Potential explanations for the French Paradox

Nutrition Research

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 3-15

  Stanley, Leasa L ^a   Mazier, M J Patricia ^a  

^a ST FRANCIS XAVIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Coronary heart disease; Ethanol; French Paradox; Nitric oxide; Phenol

Indexed keywords

3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYLACETIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ANTIOXIDANT; ARGININE; BUTYLCRESOL; CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE; CHOLESTEROL; CYCLIC GMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; FIBRIN; FIBRINOLYTIC FACTOR; FLAVONOID; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; LIPOXYGENASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MALVIDIN CHLORIDE; N(G) NITROARGININE; NITRIC OXIDE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PLASMINOGEN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; PROBUCOL; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; QUERCETIN; RESVERATROL; SALICYLIC ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SCAVENGER; TANNIN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIET; ENDOTHELIUM; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; FRANCE; GRAPE; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN METABOLISM; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOSIS; VASODILATATION; WINE;

EID: 0032910358     PISSN: 02715317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00167-5     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. St. Leger AS, Cochrane AL, Moore F. Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine. Lancet 1979; 1:1017-20.
2. Renaud S, DeLorgeril M. Wine, alcohol platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 1523-6.
3. White IR. The cardioprotective effects of moderate alcohol consumption. BMJ 1996; 312:1179-80.
4. Dorland's Pocket Medical Dictionary. W.B. Saunders Company: Montreal, 1995.
5. Frei B. Cardiovascular disease and nutrient antioxidants: Role of low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1995; 35 (1&2):83-98.
6. nd Edition. Missouri: Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1993.
7. Cahalan D. Quantifying alcohol consumption: Patterns and problems. Circ 1981; 64 (Suppl III):7-14.
8. Marques-Vidal P, Cambou J-P, Nicaud V, Luc G, Evans A, Arveiler D, Bingham A, Cambien F. Cardiovascular risk factors and alcohol consumption in France and northern Ireland. Atheros 1995; 115:225-32.
9. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB. Alcohol consumption before myocardial infarction. Annals Intern Med 1974; 81:294-301.
10. Kozarevic DJ, McGee D, Vojuodic N, Racic Z, Dawber T, Gordon T. Frequency of alcohol consumption and morbidity and mortality: The Yugoslavia cardiovascular disease study. Lancet 1980; 8169:613-6.
11. Miller GJ, Beckles GLA, Maude GH, Carson DC. Alcohol consumption: Protection against coronary heart disease and risks to health. Intern J Epidemiol 1990; 19 (4):923-30.
12. Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Willet WC, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet 1991; 338:464-86.
13. Ducimetiere P, Guize L, Marciniak A, Milon H, Richard J, Rufat P. Arteriographically documented coronary artery disease and alcohol consumption in French men: The CORALI study. Euro Heart J 1992; 14:727-33.
14. Artaud-Wild SM, Conner SL, Sexton G, Connor WE. Differences in coronary mortality can be explained be differences in cholesterol and saturated fat intakes in 40 countries but not in France and Finland: A paradox. Circ 1993; 88:2771-8.
15. Coate D. Moderate drinking and coronary heart disease mortality: Evidence from NHANES I and the NHANES I follow-up. Am J Publ Health 1993; 83:888-90.
16. Doll R, Peto R, Hall E, Wheatley K, Gray R. Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994; 309:911-18.
17. Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Alcohol consumption, diet, coronary risk factors, and prevalent coronary heart disease in men and women in the Scottish heart health study. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1995; 49:354-62.
18. Marmont MG, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Thomas BJ. Alcohol and mortality: A U-shaped curve. Lancet March 14, 1981: 580-3.
19. Kittner SJ, Garcia-Palmieri MR, Costas R, Croz-Vidal M, Abbott RD, Havlik RJ. Alcohol and coronary heart disease in Puerto rice. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117:538-50.
20. Kozarevic D, Vojvodic N, Gordon T, Kaelber CT, McGee D, Zukel WJ. Drinking habits and death: The Yugoslavia cardiovascular disease study. Intern J Epidemiol 1983; 12:145-50.
21. Goldberg RJ, Burchfiel CM, Reed DM, Wergowske G, Chiu D. A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men: The Honolulu heart program. Circ 1994; 89:651-9.
22. Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorensen TIA, Becker U, Borch-Johnson K, Muller C, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Influence of age, gender, body mass index and smoking on alcohol intake and mortality. BMJ 1994; 303:211-6.
23. Criqui MH, Cowan LD, Tyroler HA, Bangdiwala S, Heiss G, Wallace RB, Cohn R. Lipoproteins as mediators for the effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on cardiovascular mortality: Results from the lipid research clinics follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126:629-37.
24. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in alcohol drinkers, ex-drinkers, and nondrinkers. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66:1237-42.
25. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Alcohol and mortality. Annals Intern Med 1992; 117:646-54.
26. Rosenburg L, Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Miettinew OS, Stolley PD. Alcoholic beverages and myocardial infarction in young women. Am J Publ Health 1981; 71:82-5.
27. Cullen KJ, Knulman MW, Ward NJ. Alcohol and mortality in Busselton, Western Australia. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:242-8.
28. Bianchi C, Negri E, LaVecchia C, Franceschi S. Alcohol consumption and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in women. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1993; 47:308-11.
29. Garg R, Wagener DK, Madans JH. Alcohol consumption and risk of ischemic heart disease in women. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:1211-6.
30. Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorenson TIA, Becker U, Schnohr P, Jenson G. Mortality associated with moderate intakes of wine, beer, or spirits. BMJ 1995; 310:1165-8.
31. Klatsky A, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Relations of alcoholic beverage use to subsequent coronary artery disease hospitalization. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58:710-4.
32. Jackson R, Scragg R, Beaglehole R. Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease. BMJ 1991; 303:211-6.
33. Kaufman D, Rosenberg L, Helmrich SP, Shapiro S. Alcoholic beverages and myocardial infarction in young men. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121:548-54.
34. Shaper AG. Alcohol and mortality: A review of prospective studies. Br J Addict 1990; 85:837-47
35. Lazarus NB, Cohen RD, Leu D-J. Change in alcohol consumption and risk of death from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease. BMJ 1991; 303:553-6.
36. Lang T, Degoulet D, Aime F, Denies C, Jacquinet-Salord, Fouriaud C. Relationship between alcohol consumption and hypertension prevalence and control in a French population. J Chron Dis 1987: 40:713-20.
37. Marmot MG. Alcohol and coronary heart disease. Intern J Epidemiol 1984; 13:160-7.
38. Rimm EB, Klatsky A, Grobbee D, Stampfer MJ. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: Is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits? BMJ 1996; 312:731-6.
39. Rimm EB. Invited commentary-alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease: Good habits may be more important than just good wine. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:1094-8.
40. Hendriks HFJ, Veenstra J, Wierik EJMV, Schaafsma G, Kluft C. Effect of moderate dose of alcohol with evening meal on fibrinolytic factors. BMJ 1994; 308:1003-6.
41. Meade W, Chakrabarti R, Haines AP, North WRS, Stirling Y. Characteristics affecting fibrinolytic activity and plasma fibrinogen concentrations. BMJ 1979; 1:153-6.
42. Benistat C, Rubin R Ethanol inhibits thrombin-induced secretion by human platelets at a site distinct from phospholipase C or protein kinase C. Biochem J 1990; 269:489-97.
43. Tall AR. Plasma high-density lipoprotein: Metabolism and relation to atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:379-84.
44. Castelli WP, Doyle JT, Gordon T, Hames CG, Hjortland MC, Hulley SB, Kagan A, Zukel WJ. Alcohol and blood lipids. Lancet 1977; 8030:152-5.
45. Thornton J, Symes C, Heaton K. Moderate alcohol intake reduces bile cholesterol saturation and raises HDL cholesterol. Lancet 1983: 819-21.
46. Handa K, Sasaki J, Saku K, Kono S, Arakawa K. Alcohol consumption, serum lipids and severity of angiographically determined coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65:287-9.
47. Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M, Smith WCS, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Dietary and non-dietary predictors of serum total and HDL-cholesterol in men and women: Results from the Scottish heart health study. Intern J Epidemiol 1991; 20:95-104.
48. Amarasuriya RN, Gupta AK, Civen M, Horng Y-C, Maeda T, Kashyap ML. Ethanol stimulates apolipoprotein A-1 secretion by human hepatocytes: Implications for a mechanism for atherosclerosis prevention. Metabolism 1992; 41:827-32.
49. Suh I, Shaten BJ, Cutler JA, Kuller LH. Alcohol use and mortality from coronary heart disease: The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Annals Intern Med 1992; 116:881-7.
50. Linn S, Carroll M, Johnson C, Folwood R, Kalsbeek W, Briefel R. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alcohol consumption in US white and black adults: Data from NHANES II. Am J Publ Health 1993; 83:811-6.
51. Valimaki M, Taskinen M-J, Ylikahri R, Roine R, Kuusi T, Nikkila EA. Comparison of the effects of two different doses of alcohol on serum lipoproteins, HDL-subfractions and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II: A controlled study. Euro J Clin Invest 1988; 18:472-80.
52. Savolainen MJ, Hannuksela M, Seppanen S, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA. Increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in alcoholics is related to low cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. Euro J Clin Invest 1990; 20:593-9.
53. Speijer H, Groener JEM, van Ramshorst E, van Tol A. Different locations of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein activities in plasma. Atheros 1991; 90:159-68.
54. Anonymous. Ethanol stimulates apo A-1 secretion in human hepatocytes: A possible mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effect of ethanol. Nutr Rev 1993; 51:151-2.
55. Furhman B, Lavy A, Aviram M. Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61:549-54.
56. Achilli G, Cellerino GP, Gamache PH, Melzi d'Eril GV. Identification and determination of phenolic constituents in natural beverages and plant extracts by means of a coulometric electrode assay system. J Chromatog 1993; 632:111-7.
57. Anonymous. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by phenolic substances in red Wine: A clue to the French paradox? Nutr Rev 1993; 51:185-7.
58. Frankel EN, Waterhouse AL, Kinsella JE. Inhibition of oxidation of human low density lipoproteins by phenolic substances in red wine. Lancet 1993, 341:454-7.
59. Frankel EN, Waterhouse AL, Kinsella JE. Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol. Lancet 1993; 341:1103-4.
60. Serafini M, Ghiselli A, Ferro-Luzzi A. Red wine, tea, and antioxidants. Lancet 1994; 344:626.
61. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JL, Witz JL. Beyond cholesterol: Modification of low-density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:915-24.
62. Yla-Herttuala S, Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Butler S, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesion of rabbit and man. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1086-95.
63. De Rijke YB, Demacker PNM, Assen NA, Sloots LM, Katan MB, Stalenhoef AFH. Red wine consumption and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. Lancet 1995, 345:325-6.
64. Kondo K, Matsumoto A, Kurata H, Tanahashi H, Koda H, Amachi T, Itakura H. Inhibition of oxidation of low-denise lipoprotein with red wine. Lancet 1994; 344:1152.
65. Maxwell S, Cruickshank A, Thorpe G. Red wine and antioxidant activity in serum. Lancet 1994; 344:193-4.
66. Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Allaway S, Syms J, Hale A. Effect of red wine ingestion on the antioxidant capacity of serum. Clin Chem 1995; 41:32-5.
67. Parthasarathy S, Young SG, Witztum JL, Pittman RC, Steinberg D. Probucol inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:641-4.
68. Carew JE, Schwenke DC, Steinberg D. Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: Evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the wanatabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84:7725-9.
69. Jialal I, Vega GL, Grundy SM. Physiological levels of ascorbate inhibit the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins. Atheros 1990; 82:185-91.
70. Gey K, Brubacher GB, Stahelin HB. Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in relation to ischemic heart disease and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45:1368-77.
71. Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Litin L, Willett WC. Correlations of vitamin A and e intakes with the plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols among American men and women. J Nutr 1992; 122:1792-1801.
72. Simonetti P, Brusamolino A, Pellegrini N, Viani P, Clemente G, Roggi C, Cestaro B. Evaluation of the effect of alcohol consumption on erythrocyte lipids and vitamins in a healthy population. Alcoholism: Clin Exper Res 1995; 19:517-22.
73. Rimm EB, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willet WC. Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:384-9.
74. DeWhalley CV, Rankin SM, Hoult JRS, Jessup W, Leake DS. Flavonoids inhibit the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins by macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:1743-50.
75. Mangiapane H, Thompson J, Salter A, Brown S, Bell GD, White DA. The inhibition of the oxidation of low density lipoprotein by catechin, a naturally occurring flavonoid. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:445-53.
76. Hertog MGL, Feskens EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kornhoet D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen elderly study. Lancet 1993; 342:1007-11.
77. Mackness MI, Abbott C, Arrol S, Derrington PN. The role of high density lipoprotein and lipid soluble antioxidant vitamins in inhibiting low density lipoprotein oxidation. Biochem J 1993; 294:829-34
78. Merfort I, Heilmann J, Weiss M, Pietta P, Gardini C. Radical scavenger activity of three flavonoid metabolites studied by inhibition of chemiluminescence in human PMNS. Polyphenols Communications 1996, Bordeaux (France), July 15-18, 1996: 413-4.
79. Waterhouse AL, Walzern RL, Teissedre PL, German JB, Hansen RJ, Frankel EN. Absorption of the polyphenolic catechin from red wine. Polyphenolic Communications 1996, Bordeaux (France), July 15-18, 1996:407-8.
80. Kimura Y, Okuda H, Arichi S. Effects of stillbenes on arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 834:275-8.
81. Frankell EN, Waterhouse AL, Teissedre PL. Principal phenolic phytochemicals in selected California wines and their antioxidant activity in inhibiting oxidation of human low-density-lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem 1995; 43:890-4.
82. Landolfi R, Mower RL, Steiner M. Modification of platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism by bioflavonoids. Biochem Pharm 1984; 33:1525-30.
83. Moroney M-A, Alcaraz MJ, Forder RA, Carey F, Hoult JR. Selectivity of neutrophil-5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by an anti-inflammatory flavonoid glycoside and related aglycone flavonoids. J Pharmacy Pharmacol 1988; 40:787-92.
84. Demrow HS, Slane PR, Folts JD. Administration of wine and grape juice inhibits in vivo platelet activity and thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries. Circ 1994; 91:1182-8.
85. Muller CJ, Fugelsang KC. Take two glasses of wine and see me in the morning. Lancet 1994; 343: 1428-9.
86. Janssen PLTMK, Katan MB, Hollman PCH, Venema DP. No aspirin in red wine. Lancet 1994; 344:762.
87. Fitzpatrick DF, Hirschfield SL, Coffey RG. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of wine and other grape products. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:H774-8.
88. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige JA, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327:524-6.
89. Arnold WP, Mittal CK, Katsuki S, Murad F. Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74:3203-7.
90. Russell JA, Rohrbach MS. Tannin induces endothelium-dependent contraction and relaxation of rabbit pulmonary artery. Am Rev Respirat Dis 1989; 139:498-503.
91. Freslon JL, Morin N, Mendes A, Vercauteren J. In vitro vasodilator effects of procyanidolic oligomers (PCO) extracted from grape seeds. Polyphenols Communications 1996, Bordeaux (France), July 15-18:205-6.
92. wnitroarginine, elevates serum triglyceride and cholesterol and lowers hepatic fatty acid oxidation. J Nutr 1996; 126:2563-7.
93. Umans JG, Levi R. Nitric oxide in the regulation of blood flow and arterial pressure. Ann Rev Physiol 1995; 57:771-790.
94. Siemann EH, Creasy LL. Concentration of the phytoalexin resveratrol in wine. Am J Enol Vitic 1992; 43:49-52.