Pharmacoeconomics of lipid-lowering agents for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease

PharmacoEconomics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 47-74

  Hay, Joel W ^a   Yu, Winnie M ^b   Ashraf, Talat ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^c Pharmacoeconomics PPD Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; COLESTYRAMINE; GEMFIBROZIL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ANGIOGRAPHY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG POTENCY; ENZYME INHIBITION; HEALTH CARE FINANCING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MORTALITY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL RATE;

ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; CORONARY DISEASE; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DIET; HUMANS;

EID: 0032909394     PISSN: 11707690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00019053-199915010-00004     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. 1. Gillium RF. Trends in acute myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 23: 1273-7
2. 2. Goldman L, Cook F. The decline in ischemic heart disease mortality rates: an analysis of the comparative effects of medical interventions and changes in lifestyle. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 825-36
3. 3. Sytokwski PA, Kannel WB, Agostino RB. Changes in risk factor and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1635-41
4. 4. American Heart Association. 1998 Heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas (TX): American Heart Association, 1988
5. 5. Wittels EH, Hay JW, Gotto AM. Medical costs of coronary-artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 432-40
6. 6. Castelli WP, Anderson KM, Wilson PW, et al. Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 23-8
7. 7. Levy D, Wilson WF, Anderson KM, et al. Stratifying the patient at risk from coronary disease: new insights from the Framingham heart study. Am Heart J 1990; 110: 712-7
8. 8. Wong ND, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 687-93
9. 9. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is the relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? JAMA 1986; 256: 2823-8
10. 10. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project Research Group: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 1245-55
11. 11. Blankenhorn DW, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, et al. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary-atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987; 257: 3233-40
12. 12. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Relationship between baseline risk factors and coronary heart disease and tolal mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Prev Med 1986; 15: 254-73
13. 13. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trials Results. I: reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984; 251: 351-64
14. 14. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinical Coronary Primary Prevention Trials Results. II: the relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol-lowering. JAMA 1984; 251: 365-74
15. 15. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JN, et al. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St. Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet 1992; 339: 563-9
16. 16. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1289-98
17. 17. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP, et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 946-66
18. 18. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safely of treatment, changes in risk factors and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237-45
19. 19. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301-7
20. 20. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weiss S, AFCAPS/TexCAPS Research Group, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998; 279 (20): 1615-22
21. 21. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9
22. 22. Pitt B, Mancini J, Ellis SG, et al. Pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC-I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 1133-9
23. 23. Crouse JB, Byington RP, Bond MG, et al. Pravastatin, lipids, and atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries (PLAC-II). Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 455-9
24. 24. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-9
25. 25. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-57
26. 26. Byington RP, Jukema JW, Salonen JT, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events during pravastatin therapy: pooled analysis of clinical events of the pravastatin atherosclerosis intervention program. Circulation 1995; 92: 2419-25
27. 27. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA 1993; 269 (23): 3015-23
28. 28. Freund D, Dittus R. Principles of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of drug therapy. Pharmacoeconomics 1992; 1 (1): 20-32
29. 29. Weinstein M, Stason W. Foundations of cost effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices. N Engl J Med 1977; 296 (13): 716-21
30. 30. O'Brien B, Rushby J. Outcome assessment in cardiovascular cost-benefit studies. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 740-8
31. 31. Kupersmith J, Helmes-Rovner M, Hogan A, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis in heart disease. Pt I: general principles. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994; 37 (3): 161-84
32. 32. Hay J. Reporting pharmacoeconomic model results. Value Health 1998; 1 (3): 187-93
33. 33. Hay JW, Wittels EH, Gotto AM. An economic evaluation of lovastatin for cholesterol lowering and coronary artery disease reduction. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 789-96
34. 34. Sempos CT, Cleeman JI, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence of high Wood cholesterol among U.S. adults: an update based on guidelines from the second report of the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel. JAMA 1993; 269: 3009-14
35. 35. Kinosian BP, Eisenberg JM. Cutting into cholesterol: cost-effective alternatives for treating hypercholesterolemia. JAMA 1988; 259: 2249-54
36. 36. Weinstein MC, Stason WB. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat coronary heart disease. Ann Rev Public Health 1985; 6: 41-63
37. 37. Schulman KA, Kinosian B, Jacobson TA, et al. Reducing high blood cholesterol level with drugs: cost-effectiveness of pharmacologic management. JAMA 1990; 264: 3025-33
38. 38. Oster G. Epstein AM. Cost-effectiveness of antihyperlipidemic therapy in the prevention of coronary heart disease: the case of cholestyramine. JAMA 1987; 258: 2381-7
39. 39. Martens LL, Rutten FF, Erkelens W, et al. Clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of lowering serum cholesterol levels: the case of simvastatin and cholestyramine in the Netherlands. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 27F-32F
40. 40. Martens LL, Rutten FF. Cost effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapy in the Netherlands. Am J Med 1989; 87 Suppl. 4A: 54S-8S
41. 41. Kelley MD. Hypercholesterolemia: the cost of treatment in perspective. South Med J 1990; 83 (12): 1421-5
42. 42. Goldman P, Lee TH, Weinstein MC, Goldman PA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1991; 265: 1145-51
43. 43. Hamilton VH, Racicot FE, Zowall H, et al. The cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to prevent coronary heart disease. JAMA 1995; 273: 1032-8
44. 44. Martens LL, Guibert R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of lipid modifying therapy in Canada: comparison of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Clin Ther 1994; 16 (6): 1052-62
45. 45. WOSCOPS Economic Analysis Group. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: weighing the cost and benefits of primary prevention with pravastatin. BMJ 1997; 315: 1577-82
46. 46. Hay J, Lapuerta P, Yuan Y, et al. Pravastatin cost-effectiveness for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the United States [abstract]. American Heart Association 70th Scientific Session; 1997 Nov; Orlando
47. 47. Johannesson M, Borgquist L, Jonsson B, et al. The cost effectiveness of lipid lowering in Swedish primary health care. J Intern Med 1996; 240: 23-9
48. 48. Drummond MF, O'Brien B, Stoddart GL, et al. Methods for economic evaluation of health care programmes. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1997
49. 49. Laupacis A, Feeny D, Detsky AS, et al. How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization? Tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146 (4): 473-81
50. 50. Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Califf RM, et al. Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1418-24
51. 51. Tengs TO, Adams ME, Pliskin JS, et al. Five hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness. Risk Anal 1995; 15 (3): 369-90
52. 52. Dorr AE, Gundersen K, Schneider JC, et al. Colestipol hydrochloride in hypercholesterolemic patients: effect on serum cholesterol and mortality. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 5-14
53. 53. Kirby RW, Anderson JW, Sieling B. Oat bran intake selectively lowers serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 824-9
54. 54. Syam S, Fifer SK. Gemfibrozil cost-benefit study: targeting subgroups for effective hyperlipidemia drug therapy. Drugs 1990; 40 Suppl. 1: 42-52
55. 55. Perrealt S, Hamilton VH, Lavoie F, et al. A head-to-head comparison of the cost effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fibrates in different types of primary hyperlipidemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996; 10: 787-94
56. 56. Bakker-Arkema RG, Davidson MH, Goldstein RJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA 1996; 275: 128-33
57. 57. Bischoff H, Angerbauer R, Bender J, et al. Cerivastatin: pharmacology of a novel synthetic and highly active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Atherosclerosis 1997; 135 (1): 119-30
58. 58. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998; 279: 1643-50
59. 59. Pilote L, Granger C, Armstrong PW, et al. Differences in the treatment of myocardial infarction between the United States and Canada. Med Care 1995; 33 (6): 598-610
60. 60. Blum CB. Comparison of properties of four inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-conenzyme A reductase. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 3D-11D
61. 61. Conti CR. Economics of lipid lowering with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors [letter]. Clin Cardiol 1995; 18: 60
62. 62. Roberts WC. Retail costs of the statin lipid-lowering drugs [editorial]. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 1181
63. 63. Gotto AM, Hay JW. Cost of lipid-lowering statin drugs [letter]. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 226
64. 64. Ashraf T, Hay JW, Pitt B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pravastatin in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 409-14
65. 65. Spearman ME, Summers K, Moore V, et al. Cost-effectiveness of initial therapy with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors to treat hypercholesterolemia in a primary care setting of a managed-care organization. Clin Ther 1997; 19: 582-602
66. 66. Koren MJ, Smith DG, Hunninghake DB, et al. The cost of reaching National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Goals in hypercholesterolaemic patients: a comparison of atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin. Pharmacoeconomics 1998; 14 (1): 59-70
67. 67. American Heart Association Annual Meeting. Abstract; 1998 Nov; Dallas (TX)
68. 68. Tyroler HA. Review of lipid-lowering clinical trials in relation to observational epidemiologic studies. Circulation 1987; 76: 515-22
69. 69. Leaverton PE, Sorlie PD, Kleinman JC, et al. Representativeness of the Framingham risk model for coronary heart disease mortality: a comparison with a national cohort study. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40: 775-84
70. 70. Johannesson M, Jonsson B, Kjeksjus J, et al. Cost effectiveness of simvastatin treatment to lower cholesterol levels in patients with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 332-6
71. 71. Reckless JP. The 4S study and its pharmacoeconomic implications. Pharmacoeconomics 1996; 9 (2): 101-5
72. 72. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, et al. Cholesterol lowering and the use of health care resources: results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 1996; 93: 1796-802
73. 73. Jonsson B, Johannesson M, Kjekshus J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of cholesterol lowering: results from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 1001-7
74. 74. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 1998; 97 (15): 1440-5
75. 75. Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 1998; 97 (15): 1453-60
76. 76. Lennernas H, Fager G. Pharmacodynamics and pharmackinetics of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: similarities and differences. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32 (5): 403-25
77. 77. Shepherd J, Park JS. Prevention of heart disease: is LDL reduction the outcome of choice? Value Health 1998; 1 (2): 120-4
78. 78. Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, et al. Diet, lipoproteins and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 805-11
79. 79. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 1990; 336: 129-33
80. 80. Caggiula AW, Watson JE, Kuller LH, et al. Cholesterol-lowering intervention program: effect of the step I diet in community offices practices. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1205-13
81. 81. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339 (4): 229-34
82. 82. Bonnette J. Decision making in lipid therapy: a managed care perspective. Value Health. In press
83. 83. Weinstein MC, Stason WB. Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 1982; 66 Suppl. III: 56-66
84. 84. Wong JB, Sonnenberg FA, Salem DN, et al. Myocardial revascularization for chronic stable angina: analysis of the role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty based on data available in 1989. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 852-71
85. 85. Goldman L, Sia SB, Cook EF, et al. Costs and effectiveness of routine therapy with long-term beta adrenergic antagonists after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 152-7
86. 86. Hlatky MA, Rogers WJ, Johnstone I, et al. Medical care costs and quality of life after randomization to coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 92-9
87. 87. Roberts SD, Maxwell DR, Gross TL. Cost-effective care of end-stage renal disease: a billion dollar question [editorial]. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 243
88. 88. Garner TI, Dardis R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of end-stage renal disease treatments. Med Care 1987; 25: 25-34
89. 89. While CM, Chow M. A review of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Pharmacist 1908; 1: HS19-28
90. 90. Boberg M, Angerbauer R, Fey P, et al. Metabolism of cerivastatin by human liver microsomes in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25 (3): 321-31
91. 91.Neuvonen PJ, Kantola T, Kivisto K. Simvastatin but not pravastatin is very susceptible to interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63: 332-41
92. 92. Kantola T, Kivisto K, Neuvonen P. Effect of itraconazole on pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64: 58-65
93. 93. Hoes AW, Grobbee DE, Lubsen J, et al. Diuretics, beta-blockers, and the risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 481-7
94. 94. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 1996: 27; 620-5
95. 95. Nattel S, Arenal A. Antiarrhythmic prophylaxis after acute myocardial infarction: is lidocaine still useful? Drugs 1993; 45 (1): 9-14
96. 96. Hine LK, Laird N, Hewitt P, et al. Meta-analytic evidence against prophylactic use of lidocaine in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2694-8
97. 97. MacMahon S, Collins R, Peto R, et al. Effects of prophylactic lidocaine in suspected acute myocardial infarction: an overv view of results from the randomized, controlled trials. JAMA 1988; 260: 1910-6
98. 98. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression alter myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321 (6): 406-12
99. 99. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II investigators. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327 (4): 227-33
100. 100. Connolly HM, Crary JL, Megoon MD, et al. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phemermine. N Engl J Med 1997; 337 (9): 581-8
101. 101. Goldman L, Weinstein MC, Williams LW. Relative impact of targeted versus population wide cholesterol interventions on the incidence of coronary artery disease: projections of the coronary heart disease policy model. Circulation 1989; 80: 254-60
102. 102. Berwick DM, Cretin S, Keeler E. Cholesterol, children and heart disease: an analysis of alternatives. Pediatrics 1981; 68 (5): 721-30