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McDonald M.P., Willard L.B., Wenk G.L., Crawley J.N. Coadministration of galanin antagonist M40 with a muscarinic M1 agonist improves delayed nonmatching to position choice accuracy in rats with cholinergic lesions. J Neurosci. 18:1998;5078-5085.
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Site-specific infusions of 192 IgG-saporin were used to selectively remove cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus or those projecting to the anterior cingulate in rats. A differential pattern of deficits was demonstrated on an eight-arm radial maze task, implicating the septocingulate but not the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway in spatial working memory
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Dougherty K.D., Turchin P.I., Walsh T.J. Septocingulate and septohippocampal cholinergic pathways: involvement in working/episodic memory. Brain Res. 810:1998;59-71. Site-specific infusions of 192 IgG-saporin were used to selectively remove cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus or those projecting to the anterior cingulate in rats. A differential pattern of deficits was demonstrated on an eight-arm radial maze task, implicating the septocingulate but not the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway in spatial working memory.
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Localization of the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein and mRNA in cortical neurons of the normal and cholinergically deafferented rhesus monkey
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Using an immunotoxin targeted against the primate p75 nerve growth factor receptor (ME20.4 IgG-saporin) the authors produced selective lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in rhesus monkeys. With their preparation of toxin, cholinergic neurons were destroyed and noncholinergic neurons at the lesion site were preserved. Analysis of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex of monkeys with these lesions revealed sparing of m2 reactivity, indicating that this receptor protein does not exist uniquely as an autoreceptor in the cerebral cortex
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Mrzljak L., Levey A.I., Belcher S., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Localization of the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein and mRNA in cortical neurons of the normal and cholinergically deafferented rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol. 390:1998;112-132. Using an immunotoxin targeted against the primate p75 nerve growth factor receptor (ME20.4 IgG-saporin) the authors produced selective lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in rhesus monkeys. With their preparation of toxin, cholinergic neurons were destroyed and noncholinergic neurons at the lesion site were preserved. Analysis of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex of monkeys with these lesions revealed sparing of m2 reactivity, indicating that this receptor protein does not exist uniquely as an autoreceptor in the cerebral cortex.
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Learning impairments following injection of a selective cholinergic immunotoxin, ME20.4 IgG-saporin, into the basal nucleus of Meynert in monkeys
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Apparently selective lesions of cholinergic nBM neurons in marmosets produced no impairments in retention of preoperatively learned visual discriminations, but a marked impairment in learning of new perceptually difficult discrimination problems postoperatively
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Fine A., Hoyle C., Maclean C.J., Levatte T.L., Baker H.F., Ridley R.M. Learning impairments following injection of a selective cholinergic immunotoxin, ME20.4 IgG-saporin, into the basal nucleus of Meynert in monkeys. Neuroscience. 81:1997;331-343. Apparently selective lesions of cholinergic nBM neurons in marmosets produced no impairments in retention of preoperatively learned visual discriminations, but a marked impairment in learning of new perceptually difficult discrimination problems postoperatively.
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Different effects on learning ability following injection of the cholinergic immunotoxin ME20.4IgG-saporin into the diagonal band of Broca, basal nucleus of Meynert, or both in monkeys
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in press. This study reports a double dissociation between effects of removal of cholinergic neurons in the VDB and nBM: lesions of these neurons impair both learning and retention of conditional and simple discrimination problems, respectively
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Ridley R.M., Barefoot H., Maclean C.J., Pugh P., Baker H.F. Different effects on learning ability following injection of the cholinergic immunotoxin ME20.4IgG-saporin into the diagonal band of Broca, basal nucleus of Meynert, or both in monkeys. Behav Neurosci. 1999;. in press. This study reports a double dissociation between effects of removal of cholinergic neurons in the VDB and nBM: lesions of these neurons impair both learning and retention of conditional and simple discrimination problems, respectively.
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Ridley, R.M.1
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Drachman, D.R., Sahakian, B.J.: The effects of cholinergic agents on human learning and memory. In Choline and Lecithin in Brain Disorders (Nutrition and the Brain), vol 5. Edited by Barbeau A, Growden JH, Wurtman RJ. New York: Raven; 1979:351-366.
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Juliano S.L. Mapping the sensory mosaic. Science. 279:1998;1653-1654.
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Hasselmo M.E., Bower J.M. Cholinergic suppression specific to intrinsic not afferent fiber synapses in rat piriform (olfactory) cortex. J Neurophysiol. 67:1992;1222-1229.
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Hasselmo M.E., Schnell E. Laminar selectivity of the cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal region CA1: computational modeling and brain slice physiology. J Neurosci. 14:1994;3898-3914.
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Hasselmo M.E, . Schnell E., Barkai E. Dynamics of learning and recall at excitatory recurrent synapses and cholinergic modulation in rat hippocampal region CA3. J Neurosci. 15:1995;5249-5262.
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On the basis of careful anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral considerations, this review puts forth the hypothesis that "abnormal regulation of the excitability of cortical cholinergic affronts represents a final common pathway mediating the manifestation of major neuropsychiatric disorders"
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Sarter M., Bruno J.P. Abnormal regulation of corticopetal cholinergic neurons and impaired information processing in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;67-74. On the basis of careful anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral considerations, this review puts forth the hypothesis that "abnormal regulation of the excitability of cortical cholinergic affronts represents a final common pathway mediating the manifestation of major neuropsychiatric disorders"
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Bruno, J.P.2
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Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity
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Pairing an auditory stimulus with electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis resulted in a remapping of auditory cortex, increasing the area of auditory cortex that responded preferentially to the paired stimulus. That this effect might be cholinergically mediated was shown by pairing nBM stimulation with a tone in rats that had received 192 IgG-saporin lesions; these rats did not demonstrate remapping of auditory cortex in response to the pairing
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Kilgard M.P., Merzenich M.M. Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity. Science. 279:1998;1714-1718. Pairing an auditory stimulus with electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis resulted in a remapping of auditory cortex, increasing the area of auditory cortex that responded preferentially to the paired stimulus. That this effect might be cholinergically mediated was shown by pairing nBM stimulation with a tone in rats that had received 192 IgG-saporin lesions; these rats did not demonstrate remapping of auditory cortex in response to the pairing.
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Science
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Kilgard, M.P.1
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Effects of cholinergic depletion on experience-dependent plasticity in the cortex of the rat
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Removal of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons eliminated experience-dependent plasticity in somatosensory cortex in response to paired whisker stimulation. This finding directly implicates basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the reorganizational properties of somatosensory cortex in response to sensory stimulation
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Baskerville K.A., Schweitzer J.B., Herron P. Effects of cholinergic depletion on experience-dependent plasticity in the cortex of the rat. Neuroscience. 80:1997;1159-1169. Removal of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons eliminated experience-dependent plasticity in somatosensory cortex in response to paired whisker stimulation. This finding directly implicates basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the reorganizational properties of somatosensory cortex in response to sensory stimulation.
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Sachdev R.N., Lu S.M., Wiley R.G., Ebner F.F. Role of the basal forebrain cholinergic projection in somatosensory cortical plasticity. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;3216-3228.
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Sachdev, R.N.1
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Zhu X.O., Waite P.M. Cholinergic depletion reduces plasticity of barrel field cortex. Cereb Cortex. 8:1998;63-72.
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Basal forebrain cholinergic lesions enhance conditioned approach responses to stimuli predictive of food
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Lesions of the nBM produced by AMPA or quinolinic acid increased locomotor responses in an environment paired with food, and enhanced responding to a lever paired with a light CS (conditioned stimulus) associated with food, without altering consummatory responses to food or sucrose. This enhancement could reflect a disruption in the balance between cortical and subcortical dopamine levels, or perhaps an impairment in attentional processing manifested by an abnormal focusing of attention on stimuli predictive of food
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Olmstead M.C., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Basal forebrain cholinergic lesions enhance conditioned approach responses to stimuli predictive of food. Behav Neurosci. 112:1998;611-629. Lesions of the nBM produced by AMPA or quinolinic acid increased locomotor responses in an environment paired with food, and enhanced responding to a lever paired with a light CS (conditioned stimulus) associated with food, without altering consummatory responses to food or sucrose. This enhancement could reflect a disruption in the balance between cortical and subcortical dopamine levels, or perhaps an impairment in attentional processing manifested by an abnormal focusing of attention on stimuli predictive of food.
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Behav Neurosci
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Olmstead, M.C.1
Robbins, T.W.2
Everitt, B.J.3
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Effects of lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis on the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats
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Robledo P., Weissenborn R., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Effects of lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis on the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 10:1998;1946-1955.
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Robledo, P.1
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Robbins, T.W.3
Everitt, B.J.4
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56
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Cortical input to the basal forebrain
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The authors present a series of detailed anatomical studies combining tract-tracing and immunocytochemistry to identify transmitter phenotype in pre or post-synaptic elements in rats. Taken together, the data suggest that prefrontal cortical areas may exert influence on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons by way of connections with noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons
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Záborszky L., Gaykema R.P., Swanson D.J., Cullinan W.E. Cortical input to the basal forebrain. Neuroscience. 79:1997;1051-1078. The authors present a series of detailed anatomical studies combining tract-tracing and immunocytochemistry to identify transmitter phenotype in pre or post-synaptic elements in rats. Taken together, the data suggest that prefrontal cortical areas may exert influence on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons by way of connections with noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons.
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Neuroscience
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Záborszky, L.1
Gaykema, R.P.2
Swanson, D.J.3
Cullinan, W.E.4
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57
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0032482165
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Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons
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The authors recorded extracellularly from single basal forebrain neurons, determined their electrophysiological properties, and then labeled them with biocytin for morphological analysis. The neurons recorded did not demonstrate choline acetyltransferase activity, but did demonstrate heterogeneous morphological and electrophysiological properties
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Pang K., Tepper J.M., Zaborszky L. Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons. J Comp Neurol. 394:1998;186-204. The authors recorded extracellularly from single basal forebrain neurons, determined their electrophysiological properties, and then labeled them with biocytin for morphological analysis. The neurons recorded did not demonstrate choline acetyltransferase activity, but did demonstrate heterogeneous morphological and electrophysiological properties.
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J Comp Neurol
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Pang, K.1
Tepper, J.M.2
Zaborszky, L.3
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58
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Loss of rhythmically bursting neurons in rat medial septum following selective lesion of septohippocampal cholinergic system
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Rhythmically bursting (RB) neurons in the medial septum appear to be critical for the generation of the hippocampal theta rhythm. The number of RB neurons in the medial septum was dramatically reduced, but not eliminated, following intraventricular 192 IgG-saporin. The remaining RB neurons were identified as GABAergic cells, suggesting that both neurochemical classes of neurons play a role in generating hippocampal theta rhythm, and providing a substrate for the residual hippocampal theta activity found after 192 IgG-saporin lesions
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Apartis E., Poindessous-Jazat F.R., Lamour Y.A., Bassant M.H. Loss of rhythmically bursting neurons in rat medial septum following selective lesion of septohippocampal cholinergic system. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;1633-1642. Rhythmically bursting (RB) neurons in the medial septum appear to be critical for the generation of the hippocampal theta rhythm. The number of RB neurons in the medial septum was dramatically reduced, but not eliminated, following intraventricular 192 IgG-saporin. The remaining RB neurons were identified as GABAergic cells, suggesting that both neurochemical classes of neurons play a role in generating hippocampal theta rhythm, and providing a substrate for the residual hippocampal theta activity found after 192 IgG-saporin lesions.
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J Neurophysiol
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Apartis, E.1
Poindessous-Jazat, F.R.2
Lamour, Y.A.3
Bassant, M.H.4
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Selective suppression of intrinsic but not afferent fiber synaptic transmission by baclofen in the piriform (olfactory) cortex
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Tang A.C., Hasselmo M.E. Selective suppression of intrinsic but not afferent fiber synaptic transmission by baclofen in the piriform (olfactory) cortex. Brain Res. 659:1994;75-81.
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Tang, A.C.1
Hasselmo, M.E.2
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60
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Noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission may influence cortical signal-to-noise ratio
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This paper demonstrates that norepinephrine and acetylcholine have similar effects on cortical information processing, selectively suppressing synaptic transmission at synapses from intrinsic but not afferent fibers. Hence, although different behavioral situations may activate these two transmitter systems, their effects on cortical information processing may be similar
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Hasselmo M.E., Linster C., Patil M., Ma D., Cekic M. Noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission may influence cortical signal-to-noise ratio. J Neurophysiol. 77:1997;3326-3339. This paper demonstrates that norepinephrine and acetylcholine have similar effects on cortical information processing, selectively suppressing synaptic transmission at synapses from intrinsic but not afferent fibers. Hence, although different behavioral situations may activate these two transmitter systems, their effects on cortical information processing may be similar.
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J Neurophysiol
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Hasselmo, M.E.1
Linster, C.2
Patil, M.3
Ma, D.4
Cekic, M.5
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61
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Interactions between 192-IgG saporin and intraseptal cholinergic and GABAergic drugs: Role of cholinergic medial septal neurons in spatial working memory
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in press. Demonstrates that selective removal of cholinergic MS/VDB neurons does not alter performance on a spatial working memory task. However, infusions into the MS/VDB of muscimol or scopolamine resulted in spatial working memory deficits in rats with cholinergic MS/VDB neurons, but not in control rats
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Pang K.C.H., Nocera R. Interactions between 192-IgG saporin and intraseptal cholinergic and GABAergic drugs: role of cholinergic medial septal neurons in spatial working memory. Behav Neurosci. 1999;. in press. Demonstrates that selective removal of cholinergic MS/VDB neurons does not alter performance on a spatial working memory task. However, infusions into the MS/VDB of muscimol or scopolamine resulted in spatial working memory deficits in rats with cholinergic MS/VDB neurons, but not in control rats.
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Behav Neurosci
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Pang, K.C.H.1
Nocera, R.2
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Edited by Iversen SD, Iversen LL, Snyder SH. New York: Plenum
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