Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Saudi diabetics

International Ophthalmology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 155-161

  Abu El Asrar, Ahmed M ^a,b   Al Rubeaan, Khalid A ^a   Al Amro, Saleh A ^a   Kangave, Dustan ^a   Moharram, Osama A ^a  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^b KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic retinopathy; Insulin treatment; Non insulin treatment; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; RETINA MACULA EDEMA; SAUDI ARABIA;

EID: 0032879022     PISSN: 01655701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006240928938     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Klein R, Klein BEK. Vision disorders in diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes in America: Diabetes Data Compiled 1984. Chap. XIII. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1985.
2. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: clinical application of the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings. Ophthalmology 1981; 88: 583-600.
3. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1796-1806.
4. British Multicentre Study Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic maculopathy. Diabetes 1983; 32: 1010-1016.
5. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 1988; 21: S23-S31.
6. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study design and baseline patient characteristics. ETDRS report number 7. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 741-756.
7. Chen M-S, Kao C-S, Change C-J, Wu Ta-J, Fu C-C, Chen C-J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 114: 723-730.
8. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, De Mets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy, III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 527-532.
9. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss Se, Davis Md, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy, II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Opthalmol 1984; 102: 520-526.
10. Sjolie AK, Stephenson J, Aldington S, Kohner F, Janka H, Stevens L, et al. Retinopathy and vision loss in insulin-dependent diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 252-260.
11. Pinto-Figueiredo L, Moita J, Genro V, Vinagre M, Laires R, Rosa MJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in a population of 1,302 insulin dependent diabetics (IDDM) diagnosed before 30 years of age. Int Ophthalmol 1992; 16: 429-437.
12. Sparrow JM, McLeod BK, Smith TDW, Birch MK, Rosenthal R. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy and their risk factors in the non-insulin-treated diabetic patients of an English town. Eye 1993; 7: 158-163.
13. Klein R. Hyperglycemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 258-268.
14. Klein R, Palta M, Allen C, Shen G, Han DP, D'Alessio DJ. Incidence of retinopathy and associated risk factors from time of diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115: 351-356.
15. Goldstein DE, Blinder KJ, Ide CH, Wilson RJ, Wiedmeyer H-M, Little RR, et al. Glycemic control and development of retinopathy in youth-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Results of a 12-year longitudinal study. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 1125-1132.
16. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
17. Gaster B, Hirsch IB. The effects of improved glycemic control on complications in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 134-140.
18. Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BEK. Is gross proteinuria a risk factor for the incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 1140-1146.
19. Cruickshanks KJ, Ritter LL, Klein R, Moss SE. The association of microalbuminuria with diabetic retinopathy. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 862-867.
20. Klein BEK, Moss SE, Klein R, Surawicz TS. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy, XIII. Relationship of serum cholesterol to retinopathy and hard exudates. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 1261-1265.
21. Chase HP, Garg SK, Jackson WE, Thomas MA, Harris S, Marshall G, et al. Blood pressure and retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 155-159.
22. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy? Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2427-2432.
23. Klein BEK, Klein R, Moss SE, Palta M. A cohort study of the relationship of diabetic retinopathy to blood pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 601-606.
24. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy, VI. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 1464-1474.
25. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy, XV. The long-term incidence of macular edema. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 7-16.
26. Bresnick GH. Diabetic maculopathy: A critical review high-lighting diffuse macular edema. Ophthalmology 1983; 90: 1301-1317.
27. Kinyoun J, Barton F, Fisher M, Hubbard L, Aiello L, Ferris F III, et al. Detection of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmoscopy versus photography. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 5. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 746-751.
28. Lee VS, Kingsley RM, Lee ET, Lu M, Russell D, Asal NR, Bradford RH Jr, et al. The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmoscopy versus fundus photography. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 1504-1512.