The orthodox view of brain sexual differentiation

Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 8-14

  Breedlove, S Marc ^a   Cooke, Bradley M ^a   Jordan, Cynthia L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Androgens; Motoneurons; Sexual differentiation; Sexual dimorphism; Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus; Steroids

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; STEROID HORMONE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; MOTONEURON; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SPINAL CORD;

AMYGDALA; ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; BRAIN; FEMALE; GONADS; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR NEURONS; PROGESTERONE; RATS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SPINAL NERVES; TESTOSTERONE;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 0032882338     PISSN: 00068977     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000006607     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Ball, G.F., D.J. Bernard, A. Foidart, B. Lakaye, and J. Balthazart (1999) Steroid sensitive sites in the avian brain: does the distribution of the estrogen receptor α and β types provide insight into their function? Brain Behav. Evol., 54: 28-40.
2. Beach, F.A. (1971) Hormonal factors controlling the differentiation, development and display of copulalory behavior in the ramstergig and related species. In Biopsychology of Development (ed. by E. Tobach, L.R. Aronson, and E. Shaw), Academic Press, New York, pp. 249-296.
3. Breedlove, S.M., and A.P. Arnold (1980) Hormone accumulation in a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus in the rat spinal cord. Science, 210: 564-566.
4. Breedlove, S.M., and A.P. Arnold (1981) Sexually dimorphic motor nucleus in the rat lumbar spinal cord: response to adult hormone manipulation, absence in androgen-insensitive rats. Brain Res., 225: 297-307.
5. Breedlove, S.M., and A.P. Arnold (1983) Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system: I. Complete demasculinization of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in male rats using the anti-androgen flutamide. J. Neuroscience, 3: 417-423.
6. Breedlove, S.M., C.L. Jordan, and A.P. Arnold (1983) Neurogenesis of motoneurons in the sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in rats. Dev. Brain Res., 9: 39-43.
7. Breedlove, S.M. (1997) Sex on the brain. Nature, 389: 801.
8. Bronson, F.H. (1995) Seasonal variation in human reproduction: environmental factors. Quart. Rev. Biol., 70: 141-164.
9. Christensen, S.E., and S.M. Breedlove (1998) MK-801 blocks the activational effect of testosterone on SNB morphology. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 24: 199.
10. Cihak, R., E. Gutmann, and V. Hanzlikova (1970) Involution and hormone-induced persistence of the muscle sphincter (levator) ani in female rats. J. Anal., 106: 93-110.
11. Cooke, B.M., and S.M. Breedlove (1997) Masculinization of medial amygdala volume is dependent on androgen receptors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 627.
12. Cooke, B.M., and S.M. Breedlove (1999) A brain sexual dimorphism controlled by adult circulating androgens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96: 7538-7540.
13. Fishman, R.B., and S.M. Breedlove (1988) Neonatal androgen maintains sexually dimorphic perineal muscles in the absence of innervation. Muscle Nerve. 11: 553-560.
14. Fishman, R.B., L. Chism, G.L. Firestone, and S.M. Breedlove (1990) Evidence for androgen receptors in sexually dimorphic perineal muscles of neonatal male rats. Absence of androgen accumulation by the perineal motoneurons. J. Neurobiol., 21: 694-705.
15. Forger, N.G., and S.M. Breedlove (1987) Seasonal variation in mammalian striated muscle mass and motoneuron morphology. J. Neurobiol., 18: 155-165.
16. Gorski, R.A., J.H. Gordon, J.E. Shryne, and A.M. Southam (1978) Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Res., 148: 333-346.
17. Gurney, M.E., and M. Konishi (1979) Hormone induced sexual differentiation of brain and be havior in zebra finches. Science, 208: 1380-1382.
18. Hart, B.L. (1967) Testosterone regulation of sexual reflexes in spinal male rats. Science, 155: 1282-1284.
19. Hegstrom, C.D., and S.M. Breedlove (1999) Social cues attenuate photoresponsiveness of the male reproductive system in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). J. Biol. Rhythms, 14: 54-61.
20. Jordan, C.L., S.M. Breedlove, and A.P. Arnold (1991) Ontogeny of steroid accumulation in spinal lumbar motoneurons of the rat: implications for androgen's site of action during synapse elimination. J. Comp. Neurol., 313: 441-448.
21. Jost, A. (1979) Basic sexual trends in the development of vertebrates. In Ciba Foundation (Symposium), Sex, Hormones and Behavior. Vol. 62, Elsevier. North Holland, pp. 5-18.
22. Kirkwood, A., S.M. Dudek, J.T. Gold, C.D. Aizenman, and M.F. Bear (1993) Common forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex in vitro. Science, 260: 1518-1521.
23. Kumar, M.V., and D.J. Tindall (1998) Transcriptional regulation of the steroid receptor genes. Prog. in Nucl. Acid Res. Molec. Biol., 59: 289-306.
24. Kurz, E.M., D.R. Sengelaub, and A.P. Arnold (1986) Androgens regulate the dendritic length of mammalian motoneurons in adulthood. Science, 232: 395-398.
25. Mizukami, S., M. Nishizuka, and Y. Arai (1983) Sexual difference in nuclear volume and its ontogeny in the rat amygdala. Exp. Neurol., 79: 569-575.
26. Moore, C.L., H. Dou, and J.M. Juraska (1992) Maternal stimulation affects the number of motor neurons in a sexually dimorphic nucleus of the lumbar spinal cord. Brain Res., 572: 52-56.
27. Moore, F.L., and S.J. Evans (1999) Steroid hormones use non-genomic mechanisms to control brain functions and behaviors: a review of evidence. Brain Behav. Evol., 54: 41-50.
28. Nordeen, E.J., K.W. Nordeen, D.R. Sengelaub, and A.P. Arnold (1985) Androgens prevent normally occurring cell death in a sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus. Science, 229: 671-673.
29. Nottebohm, F., and A.P. Arnold (1976) Sexual dimorphism in local control areas of the songbird brain. Science, 194: 211-213.
30. Phoenix, C.H., R.W. Goy, A.A. Gerall, and W.C. Young (1959) Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinol., 65: 369-382.
31. Raisman, G., and P.M. Field (1971) Sexual dimorphism in the preoptic area of the rat. Science, 173: 20-22.
32. Rand, M.N., and S.M. Breedlove (1987) Ontogeny of functional innervation of bulbocavernosus muscles in male and female rats. Dev. Brain Res., 33: 150-152.
33. Sachs, B.D. (1982) Role of striated penile muscles in penile reflexes, copulation, and induction of pregnancy in the rat. J. Reprod. Fertil., 66: 433-443.
34. Sengelaub, D.R., and A.P. Arnold (1986) Development and loss of early projections in a sexually dimorphic rat spinal nucleus. J. Neurosci., 6: 1613-1620.
35. Venable, J.H. (1966) Morphology of the cells of normal, testosterone-deprived, and testosterone-stimulated levator ani muscles. Am. J. Anat., 119: 271-302.
36. Wade, J. (1999) Sexual dimorphisms in avian and reptilian courtship: two systems that do not play by mammalian rules. Brain Behav. Evol., 54: 15-27.
37. Weeks, J.C. (1999) Steroid hormones, dendritic remodeling and neuronal death: insights from insect metamorphosis. Brain Behav. Evol., 54: 51-60.