Analysis of illicit ecstasy tablets: Implications for clinical management in the accident and emergency department

Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 194-197

  Sherlock, K ^a   Wolff, K ^b   Hay, A W M ^b   Conner, M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Dance drugs; Ecstasy; MDMA; Tablet constituents

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; ILLICIT DRUG;

ARTICLE; DRUG ANALYSIS; EMERGENCY WARD; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; INTOXICATION; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0032914385     PISSN: 13510622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/emj.16.3.194     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Leitner M, Shapland J, Wiles P. Drug usage and drugs prevention: the views and habits of the general public. London: HMSO, 1993.
2. Mott J, Mirlees-Black C. Self reported drug misuse in England and Wales: findings from the 1992 British Crime Survey. Research and Planning Unit paper 89. London: Home Office, 1995.
3. Balding J. Young people and illegal drugs in 1996. Exeter: Schools Health Education Unit, University of Exeter, 1996,
4. McMiller P, Plant M. Drinking, smoking and illicit drug use among 15 and 16 year olds in the United Kingdom. BMJ 1996;313:394-7.
5. Parker H, Measham F, Aldridge J. Drug futures: changing patterns of drug use amongst English youth. London: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1995.
6. Ramsay M, Percy A. Drug misuse declared: results of the 1994 British Crime Survey. Research findings No 33. London: Home Office, 1996.
7. Webb E, Ashton CH, Kelly P, et al. Alcohol and drug use in UK university students. Lancet 1996;348:922-5.
8. Anderson K. The use and misuse of ecstasy (MDMA) in Scotland: a pilot study. Final unpublished report. Edinburgh: Scottish Office, Department of Health, 1994.
9. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. Common illegal drugs and their effects; cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamines and LSD. London: POST, 1996.
10. Weil A, Rosen W. From chocolate to morphine. Everything you need to know about mind altering drugs. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.
11. Bean P, Pearson Y. Ecstasy: supply and use. Report on a research study for "Businesses Against Drugs". Loughborough: Loughborough University, 1993.
12. Saunders N. Ecstasy and the dance culture. London: Neals Yard Desktop Publishing Studio, 1995.
13. Jansen KLR. Adverse psychological effects associated with the use of ecstasy (MDMA), and their treatment. In: Saunders N, ed. Ecstasy reconsidered. Exeter: BPC Wheatons, 1997: 112-33.
14. Henry J, Jeffreys K, Dawling S. Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Lancet 1992;340: 384-6.
15. Forsyth AJM. Ecstasy and illegal drug design: a new concept in drug use. International Journal of Drug Policy 1995;6: 193-209.
16. Wolff K, Hay AWM, Sherlock K, et al. Contents of "ecstasy". Lancet 1995;346:1100-1.
17. Shulgin A, Shulgin A. PIHKAL. A chemical love story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press, 1991.
18. Milroy CM, Clark JC, Forrest ARW. Pathology of deaths associated with "ecstasy" and "eve" misuse. J Clin Pathol 1996;49:149-53.
19. Newcombe R. The use of ecstasy and dance drugs at rave parties and night-clubs. Some problems and solutions. Liverpool: Rave Research Bureau, 1992.
20. Saunders N. Ecstasy reconsidered. Exeter: BPC Wheatons, 1997.
21. Eisner B. Ecstasy: the MDMA story. Berkeley, CA: Ronin, 1993.
22. Clements JA, Nimmo WS, Grant IS. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. J Pharm Sci 1982;71:539-42.
23. Grant IS, Nimmo WS, Clements JA. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of IM and oral ketamine. Br J Anaesth 1981;53:805-9.
24. Dundee JW, Bovill JG, Knox JWD, et al. Ketamine as an induction agent in anaesthetics. Lancet 1970;i:1370-2.
25. Helmlin HJ, Bracher K, Bourquin D, et al. Analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolites in plasma and urine by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 1996;20:432-40.
26. Lanz M, Brenneisen R, Thormann W. Enantioselective determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and two of its metabolites in human urine by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1997;18:1035-43.