, 1886), 368-374; Illustrated History of Plumas, Lassen, and Sierra Counties (San Francisco, 1882), 445-447; Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846-1890 (Berkeley, 1966), 73-74; Levy, They Saw the Elephant, 85-88.
69. Inquest on Amelia Kuschinsky, March 15, 1860, Shasta County, Records of the Clerk, Coroner's Inquests, Shasta College Museum, Redding, Calif.; "A Case of Abortion and Death," Shasta Courier, March 17, 1860, p. 2; "The Abortion Case," Shasta Courier, March 24, 1860, p. 2.
70. Inquest on Amelia Kuschinsky, March 15, 1860, Shasta County, Records of the Clerk, Coroner's Inquests, Shasta College Museum, Redding, Calif.; "A Case of Abortion and Death," Shasta Courier, March 17, 1860, p. 2; "The Abortion Case," Shasta Courier, March 24, 1860, p. 2.
71. Inquest on Amelia Kuschinsky, March 15, 1860, Shasta County, Records of the Clerk, Coroner's Inquests, Shasta College Museum, Redding, Calif.; "A Case of Abortion and Death," Shasta Courier, March 17, 1860, p. 2; "The Abortion Case," Shasta Courier, March 24, 1860, p. 2.
72. See, for example, Mrs. D. B. Bates, Incidents on Land and Water, or Four Years on the Pacific Coast (Boston, 1860), 317-318.
73. William Bullard to Julia Bullard, March 5, 1862, Bullard Collection, California Room, California State Library, Sacramento.
74. Mary Bullard to Dear Aunt, June 3, 1857, ibid.
75. William Bullard to Dear Cousin [Julia], April 1, 1859, ibid.
76. William Bullard to Julia Bullard, June 29, 1862, ibid.
77. William Bullard to Cousin Julia, Oct. 12, 1862, ibid.
78. Collection Description, ibid.
79. John Paul Dart to brother, Dec. 7, 1853, Dart Collection.
80. Ibid.
81. Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany, N.Y., 1982), 18-20, 28, 30-31.
82. "Concerning Divorce," San Francisco Daily Alta, Jan. 26, 1851, p. 2.
83. Ibid.
84. [Untitled], ibid., June 12, 1854, p. 2.