Ultrasound and lipoproteins as predictors of lipid-rich, rupture-prone plaques in the carotid artery

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 2-13

  Grønholdt, Marie Louise M ^a  

^a University of Copenhagen   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Arteriosclerosis; Carotid artery disease; Histology; Lipoproteins; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; B SCAN; BRAIN EMBOLISM; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; LIPID COMPOSITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0032894752     PISSN: 10795642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.19.1.2     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Matalanis G, Lusby RJ. Is there still a place for carotid endarterectomy? Clin Exp Neurol. 1988;25:17-26.
2. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 1995;92:657-671.
3. Falk E. Why do plaques rupture? Circulation. 1992;86[suppl III]:III-30-III-42.
4. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes, parts 1 and 2. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:242-250, 310-318.
5. Whisnant JP, Matsumoto N, Elveback LR. Transient ischemic attacks in a community: Rochester, Minnesota, 1955-1969. Mayo Clin Proc. 1973;48:194-198.
6. European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group. Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) and mild (0-29%) stenosis. Lancet. 1991;325:1235-1243.
7. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325: 445-453.
8. Langsfield M, Gray-Weale AC, Lusby RJ. The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:548-557.
9. The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group. Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic atherosclerosis. Stroke. 1989;20:844-849.
10. Johnson JM, Kennelly MM, Decesare D, Morgan S, Sparrow A. Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque. Arch Surg. 1985;120: 1010-1012.
11. O'Holleran LW, Kennelly MM, McClurken M, Johnson JM. Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque. Am J Surg. 1987;154:659-661.
12. Leahy AL, McCollum PT, Feeley TM, Sugrue M, Grouden MC, O'Connell DJ, Moore DJ, Shanik GD. Duplex ultrasonography and the selection of patients for carotid endarterectomy: plaque morphology or luminal narrowing? J Vasc Surg. 1988;8:558-562.
13. Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus RJ, Davenport KL, Richardson M, Farina C, Hunter WJ. Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic deficits. Surgery. 1988;104:652-660.
14. Steffen CM, Gray-Weale AC, Byrne KE, Lusby RJ. Carotid artery atheroma: ultrasound appearance in symptomatic and asymptomatic vessels. Aust N Z J Surg. 1989;59:529-534.
15. Giannoni MF, Speziale F, Faraglia V, Sbarigia E, Zaccaria A, Lauri D, Fiorani P. Minor asymptomatic carotid stenosis contralateral to carotid endarterectomy (CEA): our experience. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1991;5: 237-245.
16. Polak JF, O'Leary DH, Kronmal RA, Wolfson SK, Bond MG, Tracy RP, Gardin JM, Kittner SJ, Price TR, Savage PJ. Sonographic evaluation of carotid artery atherosclerosis in the elderly: relationship of disease severity to stroke and transient ischemic attack. Radiology. 1993;188: 363-370.
17. Bock RW, Gray-Weale AC, Mock PA, Robinson DA, Irwig L, Lusby RJ. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 1993;17:160-169.
18. Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Nicolaides A, James K, Labropoulos N, Belcaro G, Holloway M. Characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. Br J Surg. 1993;80:1274-1277.
19. Belcaro G, Laurora G, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Fascetti E, Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Pierangeli A, Nicolaides AN. Ultrasonic classification of carotid plaques causing less than 60% stenosis according to ultrasound morphology and events. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;34:287-294.
20. Holdsworth RJ, McCollum PT, Bryce JS, Harrison DK. Symptoms, stenosis and carotid plaque morphology: is plaque morphology relevant? Eur J Vasc Surg. 1995;9:80-85.
21. Iannuzzi A, Wilcosky T, Mercuri M, Rubba P, Bryan FA, Bond MG. Ultrasonic correlates of carotid atherosclerosis in transient ischemic attack and stroke. Stroke. 1995;26:614-619.
22. Cave EM, Pugh ND, Wilson RJ, Sissons GRJ, Woodcock JP. Carotid artery duplex scanning: does plaque echogenicity correlate with patient symptoms? Eur J Vasc Surg. 1995;10:77-81.
23. Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC, Burnett JR, Byrne K, Lusby RJ. Carotid artery atheroma: comparison of preoperative B-mode ultrasound appearance with carotid endarterectomy specimen pathology. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;29:676-681.
24. Reilly LM, Lusby RJ, Hughes L, Ferrell LD, Stoney RJ, Ehrenfeld WK. Carotid plaque histology using real-time ultrasonography: clinical and therapeutic implications. Am J Surg. 1983;146:188-193.
25. Moore WS, Boren C, Malone JM, Roon AJ, Eisenberg R, Goldstone J, Mani R. Natural history of nonstenotic, asymptomatic ulcerative lesions in the carotid artery. Arch Surg. 1978;113:1352-1358.
26. Comerata AJ, Katz ML, White JV, Grosh JD. The preoperative diagnosis of the ulcerated atheroma. J Vasc Surg. 1990;11:505-510.
27. O'Donnell TF, Erdoes L, Mackey WC, McCullough J, Shepard A, Heggerick P, Isner J, Callow AD. Correlation of B-mode ultrasound imaging and arteriography with pathology findings at carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg. 1985;120:443-449.
28. Fryer JA, Myers PC, Appleberg M. Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage: the significance of neovascularity. J Vasc Surg. 1987;6:341-349.
29. Van Damme H, Demoulin JC, Zicot M, Creemers E, Trotteur G, Limet R. Pathological aspects of carotid plaques: surgical and clinical significance. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;33:46-53.
30. Ratliff DA, Gallagher PJ, Hames TK, Humphries KN, Webster JHH, Chant ADB. Characterisation of carotid artery disease: comparison of duplex scanning with histology. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985;11: 835-840.
31. Ricotta JJ, Bryan FA, Bond MG, Kurtz A, O'Leary DH, Raines JK, Berson AS, Clouse ME, Calderon-Ortiz M, Toole JF, DeWeese JA, Smullens SN, Gustafson NF. Multicenter validation study of real-time (B-mode) ultrasound, arteriography and pathologic examination. J Vasc Surg. 1987;6:512-520.
32. O'Leary DH, Holen J, Ricotta JJ, Roe S, Schenk EA. Carotid bifurcation disease: prediction of ulceration by B-mode US. Radiology. 1987;162: 523-525.
33. Bluth EI, McVay LV, Merritt CRB, Sullivan MA. The identification of ulcerative plaque with high resolution duplex carotid scanning. J Ultrasound Med. 1988;7:73-76.
34. Lusby RJ, Ferrell LD, Ehrenfeld WK, Stoney RJ, Wylie EJ. Carotid plaque hemorrhage: its role in production of cerebral ischemia. Arch Surg. 1982;117:1479-1487.
35. Eliasziw M, Streifler JY, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, Ferguson GG, Barnett HJM. Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. Stroke. 1994;25:304-308.
36. European Carotid Plaque Study Group. Carotid artery plaque composition: relationship to clinical presentation and ultrasound B-mode imaging. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1995;10:23-30.
37. Grønholdt MLM, Wiebe BM, Laursen H, Nielsen TG, Schroeder TV, Sillesen H. Lipid-rich carotid artery plaques may appear echolucent on ultrasound B-mode images and may be associated with intraplaque haemorrhage. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1997;14:439-445.
38. Geroulakos G, Domjan J, Nicolaides A, Stevens J, Labropoulos N, Ramaswami G, Belcaro G, Mansfield A. Ultrasonic carotid artery plaque structure and the risk of cerebral infarction on computed tomography. J Vasc Surg. 1994;20:263-266.
39. Fitzgerald DE, O'Farrell C. Prognostic value of ultrasound morphology in carotid atherosclerosis. Int Angiol. 1993;12:337-341.
40. Nicolaides AN. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: the doctor's dilemma. Int Angiol. 1995;14:1-4.
41. Bluth EI, Kay D, Merritt CRB, Sullivan M, Farr G, Mills NL, Foreman M, Sloan K, Schlater M, Stewart J. Sonographic characterization of carotid plaque: detection of hemorrhage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986; 146:1061-1065.
42. Deleted in proof.
43. Spagnoli LG, Mauriello A, Bonanno E, Santeusanio G, Fieschi C, Fiorani P, Zanette E. Echodensitometry: a methodologic approach to the non-invasive diagnosis of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Int Angiol. 1989;8:216-223.
44. Widder B, Paulat K, Hachspacher J, Hamann H, Hutschenreiter S, Kreutzer C, Ott F, Vollmar J. Morphological characterization of carotid artery stenoses by ultrasound duplex scanning. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1990;16:349-354.
45. Feeley TM, Leen EJ, Colgan MP, Moore DJ, Hourihane DOB, Shanik GD. Histologic characteristics of carotid artery plaque. J Vasc Surg. 1991;13:719-724.
46. Bock RW, Lusby RJ. Carotid plaque morphology and interpretation of the echolucent lesions. In: Labs KH, et al, eds. Diagnostic Vascular Ultrasound. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1992:225-236.
47. Urbani MP, Picano E, Parenti G, Mazzarisi A, Fiori L, Paterni M, Pelosi G, Landini L. In vivo radiofrequency-based ultrasonic tissue characterization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Stroke. 1993;24:1507-1512.
48. El-Barghouty NM, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides A, Androulakis A, Bahal V. Computer-assisted carotid plaque characterisation. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1995;9:389-393.
49. El-Barghouty NM, Nicolaides A, Bahal V, Geroulakos G, Androulakis A. The identification of the high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1996;11:470-478.
50. El-Barghouty NM, Levine T, Ladva S, Flanagan A, Nicolaides A. Histological verification of computerized carotid plaque characterization. Eur j Vasc Surg. 1996;11:414-416.
51. Reilly LM. Importance of carotid plaque morphology. In: Eugene F. Bernstein, ed. Vascular Diagnosis. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1993;35: 333-340.
52. Bassiouny HS, Davis H, Massawa N, Gewertz BL, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Critical carotid stenosis: morphologic and chemical similarity between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9: 202-212.
53. Leen EJ, Feeley M, Colgan MP, O'Malley MK, Moore DJ, Hourihane DOB, Shanik GD. "Haemorrhagic" carotid plaque does not contain haemorrhage. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1990;4:123-128.
54. Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS, Beach KW, Gordon D, Detmer P, Burns D, Alpers C, Strandness E. Carotid plaque morphology and clinical events. Stroke. 1997;28:95-100.
55. Persson AV, Robichaux WT, Silverman M. The natural history of carotid plaque development. Arch Surg. 1983;118:1048-1052.
56. Imparato AM, Riles TS, Mintzer R, Baumann FG. The importance of hemorrhage in the relationship between gross morphologic characteristics and cerebral symptoms in 376 carotid artery plaques. Ann Surg. 1983;197:195-203.
57. Ammar AD, Wilson RL, Travers H, Lin JJ, Farha SJ, Chang FC. Intraplaque hemorrhage: its significance in cerebrovascular disease. Am J Surg. 1984;148:840-843.
58. Ricotta JJ, Schenk EA, Ekholm SE, DeWeese JA. Angiographic and pathologic correlates in carotid artery disease. Surgery. 1986;99: 284-292.
59. Lennihan L, Kupsky WJ, Mohr JP, Hauser WA, Correll JW, Quest DO. Lack of association between carotid plaque hematomas and ischaemic cerebral symptoms. Stroke. 1987;18:879-881.
60. Avril G, Batt M, Guidoin R, Marois M, Hassen-Khodja R, Daune B, Gagliardi J-M, Le Bas P. Carotid endarterectomy plaques: correlations of clinical and anatomic findings. Ann Vasc Surg. 1991;5:50-54.
61. van Damme H, Vivario M. Pathologic aspects of carotid plaques: surgical and clinical significance. Int Angiol. 1993;12:299-311.
62. Seeger JM, Barratt E, Lawson GA, Klingman N. The relationship between carotid plaque composition, plaque morphology, and neurologic symptoms. J Surg Res. 1995;58:330-336.
63. Carr S, Farb A, Pearce WH, Virmani R, Yao JST. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1996;23: 755-766.
64. Bornstein NM, Krajewski A, Lewis AJ, Norris JW. Clinical significance of carotid plaque hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:958-959.
65. Van Damme H, Vivario M, Boniver J, Limet R. Histologic characterization of carotid plaques. Cardiovasc Pathol. 1994;3:9-17.
66. Harrison MJG, Marshall J. The finding of thrombus at carotid endarterectomy and its relationship to the timing of surgery. Br J Surg. 1977; 64:511-512.
67. Karpe F, Steiner G, Uffelman K, Olivecrona T, Hamsten A. Postprandial lipoproteins and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1994;106:83-97.
68. Craven TE, Ryu JE, Espeland MA, Kahl FR, McKinney WM, Toole JF, McMahan MR, Thompson CJ, Heiss G, Crouse JR 3d. Evaluation of the associations between carotid artery atherosclerosis and coronary artery stenosis: A case-control study. Circulation. 1990;82:1230-1242.
69. Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1137-1140.
70. Zhang Y, Cliff WJ, Schoefl GI, Higgins G. Immunohistochemical study of intimal microvessels in coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1993; 143:164-172.
71. Barger AC, Beeuwkees R. Rupture of coronary vaso vasorum as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(suppl G):41G-43G.
72. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, Koch KT, Piek JJ, Teeling P, van der Loos CM, David GK. Clinically stable angina pectoris is not necessarily associated with histologically stable atherosclerotic plaques. Heart. 1996;76:312-316.
73. Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1995;91:2844-2850.
74. Matrisian LM. The matrix degrading metalloproteinases. Bioessays. 1992;14:455-463.
75. Davies MJ, Richardson PD, Woolf N, Katz DR, Mann J. Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content. Br Heart J. 1993;69: 377-381.
76. Burleigh MC, Briggs AD, Lendon CL, Davies MJ, Born GV, Richardson PD. Collagen types I and III, collagen content, GAGs and mechanical strength of human atherosclerotic plaque caps: span-wise variations. Atherosclerosis. 1992;96:71-81.
77. Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Popma JJ, Kent KM, Satler LF, Bucher TA, Leon MB. Determinants and correlates of target lesion calcium in coronary artery disease: a clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:268-274.
78. Rumberger JA, Simons B, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area: a histopathologic correlative study. Circulation. 1995;92:2157-2162.
79. Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, Detrano R, Fuster V, Maddahi J, Rumberger J, Stanford W, White R, Taubert K. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications: a statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1996;94:1175-1192.
80. Fuster V. Lewis A. Connor Memorial Lecture: mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation. 1994;90:2126-2146.
81. Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GVR. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet. 1989;2:941-944.
82. Guyton JR, Klemp KF. Development of the atherosclerotic core region: chemical and ultrastructural analysis of microdissected atherosclerotic lesions from human aorta. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1305-1314.
83. Zilversmit DB. Atherogenic nature of triglycerides, postprandial lipidemia, and triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins. Clin Chem. 1995; 41:153-158.
84. Cohn JS. Postprandial lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5: 185-190.
85. Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen LB. Atherosclerosis and arterial influx of lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:252-257.
86. The American Heart Association and The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The cholesterol facts: a summary of the evidence relating dietary fats, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1990;81:1721-1733.
87. Tell GS, Crouse JR, Furberg CD. Relation between blood lipids, lipoproteins, and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis: a review. Stroke. 1988;19:423-430.
88. Qizilbash N, Duffy SW, Warlow C, Mann J. Lipids are risk factors for ischaemic stroke: overview and review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1992;2: 127-136.
89. Wolf PA, Kannel WB. Reduction of stroke through risk factor modification. Semin Neurol. 1986;6:243-253.
90. Lindenstrøm E, Boysen G, Nyboe J. Influence of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides on risk of cerebrovascular disease: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. BMJ. 1994:309: 11-15.
91. Tanne D, Yaari S, Goldbourt U. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of ischemic stroke mortality. Stroke. 1997;28:83-87.
92. Iso H, Jacobs DR Jr, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350 977 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:904-910.
93. Heiss G, Sharrett AR, Barnes R, Chambless LE, Szklo M, Alzola C, for the ARIC Investigators. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:250-256.
94. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression. Circulation. 1993;87(suppl II):II-56-II-65.
95. Crouse JR, Goldbourt U, Evans G, Pinsky J, Sharrett AR, Sorlie P, Riley W, Heiss G. Risk factors and segment-specific carotid arterial enlargement in the atherosclerotic risk in communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1996;27:69-75.
96. Salonen R, Salonen JT. Determinants of carotid intima-media thickness: a population-based ultrasonography study in eastern Finnish men. J Intern Med. 1991;229:225-231.
97. Wendelhag I, Wiklund O, Wikstrand J. Arterial wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia: ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12: 70-77.
98. Lavrencic A, Kosmina B, Keber I, Videcnik V, Keber D. Carotid intima-media thickness in young patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Heart. 1996;76:321-325.
99. Lassila HC, Tyrrell KS, Matthews KA, Wolfson SK, Kuller LH. Prevalence and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. Stroke. 1997;28:513-517.
100. Lemne C, Jogestrand T, de Faire U. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in borderline hypertension. Stroke. 1995;26:34-39.
101. Mannami T, Konishi M, Baba S, Nishi N, Terao A. Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic lesions detected by high-resolution ultrasonography and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in the general population of a Japanese city. Stroke. 1997;28:518-525.
102. Sidhu PS, Naoumova RP, Maher VMG, MacSweeney JE, Neuwirth CKY, Hollyer JS, Thompson GR. The extracranial carotid artery in familial hypercholesterolemia: relationships of intimal-medial thickness and plaque morphology with plasma lipids and coronary heart disease. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3:61-67.
103. Baldassare D, Tremoli E, Franceschini G, Michelagnoli S, Sirtori CR. Plasma lipoprotein (a) is an independent factor associated with carotid wall thickening in severely but not moderately hypercholesterolemic patients. Stroke. 1996;27:1044-1049.
104. Loree HM, Tobias BJ, Gibson LJ, Kamm RD, Small DM, Lee RT. Mechanical properties of model atherosclerotic lesion lipid pools. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:230-234.
105. Small DM. Progression, and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. insights from lipid physical biochemistry. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8: 103-129.
106. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression, new insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation. 1993;87:6:1781-1791.
107. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Lemuel AM, Roleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JMO, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001-1009.
108. Simoons ML, Vos J, Deckers JW, de Feyter PJ. Clinical perspective: coronary artery disease: prevention of progression and prevention of events. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:729-733.
109. Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Smelt AHM, Westendorp RGJ. Stroke, statins, and cholesterol: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Stroke. 1997; 28:946-950.
110. Crouse JR, Byington RP, Hoen HM, Furberg CD. Reductase inhibitor monotherapy and stroke prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1997;57: 1305-1310.
111. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM Chan KS, Hennekens CH. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality. JAMA. 1997;278: 313-321.
112. Blankenhorn DH, Kramsch DM. Reversal of atherosis and sclerosis: the two components of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1989;79:1-7.
113. Bjelajac A, Goo AKY, Weart CW. Prevention and regression of atherosclerosis: effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother. 1996;30:1304-1315.
114. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Crawford DW, Nessim SA, Sanmarco ME, Selzer RH, Shircore AM, Wickham EC. Effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on human femoral atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1991;83: 438-447.
115. Blankenhorn DH, Selzer RH, Crawford DW, Barth JD, Liu C, Mack WJ, Alaupovic P. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on the common carotid artery: two-and four-year reduction of intima-media thickness measured by ultrasound. Circulation. 1993;88:20-28.
116. Furberg CD, Adams HP, Applegate WB, Byington RP, Espeland MA, Hartwell T, Hunninghake DB, Lefkowitz DS, Probstfield J, Riley WA, Young B for the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Effects of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 1994;90:1679-1687.
117. Crouse JR 3rd, Byington RP, Bond MG, Espeland MA, Craven TE, Sprinkle JW, McGovern ME, Furberg CD. Pravastatin, lipids, and atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries (PLAC-II). Am J Cardiol. 1995;75: 455-459.
118. Salonen R, Nyyssönen K, Porkkala E, Rummukainen J, Belder R, Park JS, Salonen JT. Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS): a population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation. 1995;92:1758-1764.
119. Sidharam R. Risk factors for ischemic stroke: a case control analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 1992;11:24-30.
120. Aronow WS, Gutstein H, Lee NH, Edwards M. Three-year follow-up of risk factors correlated with new atherothrombotic brain infarction in 708 elderly patients. Angiology. 1988;39:563-566.
121. Nubiola AR, Masana L, Masdeu S, Rubiés-Prat J. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cerebrovascular disease. Arch Neurol. 1981; 38:468.
122. Quiziblash N, Jones L, Warlow C, Mann J. Fibrinogen and lipid concentrations as risk factors for transient ischaemic attacks and minor ischaemic strokes. BMJ. 1991;303:605-609.
123. Rapp JH, Lespine A, Hamilton RL, Colyvas N, Chaumeton AH, Tweedie-Hardman J, Kotite L, Kunitake ST, Havel RJ, Kane JP. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins isolated by selected-affinity anti-apolipoprotein B immunosorption from human atherosclerotic plaque. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1767-1774.
124. Deleted in proof.
125. Ryu JE, Howard G, Craven TE, Bond MG, Hagaman AP, Crouse JR 3d. Postprandial triglyceridemia and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged subjects. Stroke. 1992;23:823-828.
126. Sharrett AR, Chambless LE, Heiss G, Paton CC, Patsch W, for the ARIC Investigators. Association of postprandial triglyceride and retinyl palmitate responses with asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis in middle-age men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15: 2122-2129.
127. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Dunn M, Liu C, Liu C, Selzer RH, Krauss RM. Intermediate-density lipoproteins and progression of carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness. Circulation. 1997;95:2022-2026.
128. Grønholdt MLM, Nordestgaard B, Nielsen TG, Sillesen H. Echolucent carotid artery plaques are associated with elevated levels of fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Stroke. 1996;27:2166-2172.
129. Grønholdt MLM, Nordestgaard BG, Wiebe BM, Wilhjelm JE, Sillesen H. Echolucency of computerized ultrasound images of carotid atherosclerotic plaques are associated with increased levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as well as increased plaque lipid content. Circulation. 1998;97:34-40.
130. Simons LA, Dwyer T, Simons J, Bernstein L, Mock P, Poonia NS, Balasubramaniam S, Baron D, Branson J, Morgan J, Roy P. Chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants in coronary artery disease: a case-control study. Atherosclerosis. 1987;65:181-189.
131. Simpson HS, Williamson CM, Olivecrona T, Pringle S, Maclean J, Lorimer AR, Bonnefous F, Bogaievsky Y, Packard CJ, Shephard J. Postprandial lipemia, fenofibrate and coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;85:193-202.
132. Groot PHE, van Stiphout WAHJ, Krauss XH, Jansen H, van Tol A, van Ramshorst E, Chin-On S, Hofman A, Cresswell SR, Havekes L. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemic men with and without coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11:653-662.
133. Uiterwaal CSPM, Grobbee DE, Witteman JCM, van Stiphout WA, Krauss XH, Havekes LM, de Bruijn AM, van Tol A, Hofman A. Postprandial triglyceride response in young adult men and familial risk for coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121: 576-583.
134. Ericsson CG, Hamsten A, Nilsson J, Grip L, Svane B, Faire U. Angiographic assessment of effects of bezafibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in young male postinfarction patients. Lancet. 1996;347:849-853.
135. Manninen V, Elo MO, Frick MH, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, Huttunen JK, Kaitaniemi P, Koskinen P, Mäenpää H, Mälkönen M, Mänttäri M, Norola S, Pasternack A, Pikkarainen J, Romo M, Sjöblom T, Nikkilä EA. Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA. 1988;260:641-651.
136. Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischemic Heart Disease Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223:405-418.
137. Lundberg B. Chemical composition and physical state of lipid deposits in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1985;56:93-110.
138. Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GVR. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet. 1989;2:941-944.
139. Falk E. Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis: characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi. Br Heart J. 1983;50:127-134.
140. Friedman M. The coronary thrombus: its origin and fate. Hum Pathol. 1971;2:81-128.
141. Constantinides P. Plaque fissures in human coronary thrombosis. J Atheroscler Res. 1966;6:1-17.
142. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM, Das PK. Site of intimai rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation. 1994;89:36-44.
143. Hansson GK, Jonasson L, Seifert PS, Stemme S. Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9:567-578.
144. Mazzone A, De Servi S, Ricevuti G, Mazzucchelli I, Fossati G, Pasotti D, Bramucci E, Angoli L, Marsico F, Specchia G, Notario A. Increased expression of neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1993;88:358-363.
145. Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JB, Fuster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: implications for plaque rupture. Circulation. 1994;90:775-778.