Primary malignant mediastinal germ cell tumours: A literature review and a study of 18 cases

Australasian Radiology

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 58-68

  Kiffer, John D ^a   Sandeman, Thomas F ^b  

^a AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^b PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Mediastinal germ cell tumour; Non seminomatous germ cell tumour; Radiotherapy; Seminoma; Teratoma

Indexed keywords

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CARBOPLATIN; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN BETA SUBUNIT; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACTINOMYCIN; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; IFOSFAMIDE; METHOTREXATE; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; FEMALE; GERM CELL TUMOR; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MALE; MEDIASTINUM TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYMPTOM; THORACOTOMY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DYSGERMINOMA; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MEDIASTINAL NEOPLASMS; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS, GERM CELL AND EMBRYONAL; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TERATOMA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0032894364     PISSN: 00048461     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1673.1999.00607.x     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Kiffer JD, Sandeman TFS. Primary malignant germ cell tumours: A study of eleven cases and a review of the literature. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1989; 17: 835-41.
2. Williams IM, Gee DC, Cooper E, Dickinson P, Sandeman TF, Sum AC. Thymic seminoma and myasthenia gravis. J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol. 1985; 5: 254-7.
3. Grigor KM. Germ cell tumours of the testis. In: Anthony PP, McSween RNM (eds) Recent Advances in Histopathology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1992; 177-94.
4. Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Troner M, Birch R, Greco FA. The role of maintenance therapy in disseminated testicular cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 305: 727-31.
5. Richardson RL, Schoumacher RA, Fer MF et al. The unrecognized extragonadal germ cell cancer syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1981; 94: 181-6.
6. Cox JD. Primary malignant germ cell tumours of the mediastinum. A study of 24 cases. Cancer 1975; 36: 1162-8.
7. Lisco H. Malignant tumours developing in sacrococcygeal teratomata. Ann. Surg. 1942; 115: 378-89.
8. Friedman NB. Germinoma of the pineal: Its identity with germinoma ('seminoma') of the testis. Cancer Res. 1947; 7: 363-8.
9. Wychulis AR, Payne WS, Clagett OT, Woolner LB. Surgical treatment of mediastinal tumours. A 40 year experience. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1971; 62: 379-90.
10. Luna MA, Valenzuela-Tamariz J. Germ cell tumours of the mediastinum. Post-mortem findings. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 65: 450-4.
11. Beattie Jr EJ. Mediastinal germ cell tumours (surgery). Semin. Oncol. 1979; 6: 109-12.
12. Gooneratne S, Keh P, Sreekanth S, Recant W, Talerman A. Anterior mediastinal endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumour in a female infant. Cancer 1985; 56: 1430-3.
13. Lajos TZ, Charette EJP, Farr JA. Primary mediastinal seminoma. Chest 1971; 59: 575-8.
14. Medini E, Levitt SH, Jones TK, Rao Y. The management of extratesticular seminoma without gonadal involvement. Cancer 1979; 44: 2032-8.
15. Polansky SM, Barwick KW, Ravin CE. Primary mediastinal seminoma. AJR 1979; 132: 17-21.
16. Schantz A, Sewall S, Castleman B. Mediastinal germinoma, a study of 21 cases with an excellent prognosis. Cancer 1972; 30: 1189-94.
17. Sterchi M, Cordell AR. Seminoma of the anterior mediastinum. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1975; 19: 371-7.
18. Johnston TB, Whillis J (eds). Gray's Anatomy, 31st edn. Longmans Green & Co., London, 1954; 894, 898.
19. Weinberg JA. The intrathoracic lymphatics. In: Haagensen CD, Feind CC, Herter FP (eds) The Lymphatics in Cancer. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1972; 231-99.
20. Asif S, Uehling DT. Microscopic tumour foci in testes. J. Urol. 1968; 99: 776-9.
21. Meares Jr EM, Briggs EM. Occult seminoma of the testis masquerading as primary extragonadal germinal neoplasms. Cancer 1972; 30: 300-6.
22. Abell MR, Fayes JV, Lampe I. Retroperitoneal germinomas (seminomas) without evidence of testicular involvement. Cancer 1965; 18: 273-90.
23. Nefzger MD, Mostofi FK. Survival after surgery for general malignancies of the testis-I. Rates of survival in tumour groups. Cancer 1972; 30: 1225-32.
24. Willis GW, Hajdu SI. Histologically benign teratoid metastasis of testicular embryonal carcinoma: Report of 5 cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973; 59: 338-43.
25. Friedman NB. The comparative morphogenesis of extragenital and gonadal teratoid tumours. Cancer 1951; 4: 265-76.
26. Hadju SI. Pathology of germ cell tumours of the testis. Semin. Oncol. 1979; 6: 14-25.
27. Gonzalex-Crussi F. Extra-gonadal teratomas. Atlas of Tumour Pathology, Fascicle 18, second series. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, 1982.
28. Schlumberger HG. Teratoma of the anterior mediastinum in the group of military age. Arch. Pathol. 1946; 41: 398-444.
29. Silverman NA, Sabiston DC. Primary tumours and cysts of the mediastinum. Curr. Probl. Cancer 1977; 2: 1-54.
30. Utz DC, Buscerni MF. Extragonadal testicular tumours. J. Urol. 1971; 105: 271-4.
31. Witschi E. Migration of germ cells of human embryos from yolk sac to the primitive gonadal folds. In: Contributions to Embryology, vol. 32. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington DC, 1948; 67-84.
32. Economou JS, Trump DL, Holmes EC. Management of primary germ cell tumours of the mediastinum. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1982; 83: 643-9.
33. Collins DH, Pugh RCB. Classification and frequency of testicular tumours. Br. J. Urol. 1964; 36 (Suppl.): 1-11.
34. Mostofi FK, Price EB. Tumours of the Male Genital System. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, 1973.
35. Manivel C, Wick MR, Abenoza P, Rosai J. The occurrence of sarcomatous components in primary mediastinal germ cell tumours. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1986; 10: 711-17.
36. Ulbright TM, Loehrer PJ, Roth LM, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Clark SA. The development of non-germ cell malignancies within germ cell tumours. A clinicopathologic study of 11 cases. Cancer 1984; 54: 1824-33.
37. Hainsworth JD, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Stewart M, Greco FA. Advanced extra-gonadal germ cell tumours. Successful treatment with combination chemotherapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 1982; 97: 7-11.
38. Martini N, Golbey RB, Hajdu SI, Whitmore Jr WF, Beattie Jr EJ. Primary mediastinal germ cell tumours. Cancer 1974; 33: 763-9.
39. Rubush JL, Gardner IR, Boyd WC, Ehrenhaft JL. Mediastinal tumours: review of 186 cases. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1973; 65: 216-22.
40. Sandhaus L, Strom RL, Mukai K. Primary embryonal-choriocarcinoma of the mediastinum in a woman. A case report with immunohistochemical study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981; 75: 575-8.
41. Feun LG, Samson MK, Stephens RL. Vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-diaminedichloroplatinum in disseminated extra-gonadal germ cell tumours. A S.W.O.G. study. Cancer 1980; 45: 2543-9.
42. Vugrin D, Whitmore Jr WF, Sogani PC, Bains M, Herr HW, Golbey RB. Combination chemotherapy and surgery in the treatment of advanced germ cell tumours. Cancer 1981; 47: 2228-31.
43. Tham KT, Ma PH, King TM. Malignant melanoma in an ovarian cystic teratoma. Hum. Pathol. 1981; 12: 577-9.
44. Billmire DF, Grosfeld JL. Teratomas in childhood: Analysis of 142 cases. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1986; 21: 548-51.
45. El-Domeiri AA, Hutter RVP, Pool JL, Foote FW. Primary seminoma of the mediastinum. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1968; 6: 513-21.
46. Hurt RD, Bruckman JE, Farrow GM, Bernatz PE, Hahn RG, Earle JD. Primary anterior mediastinal seminoma. Cancer 1982; 49: 1658-63.
47. Bagshaw MA, McLaughlin WT, Earle JD. Definitive radiotherapy of primary mediastinal seminoma. AJR 1969; 105: 80-94.
48. Bush SE, Martinez A, Bagshaw MA. Primary mediastinal seminoma. Cancer 1981; 48: 1877-62.
49. Clamon GH. Management of primary mediastinal seminoma. Chest 1983; 83: 263-7.
50. Newlands E.S., Begent R.H.J., Rustin G.J.S., Parker D., Bagshawe K.D. Further advances in the management of malignant teratomas of the testis and other sites. Lancet 1983; 1: 948-51.
51. Maier JC, Sulak MH. Radiation therapy in seminoma. Cancer 1973; 32: 1212-16.
52. Einhorn LH, Donohue J. Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. Ann. Intern. Med. 1977; 87: 293-8.
53. Hainsworth JD, Greco FA. Extragonadal germ cell tumors and unrecognized germ cell tumors. Semin. Oncol. 1992; 19: 119-27.
54. Droz JP. POMB/ACE chemotherapy for mediastinal germ-cell tumours (Editorial). Eur. J. Cancer 1997; 33: 809-11.
55. Bower M, Brock C, Holden L et al. POMB/ACE chemotherapy for mediastinal germ cell tumours. Eur. J. Cancer 1997; 33: 838-42.
56. Childs WJ, Goldstraw P, Nicholls JE, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A. Primary malignant mediastinal germ cell tumours: Improved prognosis with platinum-based chemotherapy and surgery. Br. J. Cancer 1993; 67: 1098-101.
57. Jain KK, Bosl GJ, Bains MS et al. The treatment of extragonadal seminoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 1984; 2: 820-7.
58. Loehrer PJ, Birch J, Williams SD et al. Chemotherapy of metastatic seminoma. The Southeastern Cancer Study Group experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987; 5: 1212-20.
59. Giaccone G. Multimodality treatment of malignant germ cell tumours of the mediastinum. Eur. J. Cancer 1991; 27: 273-7.
60. Peckham MJ, Barrett A, Liew KH, Horwich A, Robinson B, Dobbs HJ. The treatment of metastatic germ cell testicular tumours with bleomycin, etoposide and cis-platin. Br. J. Cancer 1993; 67: 1098-101.
61. Peckham MJ, Horwich A, Henry WF. The management of advanced testicular teratoma. Br. J. Urol. 1988; 62: 63-8.
62. Droz JP, Horwich A. Extragonadal germ cell tumors. In: Vogelzang N, Scardino P, Shipley W, Coffey D (eds) Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995; 1070-4.
63. Jyothirmayi R, Ramadas K, Jacob R, Gangadharan VP, Nair MK. Primary malignant germ cell tumours of the mediastinum: Results of multimodality treatment. Acta Oncol. 1997; 36: 317-21.
64. Schultz SM, Einhorn LH, Conces DJ et al. Management of post-chemotherapy residual mass in patients with advanced seminoma: Indiana University experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 1989; 7: 1497-503.
65. Peckham MJ, Horwich A, Hendry WF. Advanced seminoma: Treatment with cisplatinum-based combination chemotherapy or carboplatin. Br. J. Cancer 1985; 52: 7-13.
66. Srougi M, Simon SD, Menezes de Goes G. Vinblastine, actino mycin-D, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and cisplatin for advanced germ cell testis tumors: Brazilian experience. J. Urol. 1985; 134: 65-9.
67. Motzer R, Bosl G, Heclan R et al. Residual mass: An indication for further therapy in patients with advanced seminoma following systemic chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987; 5: 1064-70.
68. 8. Norwich A, Dearnaley DP, Duchesne GM, Williams M, Brada M, Peckham MJ. Simple non-toxic treatment of advanced metastatic seminoma with carboplatin. J. Clin. Oncol. 1989; 7: 1150-6.
69. Anderson T, Waldmann TA, Javadpour N, Glatstein E. Testicular germ cell neoplasms: Recent advances in diagnosis and therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 1979; 90: 373-85.
70. Garnick MB, Canellos GP, Richie JP. Treatment and surgical staging of testicular and primary extragonadal germ cell cancer. JAMA 1983; 250: 1733-41.
71. Bosl GJ, Geller ML, Cirrincione CC et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic variables in patients with metastatic testicular cancer. Cancer Res. 1983; 43: 3404-7.
72. Toner GC, Geller NL, Sheow YL et al. Extragonadal and poor risk NSGCT: Survival and prognostic features. Cancer 1991; 67: 2049-57.
73. Kuzur MD, Cobleigh MA, Greco FA, Einhorn LH, Oldham RK. Endodermal sinus tumour of the mediastinum. Cancer 1982; 50: 766-74.
74. Huntington Jr RW, Bullock WK. Yolk sac tumours of extra-gonadal origin. Cancer 1970; 25: 1368-76.
75. Bracken RB, Johnson DE, Frazier OH, Logothetis CJ, Trindade A, Samuels ML. The role of surgery following chemotherapy in stage III germ cell neoplasms. J. Urol. 1983; 129: 39-43.
76. Dononue JP, Einhorn LH, Williams SD. Cytoreductive surgery for metastatic testis cancer: Considerations of timing and extent. J. Urol. 1980; 123: 876-80.
77. Vugrin D, Whitmore Jr WF, Goldberg RB. VAB-3 combination chemotherapy in primary mediastinal germ cell tumours. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1982; 66: 1405-7.
78. Bosl GJ, Gluckman R, Geller NL et al. VAB-6: An effective chemotherapy regimen for patients with germ cell tumours. J. Clin. Oncol. 1986; 4: 1493-9.
79. Bukowski RM, Wolf M, Kulander BG et al. Alternating combination chemotherapy in patients with extragonadal germ cell tumours. Cancer 1993; 71: 2631-8.
80. Nichols CR, Saxman S, Williams SD et al. Primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. A modern single institution experience. Cancer 1990; 64: 1641-6.
81. Saxman SB, Nichols CR, Einhorn LH. Salvage chemotherapy in patients with extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: The Indiana University experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994; 12: 1390-3.
82. Gerl A, Clemm C, Schmeller N, Hartenstein R, Lamerz R, Willmans W. Prognosis after salvage treatment for unselected male patients with germ cell tumours. Br. J. Cancer 1995; 72: 1026-32.
83. Broun E, Nichols C, Kneebone P et al. Long term outcome of patients with relapsed and refractory germ cell tumours treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow rescue. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992; 117: 124-8.
84. Beyer J, Kingree D, Krause M et al. Long term survival of patients with recurrent or refractory germ cell tumors after high dose chemotherapy. Cancer 1997; 79: 161-8.
85. Nichols C, Roth B, Heerema N, Griep J, Tricor G. Haematologic neoplasia associated with primary mediastinal germ cell tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322: 1425-9.
86. Fizazi K, Culine S, Droz JP, LeChevalier T, Ruffie P, Theodore C. Primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (GCTs): Natural history in the cisplatin era (Abstract). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 1996; 15: 395.
87. Orazi A, Neiman RS, Ulbright TM, Heereme NA, John K, Nichols CR. Haematopoietic precursor cells within the yolk sac tumor com ponent are the source of secondary haematopoietic maligancies in patients with mediastinal germ cell tumors. Cancer 1993; 71: 3873-81.
88. Boschoff C, Begent R, Oliver R et al. Secondary tumours following etoposide containing therapy for germ cell cancer. Ann. Oncol. 1995; 6: 35-40.