The type 2C Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2Cγ is a pre-mRNA splicing factor

Genes and Development

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 87-97

  Murray, Michael V ^a   Kobayashi, Ryuji ^a   Krainer, Adrian R ^a  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor   (United States)

Author keywords

Phosphatase; PP2C ; Pre mRNA processing; Spliceosome; Splicing

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE;

ARTICLE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME PURIFICATION; HELA CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA SPLICING;

EID: 0032901297     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.1.87     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Berglund, J.A., K. Chua, N. Abovich, R. Reed, and M. Rosbash. 1997. The splicing factor BBP interacts specifically with the pre-mRNA branchpoint sequence UACUAAC. Cell 89: 781-787.
2. Blencowe, B.J., J.A. Nickerson, R. Issner, S. Penman, and P.A. Sharp. 1994. Association of nuclear matrix antigens with exon-containing splicing complexes. J. Cell Biol. 127: 593-607.
3. Brosi, R., H.P. Hauri, and A. Krämer. 1993. Separation of splicing factor SF3 into two components and purification of SF3a activity. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 17640-17646.
4. Cáceres, J.F., G.R. Screaton, and A.R. Krainer. 1998. A specific subset of SR proteins shuttles continuously between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Genes & Dev. 12: 55-66.
5. Cao, W., S.F. Jamison, and M.A. Garcia-Blanco. 1997. Both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ASF/SF2 are required for pre-mRNA splicing in vitro. RNA 3: 1456-1467.
6. Cardinali, B., P.T. Cohen, and A.I. Lamond. 1994. Protein phosphatase 1 can modulate alternative 5′ splice site selection in a HeLa splicing extract. FEBS Lett. 352: 276-280.
7. Colwill, K., T. Pawson, B. Andrews, J. Prasad, J.L. Manley, J.C. Bell, and P.I. Duncan. 1996. The Clk/Sty protein kinase phosphorylates SR splicing factors and regulates their intranuclear distribution. EMBO J. 15: 265-275.
8. Das, A.K., N.R. Helps, P.T. Cohen, and D. Barford. 1996. Crystal structure of the protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C at 2.0 Å resolution. EMBO J. 15: 6798-6809.
9. Davies, S.P., N.R. Helps, P.T. Cohen, and D.G. Hardie. 1995. 5′-AMP inhibits dephosphorylation, as well as promoting phosphorylation, of the AMP-activated protein kinase. Studies using bacterially expressed human protein phosphatase-2C alpha and native bovine protein phosphatase-2AC. FEBS Lett. 377: 421-425.
10. Deng, W.P. and J.A. Nickoloff. 1992. Site-directed mutagenesis of virtually any plasmid by eliminating a unique site. Anal. Biochem. 200: 81-88.
11. Duncan, P.I., D.F. Stojdl, R.M. Marius, and J.C. Bell. 1997. In vivo regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing by the Clk1 protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 5996-6001.
12. Fu, X.D. 1995. The superfamily of arginine/serine-rich splicing factors. RNA 1: 663-680.
13. Fu, X.D. and T. Maniatis. 1990. Factor required for mammalian spliceosome assembly is localized to discrete regions in the nucleus. Nature 343: 437-441.
14. Gozani, O., R. Feld, and R. Reed. 1996. Evidence that sequence-independent binding of highly conserved U2 snRNP proteins upstream of the branch site is required for assembly of spliceosomal complex A. Genes & Dev. 10: 233-243.
15. Gui, J.F., W.S. Lane, and X.D. Fu. 1994. A serine kinase regulates intracellular localization of splicing factors in the cell cycle. Nature 369: 678-682.
16. Guthridge, M.A., M. Seldin, and C. Basilico. 1996. Induction of expression of growth-related genes by FGF-4 in mouse fibroblasts. Oncogene 12: 1267-1278.
17. Guthridge, M.A., P. Bellosta, N. Tavoloni, and C. Basilico. 1997. FIN13, a novel growth factor-inducible serine-threonine phosphatase which can inhibit cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 5485-5498.
18. Harlow, E. and D. Lane. 1988. Antibodies: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
19. Kanopka, A., O. Mühlemann, S. Petersen-Mahrt, C. Estmer, C. Öhrmalm, and G. Aküsjarvi. 1998. Regulation of adenovirus alternative RNA splicing by dephosphorylation of SR proteins. Nature 393: 185-187.
20. Kohtz, J.D., S.F. Jamison, C.L. Will, P. Zuo, R. Lührmann, M.A. Garcia-Blanco, and J.L. Manley. 1994. Protein-protein interactions and 5′ splice-site recognition in mammalian mRNA precursors. Nature 368: 119-124.
21. Konarska, M.M. 1989. Analysis of splicing complexes and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by native gel electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol. 180: 442-453.
22. Krainer, A.R., G.C. Conway, and D. Kozak. 1990. Purification and characterization of pre-mRNA splicing factor SF2 from HeLa cells. Genes & Dev. 4: 1158-1171.
23. Krämer, A. 1992. Purification of splicing factor SF1, a heat-stable protein that functions in the assembly of a presplicing complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 4545-4552.
24. _. 1996. The structure and function of proteins involved in mammalian pre-mRNA splicing. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 367-409.
25. Kuroyanagi, N., H. Onogi, T. Wakabayashi, and M. Hagiwara. 1998. Novel SR-protein-specific kinase, SRPK2, disassembles nuclear speckles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242: 357-364.
26. Kusuda, K., T. Kobayashi, S. Ikeda, M. Ohnishi, N. Chida, Y. Yanagawa, R. Shineha, T. Nishihira, S. Satomi, A. Hiraga, and S. Tamura. 1998. Mutational analysis of the domain structure of mouse protein phosphatase 2Cβ. Biochem. J. 332: 243-250.
27. Mann, D.J., D.G. Campbell, C.H. McGowan, and P.T. Cohen. 1992. Mammalian protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C: cDNA cloning and comparative analysis of amino acid sequences. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1130: 100-104.
28. Marley, A.E., J.E. Sullivan, D. Carling, W.M. Abbott, G.J. Smith, I.W. Taylor, F. Carey, and R.K. Beri. 1996. Biochemical characterization and deletion analysis of recombinant human protein phosphatase 2Cα. Biochem. J. 320: 801-806.
29. Mayeda, A. and A.R. Krainer. 1999a. Mammalian in vitro splicing assays. In Methods in molecular biology: RNA-protein interaction protocols (ed. S.R. Haynes). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. (In press.)
30. _. 1999b. Preparation of Hela cell nuclear and cytosolic S100 extracts for in vitro splicing. In Methods in molecular biology: RNA-protein interaction protocols (ed. S.R. Haynes). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. (In press.)
31. Mermoud, J.E., P. Cohen, and A.I. Lamond. 1992. Ser/Thr-specific protein phosphatases are required for both catalytic steps of pre-mRNA splicing. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 5263-5269.
32. Mermoud, J.E., P.T. Cohen, and A.I. Lamond. 1994. Regulation of mammalian spliceosome assembly by a protein phosphorylation mechanism. EMBO J. 13: 5679-5688.
33. Misteli, T. and D.L. Spector. 1996. Serine/threonine phosphatase 1 modulates the subnuclear distribution of pre-mRNA splicing factors. Mol. Biol. Cell 7: 1559-1572.
34. _. 1998. The cellular organization of gene expression. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10: 323-331.
35. Misteli, T., J.F. Cáceres, J.Q. Clement, A.R. Krainer, M.F. Wilkinson, and D.L. Spector. 1998. Serine phosphorylation of SR proteins is required for their recruitment to sites of transcription in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 143: 297-307.
36. Moore, F., J. Weekes, and D.G. Hardie. 1991. Evidence that AMP triggers phosphorylation as well as direct allosteric activation of rat liver AMP-activated protein kinase. A sensitive mechanism to protect the cell against ATP depletion. Eur J. Biochem. 199: 691-697.
37. Parker, A.R. and J.A. Steitz. 1997. Inhibition of mammalian spliceosome assembly and pre-mRNA splicing by peptide inhibitors of protein kinases. RNA 3: 1301-1312.
38. Reed, R. and L. Palandjian. 1997. Spliceosome assembly. In Eukaryotic mRNA processing (ed. A.R. Krainer), pp. 130-173. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
39. Roscigno, R.F. and M.A. Garcia-Blanco. 1995. SR proteins escort the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP to the spliceosome. RNA 1: 692-706.
40. Rossi, F., E. Labourier, T. Forne, G. Divita, J. Derancourt, J.F. Riou, E. Antoine, G. Cathala, C. Brunel, and J. Tazi. 1996. Specific phosphorylation of SR proteins by mammalian DNA topoisomerase I. Nature 381: 80-82.
41. Seghezzi, W., K. Chua, F. Shanahan, O. Gozani, R. Reed, and E. Lees. 1998. Cyclin E associates with components of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 4526-4536.
42. Shenolikar, S. 1994. Protein serine/threonine phosphatases -new avenues for cell regulation. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10: 55-86.
43. Tacke, R., Y. Chen, and J.L. Manley. 1997. Sequence-specific RNA binding by an SR protein requires RS domain phosphorylation: Creation of an SRp40-specific splicing enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 1148-1153.
44. Takekawa, M., T. Maeda, and H. Saito. 1998. Protein phosphatase 2Cα inhibits the human stress-responsive p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. EMBO J. 17: 4744-4752.
45. Tamura, S., K.R. Lynch, J. Larner, J. Fox, A. Yasui, K. Kikuchi, Y. Suzuki, and S. Tsuiki. 1989. Molecular cloning of rat type 2C (IA) protein phosphatase mRNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 86: 1796-1800.
46. Tazi, J., M.C. Daugeron, G. Cathala, C. Brunel, and P. Jeanteur. 1992. Adenosine phosphorothioates (ATP α S and ATP τ S) differentially affect the two steps of mammalian pre-mRNA splicing. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 4322-4326.
47. Tazi, J., U. Kornstadt, F. Rossi, P. Jeanteur, G. Cathala, C. Brunel, and R. Lührmann. 1993. Thiophosphorylation of U1-70K protein inhibits pre-mRNA splicing. Nature 363: 283-286.
48. Travis, S.M. and M.J. Welsh. 1997. PP2Cγ: A human protein phosphatase with a unique acidic domain. FEBS Lett. 412: 415-419.
49. Travis, S.M., H.A. Berger, and M.J. Welsh. 1997. Protein phosphatase 2C dephosphorylates and inactivates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 11055-11060.
50. Wang, C., K. Chua, W. Seghezzi, E. Lees, O. Gozani, and R. Reed. 1998a. Phosphorylation of spliceosomal protein SAP 155 coupled with splicing catalysis. Genes & Dev. 12: 1409-1414.
51. Wang, H.Y., W. Lin, J.A. Dyck, J.M. Yeakley, Z. Songyang, L.C. Cantley, and X.D. Fu. 1998b. SRPK2: A differentially expressed SR protein-specific kinase involved in mediating the interaction and localization of pre-mRNA splicing factors in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 140: 737-750.
52. Wang, R., R. Kobayashi, and J.M. Bishop. 1996. Cellular adherence elicits ligand-independent activation of the Met cell-surface receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 8425-8430.
53. (2+)-inhibitable serine/threonine protein phosphatase from bovine brain. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 25607-25612.
54. Wang, Y.-C., M. Selvakumar, and D.H. Helfman. 1997. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing. In Eukaryotic mRNA processing (ed. A.R. Krainer), pp. 242-279. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
55. Wenk, J., H.I. Trompeter, K.G. Pettrich, P.T. Cohen, D.G. Campbell, and G. Mieskes. 1992. Molecular cloning and primary structure of a protein phosphatase 2C isoform. FEBS Lett. 297: 135-138.
56. Will, C.L. and R. Lührmann. 1997. snRNP structure and function. In Eukaryotic mRNA processing (ed. A.R. Krainer), pp. 130-173. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
57. Xiao, S.H. and J.L. Manley. 1997. Phosphorylation of the ASF/ SF2 RS domain affects both protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions and is necessary for splicing. Genes & Dev. 11: 334-344.
58. Zahler, A.M., W.S. Lane, J.A. Stolk, and M.B. Roth. 1992. SR proteins: A conserved family of pre-mRNA splicing factors. Genes & Dev. 6: 837-847.