Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 193-208

  Tyler, P A ^a   Young, C M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLD SEEP; DISPERSAL; GENE FLOW; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; REPRODUCTION;

EID: 0032916886     PISSN: 00253154     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025315499000235     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Baker, E.T., 1994. A 6-year time series of hydrothermal plumes over the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 4889-4904.
2. Beninger, P.G. & Le Pennec, M., 1997. Reproductive characteristics of a primitive bivalve from a deep-sea reducing environment: giant gametes and their significance in Acharax alinae (Cryptodonta: Solemyidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 157, 195-206.
3. Berg, C.J.J., 1985. Reproductive strategies of mollusks from abyssal hydrothermal vent communities. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 6, 185-197.
4. Berg, C.J.J. & Van Dover, C.L., 1987. Benthopelagic zooplankton communities at and near deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California. Deep-Sea Research, 34, 379-401.
5. Black, M.B., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1994. Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worms (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the eastern Pacific. Marine Biology, 120, 33-39.
6. Black, M.B., Trivedi, A., Maas, P.A.Y., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1998. Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tubeworms. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 365-382.
7. Bucklin, A., 1988. Allozyme variability of Riftia pachyptila populations from the Galapagos Rift and 21°N hydrothermal vents. Deep-Sea Research, 35, 1759-1768.
8. Cannon, G.A. & Pashinski, D.J., 1990. Circulation near Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 12823-1228.
9. Cannon, G.A., Pashinski, D.J. & Lemon, M.R., 1991. Mid-depth flow near hydrothermal venting sites of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 12815-12831.
10. Cary, S.C., Felbeck, H. & Holland, N.D. 1989. Observations on the reproductive biology of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 52, 89-94.
11. Cary, S.C. & Giovanni, S.J., 1993. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 90, 5695-5699.
12. Cavanaugh, C.M., Gardiner, S.L., Jones, M.L., Jannasch, H.W. & Waterbury, J.B., 1981. Procaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts. Science, New York, 213, 340-342.
13. Chevaldonné, P. & Jollivet, D., 1993. Videoscopic study of deep-sea hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaete populations: biomass estimation and behaviour. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 95, 251-262.
14. Chevaldonné, P., Jollivet, D., Vangriesham, A. & Desbruyères, D., 1997. Hydrothermal-vent alvinellid polychaete dispersal in the eastern Pacific. I. Influence of vent site distribution, bottom currents, and biological patterns. Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 67-80.
15. Childress, J.J. & Fisher C.S., 1992. The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry and autotrophic symbioses. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual Review, 30, 337-441.
16. Comtet, T., 1998. Structure des populations, reproduction, croissance et phylogéographie des Mytilidae des champs hydrothermaux Lucky Strike et Menez Gwen (37°17′ N et 37°50′ N sur la dorsale médio-atlantique). Thèse de doctorat de l'Université de Bretagne Occidentale, France.
17. Comtet, T. & Desbruyères, D., 1998. Population structure and recruitment in mytilid bivalves from the Lucky Strike and Menez Gwen hydrothermal fields (37°17′N and 37°50′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 163, 165-177.
18. Copley, J.T., 1998. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton.
19. Craddock, C., Hoeh, W.R., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1995. Extensive gene flow in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus. Marine Biology, 124, 137-146.
20. Craddock, C., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1997. Patterns of dispersal and larval development of archaeogastropod limpets at hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 210, 37-51.
21. Creasey, S., Rogers, A.D. & Tyler, P.A., 1996. Genetic comparison of two populations of the deep-sea vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata (Decapoda: Bresiliidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology, 125, 473-482.
22. Desbruyères, D. & Toulmond, A., 1998. A new species of hesionid worm, Hesiocaeca methanicola sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Hesionidae), living in ice-like methane hydrates in the deep Gulf of Mexico. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 93-98.
23. Eckelbarger, K.J. & Young, C.M., 1997. Ultrastructure of the ovary and oogenesis in the methane-seep mollusc Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) from the Louisiana Slope. Invertebrate Biology, 116, 299-312.
24. Endow, K. & Ohta, S., 1990. Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 64, 309-311.
25. Fiala-Medioni, A. & Le Pennec, M., 1989. Adaptive features of the bivalve molluscs associated with fluid venting in the subduction zone off Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, 71, 161-167.
26. France, S.C., Hessler, R.R. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1992. Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris. Marine Biology, 114, 551-559.
27. Fretter, V., 1988. New archaeogastropod limpets from hydrothermal vents: superfamily Lepetodrilacea. II. Anatomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 319, 32-82.
28. Fujiwara, Y., Tsukahara, J., Hashimoto, J. & Fujikura, K., 1998. In situ spawning of a deep sea vesicomyid clam: evidence for an environmental cue. Deep-Sea Research, 45, 1881-1890.
29. Gage, J.D. & Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Gardiner, S. & Jones, M.L., 1985 Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora: Obturata). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 104, 19-44.
31. Gardiner, S. & Jones, M.L., 1993. Vestimentifera. In. Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol. 12 (ed. F.W. Harrison and M.E. Rice), pp. 371-460. New York: Wiley-Liss.
32. Gardiner, S.L. & Jones, M.L., 1994. On the significance of larval and juvenile morphology for suggesting phylogenetic relationships of the Vestimentifera. American Zoologist, 34, 513-522.
33. Gebruk, A.V., Galkin, S.V., Vereschaka, A.L., Moskalev, L.I. & Southward, A.J., 1997. Ecology and biogeography of the hydrothermal vent fauna of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Advances in Marine Biology, 32, 93-144.
34. Giese, A.C. & Pearsc, J.S., 1974. Introduction: general principles. In Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol. 1. Acoelomate and Pseudocoelomate metazoans (ed. A.C. Giese and J.S. Pearse), pp. 1-49. New York: Academic Press.
35. Grassle, J.P., 1985. Genetic differentiation in populations of hydrothermal vent mussels (Bathymodiolus thermophilis) from the Galapagos Rift and at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 6, 429-442.
36. Gustafson, R.G., Littlewood, D.T.L. & Lutz, R.A., 1991. Gastropod egg capsules and their contents from deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 180, 34-55.
37. Gustafson, R.G. & Lutz, R.A., 1994. Molluscan life history traits at deep sea hydrothermal vents and cold methane/sulfide seeps. In Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment in deep-sea benthos (ed. C.M. Young and K. Eckelbarger), pp. 76-97. New York: Columbia University Press.
38. Gustafson, R.G., Turner, R.D., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C. in press. A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide/hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Biology.
39. Healy, J.M., 1990a. Spermatozeugmata of Abyssochrysos: ultrastructure, development and relevance to the systematic-position of the Abyssochrysidae (Prosobranchia, Caenogastropoda). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4c ser., 11, 509-533.
40. Healy, J.M., 1990b. Taxonomic affinities of the deep-sea genus Provanna (Caenogastropoda): new evidence from sperm ultrastructure. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 56, 119-122.
41. Healy, J.M., 1992. Dimorphic sperm of the hydrothermal vent prosobranch Alvinoconcha hessleri: systematic importance and comparison with other caenogastropods. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e ser., 14, 283-291.
42. Herring, P.J. & Dixon, D.R., 1998. Extensive deep-sea dispersal of postlarval shrimp from a hydrothermal vent. Deep Sea Research, 45, 2105-2118.
43. Hessler, R.R., Smithy, W.M., Boudrias, M.A., Keller, C.H., Lutz, R.A. & Childres, J.J., 1988. Temporal change in megafauna at the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent (Galapagos Rift; eastern tropical Pacific). Deep-Sea Research, 35, 1677-1709.
44. Hodgson, A.N., Eckelbarger, K.J. & Young, C.M. in press. Sperm morphology and spermiogenesis in the methane-seep mollusc Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritacea) from the Louisiana Slope. Invertebrate Biology.
45. Hodgson, A.N., Healy, J.M. & Tunnicliffe, V., 1997. Spermatogenesis and sperm structure of the hydrothermal vent prosobranch gastropod Lepetodrilus fucensis (Lepetodrilidae, Mollusca). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 31, 87-97.
46. Jollivet, D., 1993. Distribution et évolution de la faune associée aux sources hydrothermales profondes à 13°N sur la dorsale du Pacifique orientale: le cas particulier des polychètes Alvinellida. Thèse de Doctorat nouveau régime, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, pp. 357.
47. Jollivet, D., 1996. Specific and genetic diversity at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 1619-1653.
48. Jollivet, D., Desbruyères, D., Bonhommes, F. & Moraga, D., 1995. Genetic differentiation of deep-sea hydrothermal vent alvinellid populations (Annelida: Polychaeta) along the East Pacific Rise. Heredity, 74, 376-391.
49. Jollivet, D., Dixon, L.J.R., Desbruyères, D. & Dixon, D.R., 1998. Ribosomal (rDNA) variation in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaete, Alvinella pompejana, from 13°N on the East Pacific Rise. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78, 113-130.
50. Jones, M.L. & Gardiner, S.L., 1985 Light and scanning electron microscope studies of spermatogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora: Obturata). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 104, 1-18.
51. Jones, M.L. & Gardiner, S.L., 1988. Evidence for a transient digestive tract in Vestimentifera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washinglon, 101, 423-433.
52. Jouin-Toulmond, C., Zal, F. & Hourdez, S., 1997. Genital apparatus and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa in Alvinella pompejana (Annelida: Polychaeta). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 38, 128-129.
53. Juniper, S.K. & Tunnicliffe, V., 1997. Crustal accretion and the hot vent ecosystem. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 355, 459-474.
54. Karl, S.A., Schutz, S., Desbruyères, D., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1996. Molecular analysis of gene flow in the hydrothermal vent clam (Calyptogena magnifica). Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 5, 193-202.
55. Kim, S.L. & Mullineaux, L.S., 1998. Distribution and near-bottom transport of larvae and other plankton at hydrothermal vents. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 423-440.
56. Kim, S.L., Mullineaux, L.S. & Helfrich, K.R., 1994. Larval dispersal via entrainment, into hydrothermal plumes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99 (C6), 12,655-12,665.
57. Kimura, M. & Weiss, W.H., 1964. The stepping stone model of genetic structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance. Genetics, 49, 561-576.
58. Kojima, S., Segawa, R., Kobayashi, T., Hashimoto, T., Fujikura, K., Hashimoto, J. & Ohta, S., 1995. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of Calyptogena (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) collected around Japan revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genes. Marine Biology, 122, 401-407.
59. Le Pennec, M., 1988. Alimentation et reproduction d'un Mytilidae des sources hydrothermales profondes du Pacifique oriental. Oceanologica Acta, special volume no. 8, 181-190.
60. Le Pennec, M. & Beninger, P.G., 1997. Ultrastructural characteristics of spermatogenesis in three species of deep-sea hydrothermal mytilids. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 308-316.
61. Lisin, S.L., Hannan, E.E., Kochevar, R.E., Harrold, C. & Barry, J.P., 1997. Temporal variation in gametogenic cycles of vesicomyid clams. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 31, 307-318.
62. Lutz, R.A., 1988 Dispersal of organisms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: a review. Oceanologica Acta, special volume no. 8, 23-29.
63. Lutz, R., Bouchet, P., Jablonski, D., Rhoads, D.C., Turner, R.D. & Warèn, A., 1986. Larval ecology of mollusks at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. American Malacological Bulletin, 4, 49-54.
64. Lutz, R.A., Jablonski, D., Rhoads, D.C. & Turner, R.D., 1980. Larval dispersal of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalve from the Galapagos Rift. Marine Biology, 57, 127-133.
65. Lutz, R.A., Jablonski, D. & Turner, R.D., 1984. Larval development and dispersal at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Science, New York, 226, 1451-1454.
66. Lutz, R.A., Shank, T.M., Fornari, D.J., Haymon, R.M., Lilley, M.D., Von Damm, K.L. & Desbruyères, D., 1994. Rapid growth at deep-sea vents. Nature, London, 371, 663-664.
67. Malakhov, V.V., Popelyaev, I.S. & Galkin, S.V., 1996. Microscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophile Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom. IV. Excretory and reproductive systems and coclom. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 22, 249-260.
68. McHugh, D., 1989. Population structure and reproductive biology of two sympatric hydrothermal vent polychaetes, Paralvinella pandorae and P. palmiformis. Marine Biology, 103, 95-106.
69. McHugh, D., 1995. Unusual sperm morphology in a deep-sea hydrothermal-vent polychaete Paralvinella pandorae (Alvinellidae). Invertebrate Biology, 114, 161-168.
70. McHugh, D. & Tunnicliffe, V., 1994. Ecology and reproductive biology of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Amphisamytha galapagensis (Ampharetidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 106, 11-120.
71. Moraga, D., Jollivet, D. & Denis, F., 1994. Genetic differentiation across the Western Pacific populations of the hydrothermal vent bivalve Bathymodiolus spp. and the Eastern Pacific (13°N) population of Bathymodiolus thermophilus. Deep-Sea Research, 41, 1551-1567.
72. Mullineaux, L.S. & France, S.C., 1995. Dispersal mechanisms of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna. Seafloor hydrothermal systems: physical, chemical, biological and geological interactions. Geophysical Monograph, 91, 408-424.
73. Mullineaux, L.S., Kim, S.L., Pooley, A. & Lutz, R.A., 1996. Identification of archaeogastropod larvae from a hydrothermal vent community. Marine Biology, 124, 551-560.
74. Mullineaux, L.S., Mills, S.W. & Goldman, E., 1998. Recruitment variation during a pilot colonization study of hydrothermal vents (9°50′N, East Pacific Rise). Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 441-464.
75. Mullineaux, L.S., Wiebe, P.H. & Baker, E.T., 1995. Larvae of benthic invertebrates in hydrothermal vent plumes over the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Marine Biology, 122, 585-596.
76. Olive, P.J.W. & Pillai, G., 1983. Reproductive biology of the polychaete Kerfersteinia cirrata Kerfestein (Hesionidea). I. Ovary structure and oogenesis. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 6, 295-306.
77. Peek, A.S., Gustafson, R.G., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1997. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea hydrothermal vent and cold water seep clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae): results from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Marine Biology, 130, 151-161.
78. Pennington, T., 1985. The ecology of fertilization of echinoid eggs: the consequences of sperm dilution, adult aggregation, and synchronous spawning. Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 169, 417-430.
79. Pond D.W., Dixon, D.R., Bell, M.V., Fallick, A.E. & Sargent, J.R., 1997a. Occurrence of 16:2 (n-4) and 18:2 (n-4) fatty acids in the lipids of the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata: nutritional and trophic implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 156, 167-174.
80. Pond, D.W., Dixon, D. & Sargent, J., 1997b. Wax-ester reserves facilitate dispersal of hydrothermal vent shrimps. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 146, 289-290.
81. Pond D.W., Segonzac, M., Bell, M.V., Dixon, D.R., Fallick, A.E. & Sargent, J.R., 1997c. Lipid and lipid stable isotope composition of the hydrothermal vent shrimp Mirocaris fortunata: evidence for nutritional dependence on photo-synthetically fixed carbon. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 157, 221-231.
82. Rieley, G., Van Dover, C.L., Hedrick, D.B., White, D.C. & Eglinton, G., 1995. Lipid characteristics of hydrothermal vent organisms from 9°N, East Pacific Rise. In Hydrothermal vents and processes. (ed. L.M. Parson et al.) pp. 329-342. London: Geological Society of London Special Publication no. 87.
83. Shank, T., Fornari, D.J., Von Damm, K.L., Lilley, M.D., Haymon, R.M. & Lutz, R.A.. 1998a. Temporal sand spatial patterns of biological community development at nascent deep-sea hydrothermal vents (9°50′N, East Pacific Rise). Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 465-515.
84. Shank, T., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1998b. Molecular systematics of shrimp (Decapoda: Bresiliidae) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, I: enigmatic 'small orange' shrimp from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are juvenile Rimicaris exoculata. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 7, 88-96.
85. Shilling, F.M. & Manahan, D.T., 1994. Energy metabolism and amino acid transport during early development of Antarctic and temperate echinoderms. Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 187, 398-407.
86. Sibuet, M. & Olu, K., 1998. Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea cold-seep communities at active and passive margins. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 517-567.
87. Southward, E.C., 1988. Development of the gut and segmentation of newly settled stages of Ridgeia (Vestimentifera): implications for relationship between Vestimentifera and Pogonophora. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 68, 465-487.
88. Southward, E.C. & Coates, K.A., 1989. Sperm masses and sperm transfer in a vestimentiferan, Ridgeia piscesae Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora: Obturata). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2776-2781.
89. Southward, E.C., Tunnicliffe, V., Black, M.B., Dixon, D.R. & Dixon, L.J.R., 1996. Ocean-ridge segmentation and vent tubeworms (Vestimentifera) in the NE Pacific. In Tectonic, magmatic, hydrothermal and biological segmentation of mid-ocean ridges (ed. C.J. MacLeod et al.) pp. 211-234. London: Geological Society of London.
90. Tunnicliffe, V., 1991. The biology of hydrothermal vents: ecology and evolution. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual Review, 29, 319-407.
91. Tunnicliffe, V., Embley, R.W., Holden, J.F., Butterfield, D.A., Massoth, G.J. & Juniper S.K., 1997. Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge. Deep-Sea Research, 44, 1627-1644.
92. Tunnicliffe, V. & Fowler, C.M.R., 1996. Influence of sea-floor spreading on the global hydrothermal vent fauna. Nature, London, 379, 531-533.
93. Tunnicliffe, V., McArthur, A.G. & McHugh, D., 1998. A biogeographical perspective of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna. Advances in Marine Biology, 34, 353-442.
94. Tyler, P.A., Grant, A., Pain, S.L. & Gage, J.D., 1982. Is annual reproduction in deep-sea echinoderms a response to variability in their environment? Nature, London, 300, 747-749.
95. Tyler, P.A., Harvey, R., Giles, L.A. & Gage, J.D., 1993. Reproductive strategies and diet in deep-sea nuculanid protobranchs (Bivalvia: Nuculoidea) from the Rockall Trough. Marine Biology, 114, 571-580.
96. Van der Land, J. & Norrevang, A., 1977. Structure and relationships of Lamellibrachia (Annelida, Vestimentifera). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter, 21, 102 pp.
97. Van Dover, C.L., 1994. In situ spawning of hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila). Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 186, 134-135.
98. Van Dover, C.L., 1995. Ecology of Mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents. In Hydrothermal vents and processes (ed. L. M. Parson et al.) pp. 57-294. London: Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 87.
99. Van Dover, C.L., Berg, C.J. & Turner, R.D., 1988. Recruitment of marine invertebrates to hard substrates at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise and Galapagos spreading center. Deep-Sea Research, 35, 1833-1849.
100. Van Dover, C.L., Factor, J.R., Williams, A.B. & Berg, C.J., 1985. Reproductive patterns of decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal vents. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 6, 223-227.
101. Vereschaka, A., 1996. A new genus and species of caridean shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alvinocaridae) from North Atlantic hydrothermal vents. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76, 951-961.
102. Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vents animals. Journal of Heredity, 88, 285-293.
103. Vrijenhoek, R.C., Schutz, S.J., Gustafson, R.G. & Lutz, R.A., 1994. Cryptic species of deep-sea clams (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Vesicomyidae) in hydrothermal vent and cold seep environments. Deep-Sea Research, 41, 1171-1189.
104. Warèn, A. & Bouchet, P., 1993. New records, species, genera, and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps. Zoological Scripta, 22, 1-90.
105. Webb, M., 1977. Studies on Lamellibrachia barhami (Pogonophora). II. The Reproductive organs. Zoologische Jahrbücher Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 97, 455-481.
106. Wiebe, P.H., Copley, N., Van Dover, C.L., Tamse, A. & Manrique, F., 1988. Deep-water zooplankton of the Guymas Basin hydrothermal vent field. Deep-Sea Research, 35, 985-1013.
107. Wright, S., 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97-159.
108. Young, C.M., Sewell, M., Tyler, P.A. & Metaxas, A., 1997. Biogeographic and bathymetric ranges of Atlantic deep-sea echinoderms and ascidians: the role of larval dispersal. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 1507-1522.
109. Young, C.M., Vazquez, E., Metaxas, A. & Tyler, P.A., 1996. Embryology of vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea methane/sulphide seeps. Nature, London, 381, 514-516.
110. Zal, F., Desbruyères, D. & Jouin-Toulmond, C., 1994. Sexual dimorphism in Paralvinella grasslei, a polychaete annelid from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. Paris, 317, 42-48.
111. Zal, F., Jollivet, D., Chevaldonné, P. & Desbruyères, D., 1995. Reproductive biology and population structure of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent worm Paralvinella grasslei (Polychaeta: Alvinellidae) at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise. Marine Biology, 122, 637-648.