메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 64, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 143-148

Nongenomic progesterone receptor on human spermatozoa: Biochemical aspects and clinical implications

Author keywords

Acrosome reaction; Nongenomic; Phosphorylation; Progesterone; Receptor; Spermatozoa

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; CALCIUM; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR;

EID: 0032898333     PISSN: 0039128X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-128X(98)00100-7     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (47)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 0344364894 scopus 로고
    • Anhestetic effects of steroids hormones
    • Seyle H. Anhestetic effects of steroids hormones. Proc Soc Biol Med. 46:1941;116-118.
    • (1941) Proc Soc Biol Med , vol.46 , pp. 116-118
    • Seyle, H.1
  • 3
    • 0032462138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones in reproducive tissues
    • Revelli A., Massobrio M., Tesarik J. Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones in reproducive tissues. Endocrine Rev. 19:1998;3-17.
    • (1998) Endocrine Rev , vol.19 , pp. 3-17
    • Revelli, A.1    Massobrio, M.2    Tesarik, J.3
  • 4
    • 0001281746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human sperm activation during capacitation and acrosome reaction: Role of calcium, protein phosphorylation and lipid remodelling pathways
    • Baldi E., Luconi M., Bonaccorsi L., Krausz C., Forti G. Human sperm activation during capacitation and acrosome reaction role of calcium, protein phosphorylation and lipid remodelling pathways . Front Biosci. 1:1996;d189-d205.
    • (1996) Front Biosci , vol.1
    • Baldi, E.1    Luconi, M.2    Bonaccorsi, L.3    Krausz, C.4    Forti, G.5
  • 6
    • 0026318851 scopus 로고
    • Cell surface localization of a novel non-genomic progesterone receptor on the head of human sperm
    • Blackmore P.F., Lattanzio F. Cell surface localization of a novel non-genomic progesterone receptor on the head of human sperm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 181:1991;31-36.
    • (1991) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.181 , pp. 31-36
    • Blackmore, P.F.1    Lattanzio, F.2
  • 7
    • 0026005122 scopus 로고
    • Cell surface binding sites for progesterone mediate calcium uptake in human sperm
    • Balckmore P.F., Neulen J., Lattanzio F., Beebe S.J. Cell surface binding sites for progesterone mediate calcium uptake in human sperm. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;18655-18659.
    • (1991) J Biol Chem , vol.266 , pp. 18655-18659
    • Balckmore, P.F.1    Neulen, J.2    Lattanzio, F.3    Beebe, S.J.4
  • 9
    • 0031732318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of functional nongenomic progesterone receptors on human sperm membranes
    • Luconi M., Bonaccorsi L., Maggi M., Pecchioli P., Krausz C., Forti G., Baldi E. Identification and characterization of functional nongenomic progesterone receptors on human sperm membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:1998;877-890.
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 877-890
    • Luconi, M.1    Bonaccorsi, L.2    Maggi, M.3    Pecchioli, P.4    Krausz, C.5    Forti, G.6    Baldi, E.7
  • 10
    • 0031902390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human sperm capacitation induced by biological fluids and progesterone, but not by NADH or NADPH, is associated with the production of superoxide anion
    • De Lamirande E., Harakat A., Gagnon C. Human sperm capacitation induced by biological fluids and progesterone, but not by NADH or NADPH, is associated with the production of superoxide anion. J Androl. 19:1998;215-225.
    • (1998) J Androl , vol.19 , pp. 215-225
    • De Lamirande, E.1    Harakat, A.2    Gagnon, C.3
  • 11
    • 0026621839 scopus 로고
    • Direct effects of progesterone and antiprogesterone on human sperm hyperactivated motility and acrosome reaction
    • Uhler M.L., Leung A., Chan S.Y.W., Wang C. Direct effects of progesterone and antiprogesterone on human sperm hyperactivated motility and acrosome reaction. Fertil Steril. 58:1992;1191-1198.
    • (1992) Fertil Steril , vol.58 , pp. 1191-1198
    • Uhler, M.L.1    Leung, A.2    Chan, S.Y.W.3    Wang, C.4
  • 12
    • 0025943491 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium accumulation and responsiveness to progesterone in capacitating human spermatozoa
    • Baldi E., Casano R., Falsetti C., Krausz Cs, Maggi M., Forti G. Intracellular calcium accumulation and responsiveness to progesterone in capacitating human spermatozoa. J Androl. 12:1991;323-330.
    • (1991) J Androl , vol.12 , pp. 323-330
    • Baldi, E.1    Casano, R.2    Falsetti, C.3    Krausz, C.4    Maggi, M.5    Forti, G.6
  • 13
    • 0028650360 scopus 로고
    • Exocytosis in spermatozoa in response to progesterone and zona pellucida
    • Roldan R. S., Murase T., Shi Q-X. Exocytosis in spermatozoa in response to progesterone and zona pellucida. Science. 266:1994;1578-1581.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1578-1581
    • Roldan, R.S.1    Murase, T.2    Shi, Q.-X.3
  • 14
    • 0031749089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progesterone in mare follicular fluid induces the acrosome reaction in stallion spermatozoa and enhances in vitro binding to the zona pellucida
    • Cheng F.P., Fazeli A.R., Voorhour W.F., Tremoleda J.L., Bevers M.M., Colenbrander B. Progesterone in mare follicular fluid induces the acrosome reaction in stallion spermatozoa and enhances in vitro binding to the zona pellucida. Int J Androl. 21:1998;57-66.
    • (1998) Int J Androl , vol.21 , pp. 57-66
    • Cheng, F.P.1    Fazeli, A.R.2    Voorhour, W.F.3    Tremoleda, J.L.4    Bevers, M.M.5    Colenbrander, B.6
  • 15
    • 0025095406 scopus 로고
    • Progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Novel stimulators of calcium influx in human sperm
    • Blackmore P.F., Beebe S.J., Danforth D.R., Alexander N. Progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Novel stimulators of calcium influx in human sperm. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;1376-1380.
    • (1990) J Biol Chem , vol.265 , pp. 1376-1380
    • Blackmore, P.F.1    Beebe, S.J.2    Danforth, D.R.3    Alexander, N.4
  • 16
    • 0027313213 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by a progesterone receptor on the cell surface of human sperm
    • Tesarik J., Moos J., Mendoza C. Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by a progesterone receptor on the cell surface of human sperm. Endocrinol. 133:1993;328-335.
    • (1993) Endocrinol , vol.133 , pp. 328-335
    • Tesarik, J.1    Moos, J.2    Mendoza, C.3
  • 17
    • 0028966773 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by platelet-activating factor and progesterone in human spermatozoa
    • Luconi M., Bonaccorsi L., Krausz Cs, Gervasi G., Forti G., Baldi E. Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by platelet-activating factor and progesterone in human spermatozoa. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 108:1995;35-42.
    • (1995) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.108 , pp. 35-42
    • Luconi, M.1    Bonaccorsi, L.2    Krausz, C.3    Gervasi, G.4    Forti, G.5    Baldi, E.6
  • 19
    • 0031057617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acid neurotransmitter receptor/chloride channels of mammalian sperm and the acrosome reaction
    • Meizel S. Amino acid neurotransmitter receptor/chloride channels of mammalian sperm and the acrosome reaction. Biol Reprod. 56:1997;569-574.
    • (1997) Biol Reprod , vol.56 , pp. 569-574
    • Meizel, S.1
  • 20
    • 0030457244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progesterone and zona pellucida activate different trasducing pathways in the sequence of events leading to diacylglicerol generation during mouse sperm acrosomal exocytosis
    • Murase T., Roldan E.R.S. Progesterone and zona pellucida activate different trasducing pathways in the sequence of events leading to diacylglicerol generation during mouse sperm acrosomal exocytosis. Biochem J. 320:1996;1017-1023.
    • (1996) Biochem J , vol.320 , pp. 1017-1023
    • Murase, T.1    Roldan, E.R.S.2
  • 21
    • 0028910081 scopus 로고
    • Tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates the plateau phase of calcium increase in response to progesterone in human spermatozoa
    • Bonaccorsi L., Luconi M., Forti G., Baldi E. Tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates the plateau phase of calcium increase in response to progesterone in human spermatozoa. FEBS Lett. 364:1995;83-86.
    • (1995) FEBS Lett , vol.364 , pp. 83-86
    • Bonaccorsi, L.1    Luconi, M.2    Forti, G.3    Baldi, E.4
  • 22
    • 0029797448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chloride efflux during the progesterone-initiated human sperm acrosome reaction is inhibited by lavendustin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
    • Meizel S., Turner K.O. Chloride efflux during the progesterone-initiated human sperm acrosome reaction is inhibited by lavendustin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. J Androl. 17:1996;327-333.
    • (1996) J Androl , vol.17 , pp. 327-333
    • Meizel, S.1    Turner, K.O.2
  • 24
    • 0030323489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase C activation during progesterone-stimulated acrosomal exocytosis in human spermatozoa
    • O'Toole C.M.B., Roldan E.R.S., Fraser L.R. Protein kinase C activation during progesterone-stimulated acrosomal exocytosis in human spermatozoa. Mol Hum Reprod. 2:1996;921-927.
    • (1996) Mol Hum Reprod , vol.2 , pp. 921-927
    • O'Toole, C.M.B.1    Roldan, E.R.S.2    Fraser, L.R.3
  • 25
    • 0031944603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progesterone-stimulated intracellular calcium increase in human spermatozoa is calcium-independent
    • Bonaccorsi L., Krausz C., Pecchioli P., Forti G., Baldi E. Progesterone-stimulated intracellular calcium increase in human spermatozoa is calcium-independent. Mol Hum Reprod. 4:1998;259-268.
    • (1998) Mol Hum Reprod , vol.4 , pp. 259-268
    • Bonaccorsi, L.1    Krausz, C.2    Pecchioli, P.3    Forti, G.4    Baldi, E.5
  • 28
    • 0031978060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of Shc proteins in human sperm in response to capacitation and progesterone treatment
    • Morte C., Iborra A., Martinez P. Phosphorylation of Shc proteins in human sperm in response to capacitation and progesterone treatment. Mol Reprod Dev. 50:1998;113-120.
    • (1998) Mol Reprod Dev , vol.50 , pp. 113-120
    • Morte, C.1    Iborra, A.2    Martinez, P.3
  • 29
    • 0027407731 scopus 로고
    • Thapsigargin elevates and potentiates the ability of progesterone to increase intracellular free calcium in human sperm: Possible role of perinuclear calcium
    • Blackmore P.F. Thapsigargin elevates and potentiates the ability of progesterone to increase intracellular free calcium in human sperm possible role of perinuclear calcium . Cell Calcium. 14:1992;53-60.
    • (1992) Cell Calcium , vol.14 , pp. 53-60
    • Blackmore, P.F.1
  • 30
    • 0029125139 scopus 로고
    • Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors selectively localized to the acrosomes of mammalian sperm
    • Walensky L.D., Snyder S.H. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors selectively localized to the acrosomes of mammalian sperm. J Cell Biol. 130:1995;857-869.
    • (1995) J Cell Biol , vol.130 , pp. 857-869
    • Walensky, L.D.1    Snyder, S.H.2
  • 31
    • 0026695454 scopus 로고
    • Steroid-induced perturbations of membranes and its relevance to sperm acrosome reaction
    • Shivaji S., Jagannadham M.V. Steroid-induced perturbations of membranes and its relevance to sperm acrosome reaction. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1108:1992;99-109.
    • (1992) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1108 , pp. 99-109
    • Shivaji, S.1    Jagannadham, M.V.2
  • 32
    • 0029793695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extragenomic action of progesterone on human spermatozoa: Evidence for ubiquitous response that is rapidly down-regulated
    • Aitken R.J., Buckingham D.W., Irvine D.S. The extragenomic action of progesterone on human spermatozoa evidence for ubiquitous response that is rapidly down-regulated . Endocrinol. 137:1996;3999-4009.
    • (1996) Endocrinol , vol.137 , pp. 3999-4009
    • Aitken, R.J.1    Buckingham, D.W.2    Irvine, D.S.3
  • 33
    • 0031983519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the cellular mechanism by which the bicarbonate ion mediates the extragenomic action of progesterone on human spermatozoa
    • Aitken R.J., Harkiss D., Knox W., Patersonand M., Irvine S. On the cellular mechanism by which the bicarbonate ion mediates the extragenomic action of progesterone on human spermatozoa. Biol Reprod. 58:1998;186-196.
    • (1998) Biol Reprod , vol.58 , pp. 186-196
    • Aitken, R.J.1    Harkiss, D.2    Knox, W.3    Patersonand, M.4    Irvine, S.5
  • 34
    • 0029871761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unusual steroid specificity of the cell surface progesterone receptor on human sperm
    • Blackmore P.F., Fisher J.F., Spilman C.H., Bleasdale J.E. Unusual steroid specificity of the cell surface progesterone receptor on human sperm. Mol Pharmacol. 49:1996;727-739.
    • (1996) Mol Pharmacol , vol.49 , pp. 727-739
    • Blackmore, P.F.1    Fisher, J.F.2    Spilman, C.H.3    Bleasdale, J.E.4
  • 35
    • 0027140127 scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of progesterone binding proteins in human semen
    • Neulen J., Ishikawa K., Blackmore P.F., Beebe S.J. Identification and characterization of progesterone binding proteins in human semen. Endocrine J. 1:1993;397-404.
    • (1993) Endocrine J , vol.1 , pp. 397-404
    • Neulen, J.1    Ishikawa, K.2    Blackmore, P.F.3    Beebe, S.J.4
  • 36
    • 0029869830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human sperm plasma membrane progesterone receptor(s) and the acrosome reaction
    • Sauber K., Edwards D.P., Meizel S. Human sperm plasma membrane progesterone receptor(s) and the acrosome reaction. Biol Reprod. 54:1996;993-1001.
    • (1996) Biol Reprod , vol.54 , pp. 993-1001
    • Sauber, K.1    Edwards, D.P.2    Meizel, S.3
  • 37
    • 0029155587 scopus 로고
    • Co-expression of mannose-ligand and non-nuclear progesterone receptors on motile human sperm identifies and acrosome-reaction inducible subpopulation
    • Benoff S., Rushbrook J.I., Hurley I.R., Mandel F., Barcia M., Cooper G.W., Hershlag A. Co-expression of mannose-ligand and non-nuclear progesterone receptors on motile human sperm identifies and acrosome-reaction inducible subpopulation. Am J Reprod Immunol. 34:1995;100-115.
    • (1995) Am J Reprod Immunol , vol.34 , pp. 100-115
    • Benoff, S.1    Rushbrook, J.I.2    Hurley, I.R.3    Mandel, F.4    Barcia, M.5    Cooper, G.W.6    Hershlag, A.7
  • 38
    • 0026629796 scopus 로고
    • Selective expression of a progesterone receptor on the human sperm surface
    • Tesarik J., Mandoza C., Moos J., Carreras A. Selective expression of a progesterone receptor on the human sperm surface. Fertil Steril. 58:1992;784-792.
    • (1992) Fertil Steril , vol.58 , pp. 784-792
    • Tesarik, J.1    Mandoza, C.2    Moos, J.3    Carreras, A.4
  • 39
    • 0027271926 scopus 로고
    • Insights into the function of a sperm-surface progesterone receptor:evidence of ligand-induced receptor aggregation and the implication of proteolysis
    • Tesarik J., Menodza C. Insights into the function of a sperm-surface progesterone receptor:evidence of ligand-induced receptor aggregation and the implication of proteolysis. Exp Cell Res. 205:1993;111-117.
    • (1993) Exp Cell Res , vol.205 , pp. 111-117
    • Tesarik, J.1    Menodza, C.2
  • 40
    • 0344933068 scopus 로고
    • Localization of progesterone-BSA-FITC and BSA-FITC probes on the pig sperm plasma membrane during incubation at 39°C and cooling at 5°C
    • Montreal, Canada, August 17-22, Abstract book.
    • Medrano A, Holt WV, Watson PF. Localization of progesterone-BSA-FITC and BSA-FITC probes on the pig sperm plasma membrane during incubation at 39°C and cooling at 5°C. Eighth International Symposium on Spermatology, Montreal, Canada, August 17-22, 1993, Abstract book. p. 102.
    • (1993) Eighth International Symposium on Spermatology , pp. 102
    • Medrano, A.1    Holt, W.V.2    Watson, P.F.3
  • 41
    • 0027366260 scopus 로고
    • - channel complex in the progesterone-initiated acrosome reaction
    • - channel complex in the progesterone-initiated acrosome reaction. Dev Biol. 159:1993;679-690.
    • (1993) Dev Biol , vol.159 , pp. 679-690
    • Wistrom, C.A.1    Meizel, S.2
  • 42
    • 0031196791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) induces the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa
    • Shi Q.-X., Yuan Y.-Y., Roldan E.R.S. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) induces the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa. Mol Hum Reprod. 3:1997;677-683.
    • (1997) Mol Hum Reprod , vol.3 , pp. 677-683
    • Shi, Q.-X.1    Yuan, Y.-Y.2    Roldan, E.R.S.3
  • 43
    • 0031080921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progesterone triggers a wave of increased free calcium during the human sperm acrosome reaction
    • Meizel S., Turner K.O., Nuccitelli R. Progesterone triggers a wave of increased free calcium during the human sperm acrosome reaction. Dev Biol. 182:1997;67-75.
    • (1997) Dev Biol , vol.182 , pp. 67-75
    • Meizel, S.1    Turner, K.O.2    Nuccitelli, R.3
  • 44
  • 46
    • 0027259121 scopus 로고
    • Decreased responsiveness to progesterone in oligozoospermic patients
    • Falsetti C., Baldi E., Krausz C., Casano R., Failli P., Forti G. Decreased responsiveness to progesterone in oligozoospermic patients. J Androl. 14:1993;17-22.
    • (1993) J Androl , vol.14 , pp. 17-22
    • Falsetti, C.1    Baldi, E.2    Krausz, C.3    Casano, R.4    Failli, P.5    Forti, G.6
  • 47
    • 0026754448 scopus 로고
    • Defective function of a nongenomic progesterone receptor as a sole sperm anomaly in infertile patients
    • Tesarik J., Mendoza C. Defective function of a nongenomic progesterone receptor as a sole sperm anomaly in infertile patients. Fertil Steril. 58:1992;793-797.
    • (1992) Fertil Steril , vol.58 , pp. 793-797
    • Tesarik, J.1    Mendoza, C.2
  • 48
    • 0028049129 scopus 로고
    • Defective calcium influx and acrosome reaction (spontaneous and progesterone-induced) in spermatozoa of infertile men with severe teratozoospermias
    • Oehninger S., Blackmore P.F., Morshedi M., Sueldo C., Acosta A., Alexander N.J. Defective calcium influx and acrosome reaction (spontaneous and progesterone-induced) in spermatozoa of infertile men with severe teratozoospermias. Fertil Steril. 61:1994;349-354.
    • (1994) Fertil Steril , vol.61 , pp. 349-354
    • Oehninger, S.1    Blackmore, P.F.2    Morshedi, M.3    Sueldo, C.4    Acosta, A.5    Alexander, N.J.6
  • 49
    • 0028963243 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium increase and acrosome reaction in response to progesterone in human spermatozoa is correlated with in vitro fertilization
    • Krausz C., Bonaccorsi L., Luconi M., Fuzzi B., Criscuoli L., Pellegrini S., Forti G., Baldi E. Intracellular calcium increase and acrosome reaction in response to progesterone in human spermatozoa is correlated with in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 10:1995;120-124.
    • (1995) Hum Reprod , vol.10 , pp. 120-124
    • Krausz, C.1    Bonaccorsi, L.2    Luconi, M.3    Fuzzi, B.4    Criscuoli, L.5    Pellegrini, S.6    Forti, G.7    Baldi, E.8
  • 50
    • 0006940470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium increase and acrosome reaction in response to progesterone in human spermatozoa is correlated with in vitro fertilization
    • Krausz C., Bonaccorsi L., Maggio P., Luconi M., Fuzzi B., Criscuoli L., Pellegrini S., Forti G., Baldi E. Intracellular calcium increase and acrosome reaction in response to progesterone in human spermatozoa is correlated with in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 11:1996;1161-1167.
    • (1996) Hum Reprod , vol.11 , pp. 1161-1167
    • Krausz, C.1    Bonaccorsi, L.2    Maggio, P.3    Luconi, M.4    Fuzzi, B.5    Criscuoli, L.6    Pellegrini, S.7    Forti, G.8    Baldi, E.9
  • 51
    • 0031241721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of mannose ligands in IVF screens to mimic zona pellucida-induced acrosome reactions and predict fertilization success
    • Benoff S., Hurley I.R., Mandel F.S., Paine T., Jacob A., Cooper G.W., Hershlag A. Use of mannose ligands in IVF screens to mimic zona pellucida-induced acrosome reactions and predict fertilization success. Mol Hum Reprod. 3:1997;839-846.
    • (1997) Mol Hum Reprod , vol.3 , pp. 839-846
    • Benoff, S.1    Hurley, I.R.2    Mandel, F.S.3    Paine, T.4    Jacob, A.5    Cooper, G.W.6    Hershlag, A.7
  • 52
    • 0031423133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors in spermatozoa of infertile men
    • Misao R., Miwa K., Morishita S., Fujimoto J., Nakanishi Y., Tamaya T. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors in spermatozoa of infertile men. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 42:1997;421-425.
    • (1997) Int J Fertil Womens Med , vol.42 , pp. 421-425
    • Misao, R.1    Miwa, K.2    Morishita, S.3    Fujimoto, J.4    Nakanishi, Y.5    Tamaya, T.6
  • 53
    • 0031777566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human sperm non-nuclear progesterone receptor expression is a novel marker of fertilization outcome
    • Jacob A., Hurley I., Mandel F.S., Hershlag A., Cooper G.W., Benoff S. Human sperm non-nuclear progesterone receptor expression is a novel marker of fertilization outcome. Mol Hum Reprod. 4:1998;533-542.
    • (1998) Mol Hum Reprod , vol.4 , pp. 533-542
    • Jacob, A.1    Hurley, I.2    Mandel, F.S.3    Hershlag, A.4    Cooper, G.W.5    Benoff, S.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.