Wax glands, wax production and the functional significance of wax use in three aphid species (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Journal of Natural History

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 513-530

  Smith, R G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aphid; Eriosoma lanigerum; Honeydew; Pachypappa vesicalis; Phyllaphis fagi; Wax filament; Wax gland; Wax gland plate; Wax skein

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032917625     PISSN: 00222933     EISSN: 14645262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/002229399300227     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Alleyne, E. H., and Morrison, F. O., 1977. The natural enemies of the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.) in Quebec, Canada. Annals of the Entomology Society of Québec, 22:181–187.
2. Bevan, D., and Carter, C. I., 1980. Frost proofed aphids. Antenna, 4:6–8.
3. Blackman, R. L., and Eastop, V. F., 1984. Aphids on the World's Crops, 466Chichester:Wiley.
4. Blackman, R. L., and Eastop, V. P., 1994. Aphids on the World's Trees, 1024Oxford:CAB International.
5. Brey, P. T., Ohayon, H., Lesourd, M., Castex, H., Roucache, J., and Latgé, J. P., 1985. Ultrastructure and chemical composition of the outer layers of the cuticle of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 82A:401–411.
6. Broadbent, L., 1951. Aphid excretion. Proceedings of the Royal Entomology Society of London (A), 26:97–103.
7. Bryne, D. N., and Hadley, N. F., 1988. Particulate surface waxes of whiteflies:morphology, composition and waxing behaviour. Physiological Entomology, 13:267–276.
8. Buckton, G. B., 1876. A Monograph of British Aphides, Vol. 1, 190London:Ray Society.
9. Carter, C. I., and Danielsson, R., 1991. Two spruce root aphids, Pachypappa vesicalis and Pachypappella lactea new to Britain with illustrated keys to the morphs from Picea roots. The Entomologist, 110:66–74.
10. Carter, C. I., and Danielsson, R., 1993. New and additional records of gall-forming aphids of the family Pemphigidae in Britain. The Entomologist, 112:99–104.
11. Cox, J. M., and Pearce, M. J., 1983. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera:Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 12:235–248.
12. Day, K. R., and Edwards, T. L., 1979. The oviposition behaviour of the large spruce aphid, Cinara pilicornis Htg. (Hemiptera:Aphididae). Journal of Life Science Royal Dublin Society, 1:33–38.
13. Dixon, A. F. G., 1971. “Aphids”. In Methods of Study in Quantitative Soil Ecology:Population, Production and Energy Flow, Edited by:Phillipson, J., 233–246. Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications.
14. Dorset, D. L., and Ghiradella, H., 1983. Insect wax secretion the growth of tubular crystals. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 760:136–142.
15. Dunn, J. A., 1959a. The survival in soil of apterae of the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.). Annals of Applied Biology, 47:766–771.
16. Dunn, J. A., 1959b. The biology of lettuce root aphid. Annals of Applied Biology, 47:475–491.
17. Dunn, J. A., 1960. The natural enemies of the lettuce root aphid Pemphigus bursarius (L.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 51:271–278.
18. Filshie, B. K., 1970. The resistance of epicuticular components of an insect to extraction with lipid solvents. Tissue & Cell, 2:181–190.
19. Fokkema, N. J., Riphagen, I., Poot, R. J., and de Long, C., 1983. Aphid honeydew, a potential stimulant of Cochliobolus sativus and Septoria nodorum and the competitive role of saprophytic mycoflora. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 81:355–363.
20. Foldi, I., 1991. The wax glands in scale insects:comparative ultrastructure, secretion, function and evolution (Homoptera:Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 27:163–188.
21. Foldi, I., and Cassier, P., 1985. Ultrastructure comparée des glandes tégumentaires de treize familles de cochenilles (Homoptera:Coccoidea). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 14:33–50.
22. Foster, W. A., 1975. The life history and population of an intertidal aphid, Pemphigus trehernei Foster. Transactions of the Royal Entomology Society of London, 127:193–207.
23. Hadley, N. F., 1981. Cuticular lipids of terrestrial plants and arthropods:a comparison of their structure, composition and waterproofing function. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 56:23–47.
24. Hadley, N. F., 1991. Integumental lipids of plants and animals:comparative function and biochemistry. Advances in Lipid Research, 24:303–320.
25. Keil, T. A., and Steinbrecht, R. A., 1984. “Mechanosensitive and olfactory sensilla in insects”. In Insect Ultrastructure, Edited by:King, R. C., and Akai, H., Vol. 2, 477–516. New York:Plenum Publishing Corp.
26. Latgé, J.-P., Sampedro, L., Brey, P., and Diaquin, M., 1987. Aggressiveness of Conidiobolus obscurus against the pea aphid:influence of cuticular extracts on ballistospore germination of aggressive and non-aggressive strains. Journal of General Microbiology, 133:1987–1997.
27. Locke, M., 1961. Pore canals and related structures in insect cuticle. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, 10:589–618.
28. Marshall, A. T., Lewis, C. T., and Parry, G., 1974. Paraffin tubules secreted by the cuticle of an insect Epipyrops anomala (Epipyropidae:Lepidoptera). Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 47:41–60.
29. van den Meiracker, R. A. F., Hammond, W. N. O., and van Alphen, J. J. M., 1990. The role of kairomones in prey finding by Diomus sp. and Exochomus sp., two coccinellid predators of the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 56:209–217.
30. Mueller, T. F., Blommers, L. H. M., and Mols, P. J. M., 1988. Earwig (Forficula auricularia) predation on the woolly apple aphid. Eriosoma lanigerum, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 47:145–152.
31. Mueller, T. F., Blommers, L. H. M., and Mols, P. J. M., 1992. Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm., Hom., Aphidae) parasitism by Aphelinus mali Hal. (Hym., Aphelinidae) in relation to host stage and host colony size, shape and location. Journal of Applied Entomology, 114:143–154.
32. Percy, J. E., Blomquist, G. J., and MacDonald, J. A., 1983. The wax-secreting glands of Eriocampa ovata L, (Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae):ultrastructural observations and chemical composition of the wax. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61:1797–1804.
33. Polaszek, A., 1986. Aestivating sexual morphs in the aphid genus Thelaxes (Insecta; Homoptera). Journal of Natural History, 20:1333–1338.
34. Pope, R. D., 1979. Wax production by coccinellid larvae (Coleoptera). Systematic Entomology, 4:171–196.
35. Pope, R. D., 1983. Some aphid waxes, their form and function (Homoptera:Aphididae). Journal of Natural History, 17:489–506.
36. Pope, R. D., 1985. Visible insect waxes:form, function and classification. Antenna, 9:4–8.
37. Retnakaran, A., Ennis, T., Jobin, L., and Granett, J., 1979. Scanning electron microscopic study of wax distribution on the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Homoptera:Adelgidae). Canadian Entomologist, 111:67–72.
38. Sanford, M. T., and Dietz, A., 1976. The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie, 7:197–207.
39. St. Leger, R. J., 1991. “Integument as a barrier to microbial infections”. In Physiology of the Insect Epidermis, Edited by:Binnington, K., and Retnakaran, A., 284–306. Australia:CSIRO.
40. Takabayashi, J., and Takahashi, S., 1985. Host selection behavior of Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae). III. Presence of oviposition stimulants in the scale insect of the genus Ceroplastes. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 20:173–178.
41. Waku, Y., and Foldi, I., 1984. “The fine structure of insect glands secreting waxy substances”. In Insect Ultrastructure, Edited by:King, R. C., and Akai, H., Vol. 2, 303–322. New York:Plenum Publishing Corp.
42. Wigglesworth, V. B., 1985. The transfer of lipid in insects from the epidermal cells to the cuticle. Tissue & Cell, 17:249–265.
43. Williams, D. J., 1978. The anomalous ant-attended mealybugs (Homoptera:Pseudococcidae) of south-east Asia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History):Entomology, 37:1–72.