Plasticity in the tectum of Xenopus laevis: Binocular maps

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 81-106

  Udin, S B ^a   Grant, S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

AMPHIBIA; BINOCULAR VISION; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EYE POSITION; FROG; METAMORPHOSIS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINOTECTAL PROJECTION; REVIEW; VISUAL FIELD;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; AXONS; BRAIN MAPPING; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EYE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; OPTIC NERVE; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; SUPERIOR COLLICULUS; VISION, BINOCULAR; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

EID: 0032882847     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00096-3     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Aoki C., Siekevitz P. Ontogenetic changes in the cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-stimulatable phosphorylation of cat visual cortex proteins, particularly of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP 2): effects of normal and dark rearing and of the exposure to light. J. Neurosci. 5(9):1985;2465-2483.
2. Arnett D.W. Statistical dependence between neighboring retinal ganglion cells in the goldfish. Exp. Brain Res. 32:1978;49-53.
3. Baizer J.S., Whitney J.F., Bender D.B. Bilateral projections from the parabigeminal nucleus to the superior colliculus in monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 86(3):1991;467-470.
4. Bandarchi J., Scherer W.J., Udin S.B. Acceleration by NMDA treatment of visually induced map reorganization in juvenile Xenopus after larval eye rotation. J. Neurobiol. 25(4):1994;451-460.
5. Bear M.F., Singer W. Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Nature. 320:1986;172-176.
6. Beazley L.D. Development of intertectal neuronal connections in Xenopus: the effects of contralateral transposition of the eye and of eye removal. Exp. Brain Res. 23:1975;505-518.
7. Beazley L.D. Intertectal connections are not modified by visual experience in developing Hyla moorei. Exp. Neurol. 63:1979;411-419.
8. Brickley S.G., Dawes E.A., Keating M.J., Grant S. Synchronizing retinal activity in both eyes disrupts binocular map development in the optic tectum. J. Neurosci. 18(4):1998;1491-1504.
9. Brickley S.G., Grant S., Williams J.H. The frog optic tectum in vitro: differential effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) on postsynaptic potentials. J. Physiol. 452:1992;36P.
10. Brickley S.G., Keating M.J., Grant S. Experience-dependent mechanism of binocular map plasticity in Xenopus: incongruent connections are masked by retinal input. Neurosci. Lett. 182(1):1994;13-16.
11. Cahill G.M., Grace M.S., Besharse J.C. Rhythmic regulation of retinal melatonin: metabolic pathways, neurochemical mechanisms, and the ocular circadian clock. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 11(5):1991;529-560.
12. Carlson L.L., Weaver D.R., Reppert S.M. Melatonin signal transduction in hamster brain: inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Endocrinol. 125:1989;2670-2676.
13. Carmignoto G., Vicini S. Activity-dependent decrease in NMDA receptor responses during development of the visual cortex. Science. 258(5084):1992;1007-1011.
14. Cheng H.J., Nakamoto M., Bergemann A.D., Flanagan J.G. Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map. Cell. 82(3):1995;371-381.
15. Cherubini E., Gaiarsa J.L., Ben-Ari Y. GABA: an excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life. Trends Neurosci. 14(12):1991;515-519.
16. Chung S.-H., Bliss T.V.P., Keating M.J. The synaptic organization of optic afferents in the amphibian tectum. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 187:1974;421-447.
17. Chung S.-H., Keating M.J., Bliss T.V.P. Functional synaptic relations during the development of the retino-tectal projection in amphibians. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 187:1974;449-459.
18. Chung S.H., Stirling R.V., Gaze R.M. The structural and functional development of the retina in larval Xenopus. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 33(4):1975;915-940.
19. Cline H.T., Constantine-Paton M. NMDA receptor antagonists disrupt the retinotectal topographic map. Neuron. 3:1989;413-426.
20. 2+ in cultured frog tectal cells mediated by direct activation of NMDA receptor channels. Neuron. 6:1991;259-267.
21. Cline H.T., Debski E.A., Constantine-Paton M. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist desegregates eye-specific stripes. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1987;4342-4345.
22. Cline H.T., McDonald J.W., Constantine-Paton M. Glutamate receptor binding in juvenile and adult Rana pipiens CNS. J. Neurobiol. 25(5):1994;488-502.
23. Cohen-Cory S., Fraser S.E. BDNF in the development of the visual system of Xenopus. Neuron. 12(4):1994;747-761.
24. Cohen-Cory S., Fraser S.E. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on optic axon branching and remodelling in vivo. Nature. 378(6553):1995;192-196.
25. Collingridge G.L., Bliss T.V.P. Memories of NMDA receptors and LTP. TINS. 18(2):1995;54-56.
26. Constantine-Paton M., Ferrari-Eastman P. Topographic and morphometric effects of bilateral embryonic eye removal on the optic tectum and nucleus isthmus of the leopard frog. J. comp. Neurol. 196:1981;645-661.
27. Constantine-Paton M., Cline H.T., Debski E. Patterned activity, synaptic convergence, and the NMDA receptor in developing visual pathways. A. Rev. Neurosci. 13:1990;129-154.
28. Cynader M., Mitchell D.E. Prolonged sensitivity to monocular deprivation in dark-reared cats. J. Neurophysiol. 43(4):1980;1026-1040.
29. Dann J.F., Beazley L.D. The development of connections between the isthmic nucleus and the tectum in Xenopus and Limnodynastes tadpoles. Neurosci. Lett. 33:1982;107-113.
30. Daw N.W., Robertson T.W., Rader R.K., Videen T.O., Coscia C.J. Substantial reduction of cortical noradrenaline by lesions of adrenergic pathway does not prevent effects of monocular deprivation. J. Neurosci. 4(5):1984;1354-1360.
31. Debski E.A., Constantine-Paton M. Evoked pre- and post-synaptic activity in the optic tectum of the cannulated tadpole. J. comp. Physiol. A. 167:1990;377-390.
32. Debski E.A., Cline H.T., McDonald J.W., Constantine-Paton M. Chronic application of NMDA decreases the NMDA sensitivity of the evoked tectal potential in the frog. J. Neurosci. 11(9):1991;2947-2957.
33. Desan P.N., Gruberg E.R., Grewell K.M., Eckenstein F. Cholinergic innervation of the optic tectum in the frog Rana pipiens. Brain Res. 413:1987;344-349.
34. Drescher U., Kremoser C., Handwerker C., Lš schinger J., Noda M., Bonhoeffer F. In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell. 82(3):1995;359-370.
35. Dubocovich M.L. Melatonin receptors: are there multiple subtypes? Trends Pharmac. Sci. 16(2):1995;50-56.
36. Dunn-Meynell A.A., Sharma S.C. Changes in the topographically organized connections between the nucleus isthmi and the optic tectum after partial tectal ablation in adult goldfish. J. comp. Neurol. 227:1984;497-510.
37. Fields R.D., Itoh K. Neural cell adhesion molecules in activity-dependent development and synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 19(11):1996;473-480.
38. Fisher M.D., Udin S.B. Connections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum in larval and post-metamorphic axolotls. J. Neurobiol. 19(2):1988;111-125.
39. Fox K., Daw N.W. Do NMDA receptors have a critical function in visual cortical plasticity? TINS. 16(3):1993;116-122.
40. Fraser S.E. Fiber optic mapping of the Xenopus visual system: shift in the retinotectal projection during development. Dev. Biol. 95:1983;505-511.
41. Freeman, J. A. and Norden, J. J. (1984) Neurotransmitters in the optic tectum of nonmammalians. In Comparative Neurology of the Optic Tectum, pp. 469-546. Ed. H. Vanegas. Plenum, New York.
42. Fryer H.J.L., Hockfield S. The role of polysialic acid and other carbohydrate polymers in neural structural plasticity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6(1):1996;113-118.
43. Gábriel R., Straznicky C. Synapses of optic axons with GABA- and glutamate-containing elements in the optic tectum of Bufo marinus. J. Hirnforschung. 36(3):1995;329-340.
44. Garthwaite J., Boulton C.L. Nitric oxide signaling in the central nervous system. A. Rev. Physiol. 57:1995;683-706.
45. Gaze R.M., Jacobson M. The projection of the binocular visual field on the optic tecta of the frog. Q. J. exp. Physiol. 47:1962;273-280.
46. Gaze R.M., Keating M.J. Receptive field properties of single units from the visual projection to the ipsilateral tectum in the frog. Q. J. exp. Physiol. 55:1970;143-152.
47. Gaze R.M., Keating M.J., Székely G., Beazley L. Binocular interaction in the formation of specific intertectal neuronal connexions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 175:1970;107-147.
48. Gaze R.M., Keating M.J., Chung S.H. The evolution of the retinotectal map during development in Xenopus. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 185:1974;301-330.
49. George S.A., Marks W.B. Optic nerve terminal arborizations in the frog: shape and orientation inferred from electrophysiological measurements. Exp. Neurol. 42:1974;467-482.
50. Ginsburg K.S., Johnsen J.A., Levine M.W. Common noise in the firing of neighboring ganglion cells in goldfish retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 351:1984;433-450.
51. Glasser S., Ingle D. The nucleus isthmus as a relay station in the ipsilateral visual projection to the frog's optic tectum. Brain Res. 159:1978;214-218.
52. Goodman C.S., Shatz C.J. Developmental mechanisms that generate precise patterns of neuronal connectivity. Neuron. 10(Suppl.):1993;77-98.
53. Gordon B., Mitchell B., Mohtadi K., Roth E., Tseng Y., Turk F. Lesions of nonvisual inputs affect plasticity, norepinephrine content, and acetylcholine content of visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 64(6):1990;1851-1860.
54. Grant S., Keating M.J. Ocular migration and the metamorphic and postmetamorphic maturation of the retinotectal system in Xenopus laevis: an autoradiographic and morphometric study. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 92:1986;43-69.
55. Grant S., Keating M.J. Changing patterns of binocular visual connections in the intertectal system during development of the frog, Xenopus laevis. I. Normal maturational changes in response to changing binocular geometry. Exp. Brain Res. 75(1):1989;99-116.
56. Grant S., Keating M.J. Changing patterns of binocular visual connections in the intertectal system during development of the frog, Xenopus laevis. II. Abnormalities following early visual deprivation. Exp. Brain Res. 75:1989;117-132.
57. Grant S., Keating M.J. Changing patterns of binocular visual connections in the intertectal system during development of the frog, Xenopus laevis. III. Modifications following early eye rotation. Exp. Brain Res. 89(2):1992;383-396.
58. Grant S., Dawes E.A., Keating M.J. The critical period for experience-dependent plasticity in a system of binocular visual connection in Xenopus laevis: its extension by dark-rearing. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;37-45.
59. Grant, S., Brickley, S. G. and Keating, M. J. (1993) Plasticity of binocular visual connections in the frog: from R.M. Gaze to NMDA. In Formation and Regeneration of Nerve Connections, pp. 60-71. Eds. S. C. Sharma and J. W. Fawcett. Birkhaüser, Boston.
60. Graybiel A.M. A satellite system of the superior colliculus: the parabigeminal nucleus and its projections to the superficial collicular layers. Brain Res. 145:1978;365-374.
61. Grobstein P., Comer C. Post-metamorphic eye migration in Rana and Xenopus. Nature. 269:1977;54-56.
62. Grobstein P., Comer C. The nucleus isthmi as an intertectal relay for the ipsilateral oculotectal projection in the frog, Rana pipiens. J. comp. Neurol. 217:1983;54-74.
63. Grobstein P., Comer C., Hollyday M., Archer S.M. A crossed isthmo-tectal projection in Rana pipiens and its involvement in the ipsilateral visuotectal projection. Brain Res. 156:1978;117-123.
64. Gruberg E.R., Lettvin J.Y. Anatomy and physiology of a binocular system in the frog Rana pipiens. Brain Res. 192:1980;313-325.
65. Gruberg E.R., Udin S.B. Topographic projections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum of the frog Rana pipiens. J. comp. Neurol. 179:1978;487-500.
66. Gruberg E.R., Wallace M.T., Caine H.S., Mote M.J. Behavioral and physiological consequences of unilateral ablation of the nucleus isthmi in the leopard frog. Brain, Behav. Evol. 37:1991;92-103.
67. Grüsser, O.-J. and Grüsser-Cornehls, U. (1976) Neurophysiology of the anuran visual system. In Frog Neurobiology, Eds. R. Llinas and W. Precht. Springer-Verlag, New York.
68. Güntürkün O., Remy M. The topographical projection of the nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc) onto the tectum opticum in the pigeon. Neurosci. Lett. 111(1)(2):1990;18-22.
69. Harris W.A., Holt C.E. From tags to RAGS: chemoaffinity finally has receptors and ligands. Neuron. 15(2):1995;241-244.
70. Henderson C.E. Role of neurotrophic factors in neuronal development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6(1):1996;64-70.
71. Henley J.M., Bond A., Barnard E.A. Autoradiographic localisations of glutamatergic ligand binding sites in Xenopus brain. Neurosci. Lett. 129(1):1991;35-38.
72. Henley J.M., Ambrosini A., Rodriguez-Ithurralde D., Sudan H., Brackley P., Kerry C., Mellor I., Abutidze K., Usherwood P.N.R., Barnard E.A. Purified unitary kainate/α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisooxazole-propionate (AMPA) and kainate/AMPA/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with interchangeable subunits. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89(11):1992;4806-4810.
73. Hickmott P.W., Constantine-Paton M. The contributions of NMDA, non-NMDA, and GABA receptors to postsynaptic responses in neurons of the optic tectum. J. Neurosci. 13(10):1993;4339-4353.
74. Hickmott P.W., Constantine-Paton M. Experimental down-regulation of the NMDA channel associated with synapse pruning. J. Neurophysiol. 78(2):1997;1096-1107.
75. Hunt S.P., Künzle H. Observations on the projections and intrinsic organization of the pigeon optic tectum: an autoradiographic study based on anterograde and retrograde axonal and dendritic flow. J. comp. Neurol. 170:1976;153-172.
76. Jacobson M., Hirsch H.V.B. Development and maintenance of connectivity in the visual system of the frog. I. The effects of eye rotation and visual deprivation. Brain Res. 49:1973;47-65.
77. Jen L.S., Dai Z.-G., So K.-F. The connections between the parabigeminal nucleus and the superior colliculus in the golden hamster. Neurosci. Lett. 51:1984;189-194.
78. + transient. J. Neurosci. 17(20):1997;7662-7672.
79. Kasamatsu T., Pettigrew J.D. Depletion of brain catecholamines: failure of ocular dominance shift after monocular occlusion in kittens. Science. 194:1976;206-209.
80. Keating M.J. Evidence for plasticity of intertectal neuronal connections in adult Xenopus. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 278:1977;277-294.
81. Keating M.J., Feldman J.D. Visual deprivation and intertectal neuronal connexions in Xenopus laevis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 191:1975;467-474.
82. Keating M.J., Gaze R.M. The ipsilateral retinotectal pathway in the frog. Q. J. exp. Physiol. 55:1970;284-292.
83. Keating M.J., Grant S. The critical period for experience-dependent plasticity in a system of binocular visual connections in Xenopus laevis: its temporal profile and relation to normal developmental requirements. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;27-36.
84. Keating M.J., Kennard C. Visual experience and the maturation of the ipsilateral visuotectal projection in Xenopus laevis. Neuroscience. 21:1987;519-527.
85. Keating M.J., Beazley L., Feldman J.D., Gaze R.M. Binocular interaction and intertectal neuronal connexions: dependence upon developmental stage. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 191:1975;445-466.
86. Keating M.J., Grant S., Dawes E.A., Nanchahal K. Visual deprivation and the maturation of the retinotectal projection in Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 91:1986;101-115.
87. King W.M. Nicotinic depolarization of optic nerve terminals augments synaptic transmission. Brain Res. 527(1):1990;150-154.
88. King W.M., Schmidt J.T. The long latency component of retinotectal transmission: enhancement by stimulation of nucleus isthmi or tectobulbar tract and block by nicotinic cholinergic antagonists. Neuroscience. 40(3):1991;701-712.
89. King W.M., Schmidt J.T. Nucleus isthmi in goldfish: in vitro recordings and fiber connections revealed by HRP injections. Vis. Neurosci. 10:1993;419-437.
90. Kirkwood A., Lee H.K., Bear M.F. Co-regulation of long-term potentiation and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in visual cortex by age and experience. Nature. 375(6529):1995;328-331.
91. Lettvin J.Y., Maturana H.R., McCulloch W.S., Pitts W.H. What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain. Proc. Inst. Radio Engr. N.Y. 47:1959;1940-1951.
92. MacDermott A.B., Mayer M.L., Westbrook G.L., Smith S.J., Barker J.L. NMDA-receptor activation increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration in cultured spinal cord neurones. Nature. 321:1986;519-522.
93. Mastronarde D.N. Correlated firing of retinal ganglion cells. TINS. 12(2):1989;75-79.
94. Mazzucchelli C., Capsoni S., Angeloni D., Fraschini F., Stankov B. Expression of the melatonin receptor in Xenopus laevis: a comparative study between protein and mRNA distribution. J. Pineal Res. 20(2):1996;57-64.
95. McCart R., Straznicky C. The ultrastructural organization of the isthmic nucleus in Xenopus. Anat. Embryol. 177(4):1988;325-330.
96. McDonald J.W., Johnston M.V. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res. Rev. 15(1):1990;41-70.
97. Méndez-Otero R., Rocha-Miranda C.E., Perry V.H. The organization of the parabigemino-tectal projections in the opossum. Brain Res. 198:1980;183-189.
98. Mesulam M.-M., Mufson E.J., Levey A.I., Wainer B.H. Atlas of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and upper brainstem of the macaque based on monoclonal choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Neuroscience. 12(3):1984;669-686.
99. Monschau B., Kremoser C., Ohta K., Tanaka H., Kaneko T., Yamada T., Handwerker C., Hornberger M.R., Loschinger J., Pasquale E.B., Siever D.A., Verderame M.F., Muller B.K., Bonhoeffer F., Drescher U. Shared and distinct functions of RAGS and ELF-1 in guiding retinal axons. EMBO. J16(6):1997;1258-1267.
100. Muñoz M., Muñoz A., Marín O., Alonso J.R., Arévalo R., Porteros A., González A. Topographical distribution of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the central nervous system of the frog, Rana perezi. J. comp. Neurol. 367(1):1996;54-69.
101. Nakamoto M., Cheng H.J., Friedman G.C., McLaughlin T., Hansen M.J., Yoon C.H., O'Leary D.D.M., Flanagan J.G. Topographically specific effects of ELF-1 on retinal axon guidance in vitro and retinal axon mapping in vivo. Cell. 86(5):1996;755-766.
102. Nieuwkoop, P. D. and Faber, J. (1967) A Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). 2nd edn. North Holland, Amsterdam.
103. Nistri A., Sivilotti L., Welsh D.M. An electrophysiological study of the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate on excitatory synaptic transmission in the optic tectum of the frog in vitro. Neuropharmacology. 29(7):1990;681-687.
104. Northmore D.P.M. Visual responses of nucleus isthmi in a teleost fish (Lepomis macrochirus). Vis. Res. 31(3):1991;525-535.
105. O'Leary D.D.M., Cowan W.M. Topographic organization of certain tectal afferent and efferent connections can develop normally in the absence of retinal input. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:1983;6131-6135.
106. O'Rourke N.A., Cline H.T., Fraser S.E. Rapid remodeling of retinal arbors in the tectum with and without blockade of synaptic transmission. Neuron. 12(4):1994;921-934.
107. Östberg A., Norden J. Ultrastructural study of degeneration and regeneration in the amphibian tectum. Brain Res. 168:1979;441-455.
108. Pollák E., Tóth P., Gábriel R., Lázár G. Ultrastructure of the isthmic nucleus and identification of the synaptic contacts received by the neurons of the crossed isthmotectal projection in Rana esculenta. J. Hirnforschung. 38(2):1997;153-164.
109. Prahlad K.V., Delanney L.E. Study of induced metamorphosis in the axolotl. J. exp. Zool. 160:1965;137-146.
110. Quinlan E.M., Halpain S. Glutamate receptor activation stimulates a biphasic change in MAP2 phosphorylation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21(1):1995;593.
111. Raybourn M.S. Spatial and temporal organization of the binocular input to frog optic tectum. Brain Behav. Evol. 11:1975;161-178.
112. Rentería R.C., Constantine-Paton M. Exogenous nitric oxide causes collapse of retinal ganglion cell axonal growth cones in vitro. J. Neurobiol. 29(4):1996;415-428.
113. Ricciuti A.J., Gruberg E.R. Nucleus isthmi provides most tectal choline acetyltransferase in the frog Rana pipiens. Brain Res. 341:1985;399-402.
114. Roberts P.J., Yates R.A. Tectal deafferentation in the frog: selective loss of L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyrate. Neuroscience. 1:1976;371-374.
115. Role L.W., Berg D.K. Nicotinic receptors in the development and modulation of CNS synapses. Neuron. 16(6):1996;1077-1085.
116. Rothman S.M., Olney J.W. Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor. TINS. 10:1987;299-302.
117. Rutishauser U., Landmesser L. Polysialic acid in the vertebrate nervous system: a promoter of plasticity in cell-cell interactions. Trends Neurosci. 19(10):1996;422-427.
118. Rybicka K.K., Udin S.B. Ultrastructure and GABA-immunoreactivity in layers 8 and 9 of the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6(10):1994;1567-1582.
119. Rybicka K.K., Udin S.B. Synaptic targets of crossed isthmotectal axons in Xenopus: implications for plasticity. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;638.
120. Sakamoto N., Ito H., Ueda S. Topographic projections between the nucleus isthmi and the optic tectum in a teleost, Navodon modestus. Brain Res. 224:1981;225-234.
121. Sargent P.B., Pike S.H., Nadel D.B., Lindstrom J.M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like molecules in the retina, retinotectal pathway, and optic tectum of the frog. J. Neurosci. 9(2):1989;565-573.
122. Sas E., Maler L. Identification of a nucleus isthmi in the weakly electric fish Aperontus leptorhynchus (Gymnotiformes). Brain, Behav. Evol. 28:1986;170-185.
123. Scheetz A.J., Constantine-Paton M. NMDA receptor activation-responsive phosphoproteins in the developing optic tectum. J. Neurosci. 16(4):1996;1460-1469.
124. Scherer W.J., Udin S.B. N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonists prevent interaction of binocular maps in Xenopus tectum. J. Neurosci. 9(11):1989;3837-3843.
125. Scherer W.J., Udin S.B. Chronic effects of NMDA and APV on tectal output in Xenopus laevis. Vis. Neurosci. 6:1991;185-192.
126. Scherer W.J., Udin S.B. Latency and temporal overlap of visually-elicited contralateral and ipsilateral firing in Xenopus tectum during and after the critical period. Dev. Brain Res. 58:1991;129-132.
127. Scherer W.J., Udin S.B. Concanavalin A reduces habituation in the tectum of the frog. Brain Res. 667(2):1994;209-215.
128. Schmidt J.T. The modulatory cholinergic system in goldfish tectum may be necessary for retinotopic sharpening. Vis. Neurosci. 12(6):1995;1093-1103.
129. Sefton A.J., Martin P.R. Relation of the parabigeminal nucleus to the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the hooded rat. Exp. Brain Res. 56:1984;144-148.
130. Sereno M.I., Ulinski P.S. The caudal topographic nucleus isthmi and the rostral non-topographic nucleus isthmi in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta: dendritic and axonal organization. J. comp. Neurol. 261:1987;319-346.
131. Sherk H. Connections and visual-field mapping in cat's tectoparabigeminal circuit. J. Neurophysiol. 42(6):1979;1656-1668.
132. Sivilotti L., Nistri A. Antagonism of the actions of glutamate by pentobarbitone or midazolam in the frog optic tectum in vitro. Neuropharmacology. 28(10):1989;1107-1112.
133. Sperry R.W. Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 50:1963;703.
134. A receptors. Science. 269(5226):1995;977-981.
135. Stevenson J.A., Lund R.D. Alterations of the crossed parabigeminotectal projection induced by neonatal eye removal in rats. J. comp. Neurol. 207:1982;191-202.
136. Stirling R.V., Brändle K. Expansion of the visual projection to the tectum of axolotls during metamorphosis. Dev. Brain Res. 5:1982;343-345.
137. Straznicky C., Gaze R.M. The growth of the retina in Xenopus laevis: an autoradiographic study. J. Embryol. exp. Morphol. 26:1971;67-79.
138. Straznicky C., Hiscock J. Post-metamorphic retinal growth in Xenopus. Anat. Embryol. 169:1984;103-109.
139. Tavolaro R., Canonaco M., Franzoni M.F. Comparison of melatonin-binding sites in the brain of two amphibians: an autoradiographic study. Cell Tissue Res. 279(3):1995;613-617.
140. Titmus M.J., Pleban L., Lima R., Udin S.B. Cholinergic processes in Xenopus tectum. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;761.
141. Titmus, M. J., Lima, R., Tsai, H.-J. and Udin, S. B. (1999) Effects of choline and other nicotinic agonists on the tectum of juvenile and adult Xenopus frogs: a patch-clamp study. Neuroscience 91 in press.
142. Tóth P., Lázár G., Wang S.R., Li T.B., Xu J., Pál E., Straznicky C. The contralaterally projecting neurons of the isthmic nucleus in five anuran species: a retrograde tracing study with HRP and cobalt. J. comp. Neurol. 346(2):1994;306-320.
143. Udin S.B. Abnormal visual input leads to development of abnormal axon trajectories in frogs. Nature. 301:1983;336-338.
144. Udin S.B. The development of the nucleus isthmi in Xenopus. II. Branching patterns of contralaterally projecting isthmotectal axons during maturation of binocular maps. Vis. Neurosci. 2:1989;153-163.
145. Udin S.B. Plasticity in the ipsilateral visuotectal projection persists after lesions of one nucleus isthmi in Xenopus. Exp. Brain Res. 79(2):1990;338-344.
146. Udin S.B., Fawcett J.W. Formation of topographic maps. A. Rev. Neurosci. 11:1988;289-327.
147. Udin S.B., Fisher M.D. The development of the nucleus isthmi in Xenopus laevis: I. Cell genesis and formation of connections with the tecta. J. comp. Neurol. 232:1985;25-35.
148. Udin S.B., Keating M.J. Plasticity in a central nervous pathway in Xenopus: anatomical changes in the isthmotectal projection after larval eye rotation. J. comp. Neurol. 203:1981;575-594.
149. Udin S.B., Keating M.J., Dawes E.A., Grant S., Deakin J.F.W. Intertectal neuronal plasticity in Xenopus laevis: persistence despite catecholamine depletion. Dev. Brain Res. 19:1985;81-88.
150. Udin S.B., Fisher M.D., Norden J.J. Ultrastructure of the crossed isthmotectal projection in Xenopus frogs. J. comp. Neurol. 292(2):1990;246-254.
151. Udin S.B., Fisher M.D., Norden J.J. Isthmotectal axons make ectopic synapses in monocular regions of the tectum in developing Xenopus laevis frogs. J. comp. Neurol. 322(4):1992;461-470.
152. Udin S.B., Scherer W.J., Constantine-Paton M. Physiological effects of chronic and acute application of N-methyl-D-aspartate and 5-amino-phosphonovaleric acid to the optic tectum of Rana pipiens frogs. Neuroscience. 49(3):1992;739-747.
153. Vanecek J. Melatonin inhibits increase of intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP in neonatal rat pituitary via independent pathways. Molec. Cell. Endocrin. 107(2):1995;149-153.
154. Vanecek J., Vollrath L. Melatonin modulates diacylglycerol and arachidonic acid metabolism in the anterior pituitary of immature rats. Neurosci. Lett. 110:1990;199-203.
155. Wang S.-R., Yan K., Wang Y.-T., Jiang S.-Y., Wang X.-S. Neuroanatomy and electrophysiology of the lacertilian nucleus isthmi. Brain Res. 275:1983;355-360.
156. Welker E., Hoogland P.V., Lohman A.H.M. Tectal connections in Python reticulatus. J. comp. Neurol. 220:1983;347-354.
157. Williams C.V., Nordquist D., McLoon S.C. Correlation of nitric oxide synthase expression with changing patterns of axonal projections in the developing visual system. J. Neurosci. 14(3 PT II):1994;1746-1755.
158. Williams D.K., Gannon-Murakami L., Rougon G., Udin S.B. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule and plasticity of ipsilateral connections in Xenopus tectum. Neuroscience. 70(1):1996;277-285.
159. Wu G.Y., Malinow R., Cline H.T. Maturation of a central glutamatergic synapse. Science. 274(5289):1996;972-976.
160. Yates R.A., Taberner P.V. Glutamic acid, GABA and their metabolising enzymes in the frog central nervous system. Brain Res. 84:1975;399-407.
161. Yen L.H., Sibley J.T., Constantine-Paton M. Fine-structural alterations and clustering of developing synapses after chronic treatments with low levels of NMDA. J. Neurosci. 13(11):1993;4949-4960.
162. Yen L., Sibley J.T., Constantine-Paton M. Analysis of synaptic distribution within single retinal axonal arbors after chronic NMDA treatment. J. Neurosci. 15(6):1995;4712-4725.