Scale effects on averaging of cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations: Observations and models

Journal of Climate

Volumn 12, Issue 5 I, 1999, Pages 1268-1279

  Gultepe, Ismail ^a,b   Isaac, G A ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b Cloud Physics Research Division   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; CLOUDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

CLOUD DROPLET; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUD; STRATUS CLOUD;

CLIMATOLOGY;

AEROSOL; CLOUD DROPLET; SCALE EFFECT;

EID: 0032884825     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Abdul-Razzak, H., S. J. Ghan, and C. R. Carpio, 1998: A parameterization of the fraction of activation of atmospheric aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6123-6131.
2. Ackerman, A. S., O. B. Toon, and P. V. Hobbs, 1995: Numerical modeling of ship tracks produced by injections of cloud condensation nuclei into marine stratiform clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7121-7133.
3. Baumgardner, D., J. W. Strapp, and J. E. Dye, 1985: Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead-time losses. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 626-632.
4. Bott, A., T. Trautmann, and W. Zdunkowski, 1996: A numerical model of the cloud-topped planetery boundary layer: Radiation, turbulence, and spectral microphysics in marine stratus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 635-667.
5. Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley, J. E. Hansen, and D. J. Hofmann, 1992: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423-430.
6. Chuang, C. C., J. E. Penner, K. E. Taylor, A. S. Grossman, and J. J. Walton, 1997: An assessment of the radiative effects of anthropogenic sulfate. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3761-3778.
7. Ghan, S. J., C. C. Chuang, and J. E. Penner, 1993: A parameterization of cloud droplet nuclation. Part I: Single aerosol type. Atmos. Res., 30, 197-221.
8. _, L. R. Leung, and R. C. Easter, 1997: Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21 777-21 794.
9. Gillani, N. V., W. R. Leaitch, J. W. Strapp, and G. A. Isaac, 1995: Field observations in continental stratiform clouds: Partitioning of cloud particles between droplet and unactivated interstitial aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18 687-18 706.
10. Gultepe, I., and D. O'C. Starr, 1995: Dynamical structure and turbulence in cirrus clouds: Aircraft observations during FIRE. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4060-4078.
11. _, and G. A. Isaac, 1996: The relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations for climate models. Int. J. Climatol., 16, 941-946.
12. _, and _, 1997: Liquid water content and temperature relationship from aircraft observations and its applicability to GCMs. J. Climate, 10, 446-452.
13. _, D. O'C. Starr, A. J. Heymsfield, T. Uttal, T. P. Ackerman, and D. L. Westphal, 1995: Dynamical characteristics of cirrus clouds from aircraft and radar observations in micro and meso-γ scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4060-4078.
14. _, G. A. Isaac, W. R. Leaitch, and C. M. Banic, 1996: Parameterizations of marine stratus microphysics based on in situ observations: Implications for GCMs. J. Climate, 9, 345-357.
15. Isaac, G. A., W. R. Leaitch, and J. W. Strapp, 1990: The vertical distribution of aerosols and acid related compounds in air and cloud water. Atmos. Environ., 24A, 3033-3046.
16. Jones, A., D. L. Roberts, and A. Slingo, 1994: A climate study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. Nature, 370, 450-453.
17. Kaufman, Y. J., R. S. Fraser, and R. L. Mahoney, 1991: Fossil fuel and biomass burning effect on climate - Heating or cooling? J. Climate, 4, 578-588.
18. Leaitch, W. R., and G. A. Isaac, 1994: On the relationship between sulfate and cloud droplet number concentrations. J. Climate, 7, 206-212.
19. _, J. W. Strapp, C. M. Banic, and H. A. Wiebe, 1992: The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution: Observations and climatic implications. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2463-2474.
20. Le Treut, H., Z. X. Li, and M. Forichon, 1994: Sensitivity of the LMD general circulation model to greenhouse forcing associated with two different cloud water parameterizations. J. Climate, 7, 1827-1841.
21. Liu, P. S. K., W. R. Leaitch, A. M. MacDonald, G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp, 1993: Sulfate production in summer cloud over Ontario, Canada. Tellus, 45B, 368-390.
22. Martin, G. M., and D. W. Johnson, 1992: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in stratocumulus clouds. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Vol. 1, Montreal, PQ, Canada, International Commission on Clouds and Precipitation and International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 158-161.
23. _, and A. Spice, 1994: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842.
24. McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J. P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare, 1992: The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate. J. Climate, 5, 1013-1044.
25. Penner, J. E., and Coauthors, 1994: Qualifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 375-400.
26. Raga, G. B., and P. R. Jonas, 1993: On the link between cloud-top radiative properties and sub-cloud aerosol concentrations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 1419-1425.
27. Taylor, J. P., and A. McHaffie, 1994: Measurements of cloud susceptibility. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1298-1306.
28. Twohy, C. H., P. A. Durkee, B. J. Huebert, and R. J. Charlson, 1995: Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 8, 773-783.
29. Twomey, S., 1959: The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration. Geophys. Pure Appl., 43, 243-249.
30. _, 1991: Aerosols, clouds, and radiation. Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2435-2442.
31. Wigley, T. M. L., 1991: Cloud reducing fossil-fuel emissions cause global warming? Nature, 349, 503-506.
32. _, 1994: Outlook becoming hazier. Nature, 369, 709-710.