Rehabilitation, sustainable peace and development: Towards reconceptualisation

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 189-206

  Green, Reginald Herbold ^a   Ahmed, Ismail I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISASTER RELIEF; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; RECONSTRUCTION; WAR;

EID: 0032910894     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599913992     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. R H Green, 'UNICEF and Somali survival and development, 1996-99: through shifting prisms with missing pieces', a report for UNICEF Somalia Office, Nairobi, 1995.
2. N J Colleta & M Kostner et al. 'Transition from war to peace in sub-Saharan Africa', Findings Africa Region, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997, p 81.
3. Green, 'UNICEF and Somali survival and development'.
4. J Macrae & A Zwi et al, 'A healthy peace? Rehabilitation and development of the health sector in a "post"-conflict situation - the case of Uganda', London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Health Policy Unit, London, 1994.
5. P Harvey & W Campbell et al, 'Rehabilitation in the Greater Horn: towards a strategy for CARE', IDS, Falmer, UK, 1997.
6. P Fagen, 'After the conflict: a review of selected sources on rebuilding war-torn societies', War-torn Societies Project, Occasional Paper No 1, 1995.
7. J Macrae, 'Dilemmas of legitimacy, sustainability and coherence: rehabilitating the health sector', Relief and Rehabilitation Network, Paper 12, 1997, p 192.
8. M Buchanan-Smith & S Maxwell, 'Linking relief and development: an introduction and an overview', IDS Bulletin, 25(4), 1994, p 2-16.
9. Macrae, 'Dilemmas of legitimacy'.
10. Ibid.
11. J Swift, 'War and rural development in Africa: an introduction', Bulletin, 27(3), 1996, pp 1-5; J Macrae, 'Conflict conditionalities and the continuum: key issues emerging from the review of Operation Lifeline Sudan', Relief and Rehabilitation Newsletter, 6, 1996, p 13-15.
12. J Swift, 'War and rural development in Africa: an introduction', Bulletin, 27(3), 1996, pp 1-5; J Macrae, 'Conflict conditionalities and the continuum: key issues emerging from the review of Operation Lifeline Sudan', Relief and Rehabilitation Newsletter, 6, 1996, p 13-15.
13. In Somaliland it mix of accountable historic political structures via councils of elders and of governmental service delivery systems accountable to more a Western-style assembly appear to have some capacity in provide law and order, legitimacy and economic recovery.
14. Macrae, Zwi et al, 'A healthy peace'.
15. A Adedeji & R H Green, Comprehending and Mastering Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Centre for Development Economic and Security Studies, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria, 1997.
16. Rwanda's 1960-94 history of failed attempts al cross-communal governments and/or efforts to co-opt majority (Hutu) leaders into minority (Tutsi)-dominated governments with recurrent Tutsi pre-emptive violence, up to and including genocide, and violent Hutu resistance gave very early warning indeed of the risk of full-scale civil war. In Angola comprehension could have warned explicitly against the attempted placating of UNITA (more specifically its maximum leader Jonas Savimbi) by allocating ownership of and the right to staff and guard key northern diamond mining areas. The government had every reason to fear the mines would be no-go areas and their revenues used to build up arms supplies for a new UNITA military initiative. In the Ethiopia-Eritrea case comprehension of the causes of tensions would not have given rise to an expectation that provocative action by low-level military officers would lead to escalation into war. Both Eritrea's and Ethiopia's present ruling coalition won sovereignty through a long, bitter war fought as allies, Both therefore are concerned to maintain that sovereignty. As a result of Italian colonial and British military rule their boundary was in dispute. Parallel frictions - over national currencies and exchange control - did create a poor climate for agreed settlements, but there is no known case of exchange controls setting off a war. Further, Italian and 1994 Ethiopian official maps are at one in showing the disputed rural areas and town as on the Eritrean side of the boundary, even if partly under Ethiopian administration.
17. For example, it is true that Hutu and Tutsi need not engage in bloody conflict or be unable to build viable communities (as has been shown in the Kagera Region in Tanzania). But Burundi's history gives rational ground for Hutus to fear Tutsi pre-emptive violence and to believe few of them arc willing to stare power and - especially since the rise of the COD (Burundi's Interahamwe) - for Tutsis to fear that Hutu goals include a final solution (by exile and/or death) to the Tutsi problem of Rwanda'.
18. R H Green, 'The course of the four horsemen: costs of war and its aftermath in sub-suharan Africa', in A Zwi et al, War and Hunger.: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies, London: Zed, 1994.
19. Up to 60% of lives are lost through high infant and under five mortality arising out of collapsed health services, poor nutrition and forced migration, while perhaps 10% (except for Rwanda and Burundi) emerge from actual combat killings.
20. K Kumar (ed), Rebuilding Societies After Civil War, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1997.
21. Macrae, Zwi et al, 'A healthy peace?', p 680.
22. Macrac, 'Dilemmas of legitimacy', p 198.
23. B Byrne & S Baden, 'Gender emergencies and humanitarian assistance', BRIDGE, IDS, Falmer, UK, 1995.
24. J El-Bushra & C Mukarubuga, 'Women, war and transition', Gender and Development, 32(3), 1995, pp 16-22.
25. J El-Bushra & E Piza Lopez, 'Development in conflict the gender dimension', Discussion Paper (Vol 3) Oxford; Oxfam. 1994; and Harvey, Campbell et al. 'Rehabilitation in the Greater Horn'.
26. J El-Bushra & E Piza Lopez, 'Development in conflict the gender dimension', Discussion Paper (Vol 3) Oxford; Oxfam. 1994; and Harvey, Campbell et al. 'Rehabilitation in the Greater Horn'.
27. European Union, Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development, Brussels: Commission of European Communities, 1996.
28. W Campbel, 'ODA Strategy for Rehabilitation Assistance to Ethiopia' Falmer, UK: IDS, 1996; M Korner etal, Management of Social and Institutional Rehabilitation: Perspectives from Seven African Countries, proceedings of an International Workshop, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, 1995, p 5.
29. W Campbel, 'ODA Strategy for Rehabilitation Assistance to Ethiopia' Falmer, UK: IDS, 1996; M Korner etal, Management of Social and Institutional Rehabilitation: Perspectives from Seven African Countries, proceedings of an International Workshop, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, 1995, p 5.
30. Harvey & Campbell et al, 'Rehabilitation in the Greater Horn', p. xv.
31. Macrae, 'Dilemmas of legitimacy', p 197.
32. Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War, p 35.
33. Buchanan Smith & Maxwell, 'Linking relief and development'; and J Eriksson et al, 'The international response to conflict and genocide: lessons from the Rwandan experience', xerox, 1996, p 42.
34. Buchanan Smith & Maxwell, 'Linking relief and development'; and J Eriksson et al, 'The international response to conflict and genocide: lessons from the Rwandan experience', xerox, 1996, p 42.
35. Op cit, loc cit.
36. R H Green & J Jamal, Somalia: Paradoxes of Private Prosperity, Poverty Pocket, Volatile Vulnerability and Public Pauperisation, report for UNICEF, Mogadishu, 1987.
37. S Davies, 'Public institutions, people and famine mitigation', IDS Bulletin, 25(4). 1994, pp 46-54.
38. Macrae, 'Dilemmas of legitimacy', p 187.
39. Eriksson, 'The international response to conflict and genocide', p 34.
40. Green, 'UNICEF and Somali survival and development'; Macrac & Zwi et al, 'A healthy peace?'; and Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War.
41. Green, 'UNICEF and Somali survival and development'; Macrac & Zwi et al, 'A healthy peace?'; and Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War.
42. Green, 'UNICEF and Somali survival and development'; Macrac & Zwi et al, 'A healthy peace?'; and Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War.
43. It is perfectly true that some social networks and local structure are remarkably resilient during and after wars. But it is necessary to avoid romanticism - they and physically and financially crippled and, while often vital, are rarely able by themselves to carry through rehabilitation. Substituting foreign NGOS for them and leaving them alone to get on with the job are equal, if opposite follies.
44. K Maynard, 'Rebuilding community', in Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War.
45. Angola in a partial exception because it had a modern; high-technology army and airforce consuming the majority of graduates and technicians, but the generalisation holds for the bulk of its infantry.
46. Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War.
47. Ibid, p.4.
48. Ibid, p 34
49. Macrae, 'Dilemmas of legitimacy'.
50. Kumar, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War.
51. I I Ahmed, 'Impact of structural adjustment on sustainable rural livelihoods: a review of the literature', Working Paper 62, Falmer, UK, IDS, 1997.
52. J Azam & D Bevan 'Some economic consequences of the transition from civil war to peace', Policy Research Working Paper 1392, Washington, DC World Bunk, 1994.
53. J Boyce, 'Adjustment toward peace: an introduction', World Development, 23(12), 1995, pp 2067-2097.
54. E V K Fitzgerald & F Stewart, Editor's introduction', Oxford Development Studies, 25(1), 1997, pp 5-10.
55. Eriksson, 'The international response to conflict and genocide', p 15.
56. Equally it has been argued that significant proportions of IMP drawing tights and World Bank import support funding were diverted by the ruling clite into arms buildup and arms trafficking-ironically, inter alia, to agents of the Rwanda Patriotic Front which was to overthrow them.
57. J Boyce & M Pastor, 'Macroeconomic policy and peace building in El Salvador, in Kumar Rebuilding Societies After Civil War.
58. Adedeji & Green, Comprehending and Mastering Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.
59. R H Green, 'Bureaucracy and law and order', in J Faundez (ed), Good Government and Law, Busingstoke: Macmillan/St Martin's Press, 1997, pp 51-75.